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Small fixes
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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---
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id: antenna
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title: Antennas
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sidebar_label: Antennas
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sidebar_label: Overview
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slug: /hardware/antenna
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---
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ sidebar_label: Non-aerial factors
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slug: /hardware/non-aerial
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---
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Unless you're using your devices in a vacuum with clear line of sight between aerials:
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Unless you're using your devices in a vacuum with clear line of sight between aerials the following will have an affect:
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- Weather (temperature, humidity & air pressure),
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- Transmission power, spreading and other associated channel factors,
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- Number of nodes within reach in the mesh (affects retries consequent duty cycle hit),
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Unless you're using your devices in a vacuum with clear line of sight between ae
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- Reflection off surfaces (and channeled through material tunnels, including warm / cold air tunnels commonly present in the atmosphere),
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- Diffraction around obstacles (over forests and around corners).
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### Environmental
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### Environmental factors
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For a bit of light reading on environmental research:
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- [RF attentuation in vegetation](https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.833-9-201609-I!!PDF-E.pdf) (yes really); if you wander through the woods wondering how your RF is bouncing off leaves dependent on their variety, and wind speed … well you do, now.
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@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ slug: /hardware/resources
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* [Solwise Link Budget Calculator](https://www.solwise.co.uk/link-budget.htm)
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* Predict the received signal strength
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* [Amateur Radio Toolkit](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.daveyhollenberg.amateurradiotoolkit)
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* Android app with lots of antenna information
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### Antenna designs
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@ -30,4 +30,6 @@ Here are a [couple](https://medium.com/home-wireless/testing-lora-antennas-at-91
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## Antenna matching & vector network analysers
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One of the first things to ensure is that the antenna you have is tuned to the frequency that you are using. A lot of cheap antennas come labeled with an incorrect working frequency, and this will immediately reduce the emittted signal stregth. A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) can be used to ensure that the antenna is appropriately matched to the tranmission circuit, ensuring that it is operating at the correct impeadance and has a low level of power reflected back from the antenna to the transmitter at the desired transmission frequency. Andeas Speiss (the 'guy with the Swiss accent') gives a great explanation of [how to use Vector Network Analysers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpKoLvqOWyc) to correctly tune your antennas, as well as a more [in depth tutorial of how to use VNAs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pjcEKQY_Tk). It is important to remember however, that VNAs can only tell you if the antenna is well matched, not how well it is transmitting. A 50 ohm resistor across the transmitter output would show as ideally matched, but it would be useless at transmitting a signal. There are a number of VNAs now available for less than $100, making this no longer out of reach for most hobbiests unlike expensive spectrum analysers.
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One of the first things to ensure is that the antenna you have is tuned to the frequency that you are using. A lot of cheap antennas come labeled with an incorrect working frequency, and this will immediately reduce the emittted signal stregth. A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) can be used to ensure that the antenna is appropriately matched to the tranmission circuit, ensuring that it is operating at the correct impeadance and has a low level of power reflected back from the antenna to the transmitter at the desired transmission frequency.
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Andeas Speiss also gives a great explanation of [how to use Vector Network Analysers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpKoLvqOWyc) to correctly tune your antennas, as well as a more [in depth tutorial of how to use VNAs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pjcEKQY_Tk). It is important to remember however, that VNAs can only tell you if the antenna is well matched, not how well it is transmitting. A 50 ohm resistor across the transmitter output would show as ideally matched, but it would be useless at transmitting a signal. There are a number of VNAs now available for less than $100, making this no longer out of reach for most hobbiests unlike expensive spectrum analysers.
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