---
id: linux-native-hardware
title: Meshtastic on Linux-Native Devices
sidebar_label: Linux Native Devices
sidebar_position: 11
description: Set up and configure Meshtastic on Linux-native devices using the meshtasticd binary.
---

import NativeLibraries from "@site/docs/blocks/_native-libraries.mdx";

This page outlines the setup of Meshtastic on Linux-native devices, utilizing portduino to run the Meshtastic firmware under Linux.

## Prerequisites and Hardware Compatibility

Before proceeding with the setup, ensure the device meets the following requirements:

### Tested Devices
- Raspberry Pi zero, zero 2 , 3,4, Pi 400, and Pi 5.[^1]
- Ubuntu 22.04 X86_64 with a CH341-SX1262 DIY dongle.[^2]
- Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid riscv64 on Cvitek CV180X ASIC, C906 (Milk-V Duo), on the SPI bus.

[^1]: While the Raspberry Pi Zero has been tested with meshtasticd, building as a native ARM32 binary has proven challenging. As a workaround, consider building on a Raspberry Pi 4 or 5 with a 32-bit OS and copying the output file to the Pi Zero.
[^2]: **Limited Functionality with CH341-SX1262 Device:** Please be aware that the CH341-SX1262 device is currently experiencing partial functionality issues. For reasons yet to be determined, this device struggles with sending packets larger than a few bytes.

### Hardware Compatibility

:::caution Warning
UART HATs and SX1302/SX1303 chip-based HATs are not supported. Only hats that use a SPI radio can work with Meshtastic.
:::

- Tested radios include the Waveshare SX126X (SPI version), Adafruit RFM9x, and Elecrow Lora RFM95 IOT.
- Support for I2C displays, SPI displays, and keyboard input has been confirmed. It is necessary to be aware of potential pin conflicts when stacking hats.

### System Requirements
- The Meshtastic binary, `meshtasticd`, necessitates root access or a user with permissions to access GPIO, SPI, and other interfaces.
- A Linux distribution compatible with the Meshtastic installation package, which is compiled for Debian Bookworm and not compatible with Bullseye.

## Installation

### Installing Meshtasticd

<NativeLibraries />

- The .deb Package is available as [part of the release](https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/releases/latest), installing the binary, a systemd service, and a config file. It is compiled for Debian Bookworm and incompatible with Bullseye.
```shell
wget https://github.com/meshtastic/firmware/releases/download/v{version}/meshtasticd_{version}_arm64.deb
sudo apt install ./meshtasticd_{version}arm64.deb
```

## Configuration

### Hardware Interfaces

For devices requiring SPI or I2C:

- This can be done by running the below commands on a Raspberry Pi (2-5)

```shell
sudo raspi-config nonint set_config_var dtparam=spi on /boot/firmware/config.txt # Enable SPI
sudo raspi-config nonint set_config_var dtparam=i2c_arm on /boot/firmware/config.txt # Enable i2c_arm

# Ensure dtoverlay=spi0-0cs is set in /boot/firmware/config.txt without altering dtoverlay=vc4-kms-v3d or dtparam=uart0
sudo sed -i -e '/^\s*#\?\s*dtoverlay\s*=\s*vc4-kms-v3d/! s/^\s*#\?\s*(dtoverlay|dtparam\s*=\s*uart0)\s*=.*/dtoverlay=spi0-0cs/' /boot/firmware/config.txt

# Insert dtoverlay=spi0-0cs after dtparam=spi=on if not already present
if ! sudo grep -q '^\s*dtoverlay=spi0-0cs' /boot/firmware/config.txt; then
    sudo sed -i '/^\s*dtparam=spi=on/a dtoverlay=spi0-0cs' /boot/firmware/config.txt
fi
```

- Or this can be accomplished by manually enabling SPI support in `/boot/firmware/config.txt`:

```plaintext
dtparam=spi=on
dtoverlay=spi0-0cs
```

- I2C support is enabled with:

```plaintext
dtparam=i2c_arm=on
```

### Meshtasticd Configuration

- The meshtasticd configuration is at `/etc/meshtasticd/config.yaml` by default. If a `config.yaml` is found in the current directory, that takes precedence. And a config file specified with the `-c/--config` option has the highest precedence.

To enable a LoRa radio connected to your device, uncomment the appropriate lines in the config file, including the Module line. As an example, the Waveshare SX126X module would have a Lora section that looks like this:

```yaml
Lora:
  Module: sx1262 # Waveshare SX126X XXXM
  DIO2_AS_RF_SWITCH: true
  CS: 21
  IRQ: 16
  Busy: 20
  Reset: 18
```
:::info
The config.yaml file is sensitive to spacing, so ensure that the indentation and spacing are correct.
:::

### Web Server

- Meshtasticd has web server support starting with release 2.3.0 To enable this:

```plaintext
Webserver:
  Port: 443 # Port for Webserver & Webservices
  RootPath: /usr/share/doc/meshtasticd/web # Root Dir of WebServer
```
### Bluetooth Support
Bluetooth is currently unsupported and not functional on Linux Native devices. This may change in the future.

### GPS Support

- You can enable UART by running the below commands (which additionally will disable serial console tty)

```shell
sudo raspi-config nonint do_serial_hw 0 # Enable Serial Port (enable_uart=1)
sudo raspi-config nonint do_serial_cons 1 # Disable Serial Console
```

- Or you can manually enable UART for GPS hats by making modifications in `/boot/firmware/config.txt`:

```plaintext
# Needed for all Pi device.
enable_uart=1

# Needed for the Pi 5 only.
dtoverlay=uart0
```

- The correct port for UART GPS on the Pi 5 after a reboot is `/dev/ttyAMA0`.
- The correct port for UART GPS on earlier Pi versions after a reboot is `/dev/ttyS0`.
- You may need to disable the serial console on a Pi and then reboot
```shell
sudo raspi-config nonint do_serial_cons 1 # Disable Serial Console
```

### Persistence

- The persistent .proto db files of the portduino version of meshtasticd are stored under: `/root/.portduino/default/prefs/`.

### Advanced Setup and Troubleshooting

#### Creating and Enabling a Systemctl Script (non .deb installs)

To configure the device to start and stop meshtasticd as as service using systemctl you can setup the service unit using the instructions below.

Create the service unit file:

Create a new file in the /etc/systemd/system/ directory with a name like meshtasticd.service.
```shell
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/meshtasticd.service
```
Add the following content to the file:

```plaintext
[Unit]
Description=Meshtastic Daemon
After=network.target

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/meshtasticd
Restart=always
User=root
Group=root
Type=simple

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
```

Reload systemd to recognize the new service:
```shell
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
```

Enable the service to start on boot:
```shell
sudo systemctl enable meshtasticd
```

##### Starting and Stopping the Service

Start the service:
```shell
sudo systemctl start meshtasticd
```

Check the status of the service:
```shell
sudo systemctl status meshtasticd
```

Stop the service:
```shell
sudo systemctl stop meshtasticd
```

This will give you a detailed view of the service status and any potential errors.

By following these steps, you set up a systemd service for meshtasticd that will start automatically at boot and restart if it crashes. You can manage it using the standard systemctl commands (start, stop, restart, status, etc.).

#### View Logs of Mesthastic
To view the log output of the meshtasticd service, use the below command to read them out of the system journal.

```shell
journalctl -u meshtasticd -b
```

#### Installation of drivers

- Installation of drivers for CH341 is required for Ubuntu 22.04 and other systems for SPI/I2C/GPIO support.

```shell
git clone https://github.com/frank-zago/ch341-i2c-spi-gpio.git
cd ch341-i2c-spi-gpio
make
sudo insmod ch341-core.ko
sudo insmod gpio-ch341.ko
sudo insmod i2c-ch341.ko
sudo insmod spi-ch341.ko
```

- Devices with kernels older than 5.16 may need to blacklist ch341, while kernels 6.0 and newer are observed to work more reliably.

#### Avahi setup
This will allow the Android client to auto-discover your Linux Native device.

- Install avahi-daemon (debian/ubuntu)

```shell
sudo apt install avahi-daemon
```

- Configure Avahi to advertise the node

Create the service file:
```shell
sudo nano /etc/avahi/services/meshtastic.service
```

And paste the following:
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?><!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE service-group SYSTEM "avahi-service.dtd">
<service-group>
    <name>Meshtastic</name>
    <service protocol="ipv4">
        <type>_http._tcp</type>
        <port>80</port>
    </service>
</service-group>
```
Then save and exit.

## CLI Configuration

Interaction with Meshtastic can be conducted via the command line:

```shell
meshtastic --host localhost ...
```
