Merge branch 'main' into alexg/settable-user-agent

Signed-off-by: Alex Greenbank <alex.greenbank@grafana.com>
2024-12-25 21:54:10 -08:00 · 2024-11-20 16:13:30 +00:00 · 2024-11-20 16:13:30 +00:00 · 033eaea415
parent 435335133f d7c8177f56
commit 033eaea415
208 changed files with 7083 additions and 2996 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
    name: lint
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@62ee92603c244ad0da98bab36a834a999a5329e6 # v1.43.0
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/buf.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buf.yml
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus'
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@62ee92603c244ad0da98bab36a834a999a5329e6 # v1.43.0
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ jobs:
      # should also be updated.
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder:1.23-base
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/setup_environment
        with:
          enable_npm: true
-      - run: make GOOPTS=--tags=stringlabels GO_ONLY=1 SKIP_GOLANGCI_LINT=1 test-flags=""
+      - run: make GOOPTS=--tags=stringlabels GO_ONLY=1 SKIP_GOLANGCI_LINT=1
      - run: go test --tags=stringlabels ./tsdb/ -test.tsdb-isolation=false
      - run: make -C documentation/examples/remote_storage
      - run: make -C documentation/examples
@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ jobs:
    container:
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder:1.23-base
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/setup_environment
      - run: go test --tags=dedupelabels ./...
      - run: GOARCH=386 go test ./cmd/prometheus
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
      # The go version in this image should be N-1 wrt test_go.
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder:1.22-base
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - run: make build
      # Don't run NPM build; don't run race-detector.
      - run: make test GO_ONLY=1 test-flags=""
@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ jobs:
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder:1.23-base

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/setup_environment
        with:
          enable_go: false
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Go tests on Windows
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
        with:
          go-version: 1.23.x
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
    container:
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder:1.23-base
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - run: go install ./cmd/promtool/.
      - run: go install github.com/google/go-jsonnet/cmd/jsonnet@latest
      - run: go install github.com/google/go-jsonnet/cmd/jsonnetfmt@latest
@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        thread: [ 0, 1, 2 ]
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/build
        with:
          promu_opts: "-p linux/amd64 -p windows/amd64 -p linux/arm64 -p darwin/amd64 -p darwin/arm64 -p linux/386"
@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ jobs:
    # Whenever the Go version is updated here, .promu.yml
    # should also be updated.
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/build
        with:
          parallelism: 12
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - name: Install Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
        with:
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - name: Install Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
        with:
@ -191,11 +191,11 @@ jobs:
        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install libsnmp-dev
        if: github.repository == 'prometheus/snmp_exporter'
      - name: Lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@aaa42aa0628b4ae2578232a66b541047968fac86 # v6.1.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@971e284b6050e8a5849b72094c50ab08da042db8 # v6.1.1
        with:
          args: --verbose
          # Make sure to sync this with Makefile.common and scripts/golangci-lint.yml.
-          version: v1.60.2
+          version: v1.61.0
  fuzzing:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ jobs:
    needs: [test_ui, test_go, test_go_more, test_go_oldest, test_windows, golangci, codeql, build_all]
    if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.event.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/publish_main
        with:
          docker_hub_login: ${{ secrets.docker_hub_login }}
@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ jobs:
      ||
      (github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v3.'))
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - uses: ./.github/promci/actions/publish_release
        with:
          docker_hub_login: ${{ secrets.docker_hub_login }}
@ -240,10 +240,10 @@ jobs:
    needs: [test_ui, codeql]
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
-      - uses: prometheus/promci@468927c440349ab56c4a1aafd453b312841503c2 # v0.4.4
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: prometheus/promci@52c7012f5f0070d7281b8db4a119e21341d43c91 # v0.4.5
      - name: Install nodejs
-        uses: actions/setup-node@0a44ba7841725637a19e28fa30b79a866c81b0a6 # v4.0.4
+        uses: actions/setup-node@39370e3970a6d050c480ffad4ff0ed4d3fdee5af # v4.1.0
        with:
          node-version-file: "web/ui/.nvmrc"
          registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2

      - name: Initialize CodeQL
        uses: github/codeql-action/init@e2b3eafc8d227b0241d48be5f425d47c2d750a13 # v3.26.10
--- a/.github/workflows/container_description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/container_description.yml
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus' || github.repository_owner == 'prometheus-community' # Don't run this workflow on forks.
    steps:
      - name: git checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - name: Set docker hub repo name
        run: echo "DOCKER_REPO_NAME=$(make docker-repo-name)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
      - name: Push README to Dockerhub
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus' || github.repository_owner == 'prometheus-community' # Don't run this workflow on forks.
    steps:
      - name: git checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - name: Set quay.io org name
        run: echo "DOCKER_REPO=$(echo quay.io/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER} | tr -d '-')" >> $GITHUB_ENV
      - name: Set quay.io repo name
--- a/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          fuzz-seconds: 600
          dry-run: false
      - name: Upload Crash
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@50769540e7f4bd5e21e526ee35c689e35e0d6874 # v4.4.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b4b15b8c7c6ac21ea08fcf65892d2ee8f75cf882 # v4.4.3
        if: failure() && steps.build.outcome == 'success'
        with:
          name: artifacts
--- a/.github/workflows/repo_sync.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/repo_sync.yml
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    container:
      image: quay.io/prometheus/golang-builder
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
      - run: ./scripts/sync_repo_files.sh
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PROMBOT_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: "Checkout code"
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # tag=v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # tag=v4.2.2
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
      # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
      # format to the repository Actions tab.
      - name: "Upload artifact"
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@50769540e7f4bd5e21e526ee35c689e35e0d6874 # tag=v4.4.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b4b15b8c7c6ac21ea08fcf65892d2ee8f75cf882 # tag=v4.4.3
        with:
          name: SARIF file
          path: results.sarif
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ linters-settings:
    extra-rules: true
  perfsprint:
     # Optimizes `fmt.Errorf`.
-    errorf: false
+    errorf: true
  revive:
    # By default, revive will enable only the linting rules that are named in the configuration file.
    # So, it's needed to explicitly enable all required rules here.
--- a/.yamllint
+++ b/.yamllint
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 extends: default
 ignore: |
-  ui/react-app/node_modules
+  **/node_modules

 rules:
  braces:
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -3,45 +3,27 @@
 ## unreleased

 * [CHANGE] Remote-Write: Ability to set User-Agent #15201
+* [ENHANCEMENT] OTLP receiver: Convert also metric metadata. #15416
+
+## 3.0.0 / 2024-11-14
+
+This release includes new features such as a brand new UI and UTF-8 support enabled by default. As this marks the first new major version in seven years, several breaking changes are introduced. The breaking changes are mainly around the removal of deprecated feature flags and CLI arguments, and the full list can be found below. For users that want to upgrade we recommend to read through our [migration guide](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/3.0/migration/).
+
+* [CHANGE] Set the `GOMAXPROCS` variable automatically to match the Linux CPU quota. Use `--no-auto-gomaxprocs` to disable it. The `auto-gomaxprocs` feature flag was removed. #15376
+* [CHANGE] Set the `GOMEMLIMIT` variable automatically to match the Linux container memory limit. Use `--no-auto-gomemlimit` to disable it. The `auto-gomemlimit` feature flag was removed. #15373
 * [CHANGE] Scraping: Remove implicit fallback to the Prometheus text format in case of invalid/missing Content-Type and fail the scrape instead. Add ability to specify a `fallback_scrape_protocol` in the scrape config. #15136
-* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Fix stddev+stdvar aggregations to always ignore native histograms. #14941
-* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Fix stddev+stdvar aggregations to treat Infinity consistently. #14941
-
-## 3.0.0-beta.1 / 2024-10-09
-
+* [CHANGE] Remote-write: default enable_http2 to false. #15219
+* [CHANGE] Scraping: normalize "le" and "quantile" label values upon ingestion. #15164
+* [CHANGE] Scraping: config `scrape_classic_histograms` was renamed to `always_scrape_classic_histograms`. #15178
+* [CHANGE] Config: remove expand-external-labels flag, expand external labels env vars by default. #14657
+* [CHANGE] Disallow configuring AM with the v1 api. #13883
 * [CHANGE] regexp `.` now matches all characters (performance improvement). #14505
 * [CHANGE] `holt_winters` is now called `double_exponential_smoothing` and moves behind the [experimental-promql-functions feature flag](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/#experimental-promql-functions). #14930
 * [CHANGE] API: The OTLP receiver endpoint can now be enabled using `--web.enable-otlp-receiver` instead of `--enable-feature=otlp-write-receiver`. #14894
 * [CHANGE] Prometheus will not add or remove port numbers from the target address. `no-default-scrape-port` feature flag removed. #14160
 * [CHANGE] Logging: the format of log lines has changed a little, along with the adoption of Go's Structured Logging package. #14906
-* [CHANGE] Don't create extra `_created` timeseries if feature-flag `created-timestamp-zero-ingestion' is enabled. #14738
+* [CHANGE] Don't create extra `_created` timeseries if feature-flag `created-timestamp-zero-ingestion` is enabled. #14738
 * [CHANGE] Float literals and time durations being the same is now a stable fetaure. #15111
-* [ENHANCEMENT] UI: Many fixes and improvements. #14898, #14899, #14907, #14908, #14912, #14913, #14914, #14931, #14940, #14945, #14946, #14972, #14981, #14982, #14994, #15096
-* [ENHANCEMENT] UI: Web UI now displays notifications, e.g. when starting up and shutting down. #15082
-* [ENHANCEMENT] PromQL: Introduce exponential interpolation for native histograms. #14677
-* [ENHANCEMENT] TSDB: Add support for ingestion of out-of-order native histogram samples. #14850, #14546
-* [ENHANCEMENT] Alerts: remove metrics for removed Alertmanagers. #13909
-* [ENHANCEMENT] Scraping: support Created-Timestamp feature on native histograms. #14694
-* [ENHANCEMENT] Kubernetes SD: Support sidecar containers in endpoint discovery. #14929
-* [ENHANCEMENT] Consul SD: Support catalog filters. #11224
-* [PERF] TSDB: Parallelize deletion of postings after head compaction. #14975
-* [PERF] TSDB: Chunk encoding: shorten some write sequences. #14932
-* [PERF] TSDB: Grow postings by doubling. #14721
-* [PERF] Relabeling: Optimize adding a constant label pair. #12180
-* [BUGFIX] Scraping: Unit was missing when using protobuf format. #15095
-* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Only return "possible non-counter" annotation when `rate` returns points. #14910
-* [BUGFIX] TSDB: Chunks could have one unnecessary zero byte at the end. #14854
-* [BUGFIX] "superfluous response.WriteHeader call" messages in log. #14884
-* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Unary negation of native histograms. #14821
-* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Handle stale marker in native histogram series (e.g. if series goes away and comes back). #15025
-* [BUGFIX] Autoreload: Reload invalid yaml files. #14947
-
-## 3.0.0-beta.0 / 2024-09-05
-
-Release 3.0.0-beta.0 includes new features such as a brand new UI and UTF-8 support enabled by default. As a new major version, several breaking changes are introduced. The breaking changes are mainly around the removal of deprecated feature flags and CLI arguments, and the full list can be found below. Most users should be able to try this release out of the box without any configuration changes.
-
-As is traditional with a beta release, we do **not** recommend users install 3.0.0-beta on critical production systems, but we do want everyone to test it out and find bugs.
-
 * [CHANGE] UI: The old web UI has been replaced by a completely new one that is less cluttered and adds a few new features (PromLens-style tree view, better metrics explorer, "Explain" tab). However, it is still missing some features of the old UI (notably, exemplar display and heatmaps). To switch back to the old UI, you can use the feature flag `--enable-feature=old-ui` for the time being. #14872
 * [CHANGE] PromQL: Range selectors and the lookback delta are now left-open, i.e. a sample coinciding with the lower time limit is excluded rather than included. #13904
 * [CHANGE] Kubernetes SD: Remove support for `discovery.k8s.io/v1beta1` API version of EndpointSlice. This version is no longer served as of Kubernetes v1.25. #14365
@ -52,12 +34,55 @@ As is traditional with a beta release, we do **not** recommend users install 3.0
 * [CHANGE] Agent mode has been promoted to stable. The feature flag `agent` has been removed. To run Prometheus in Agent mode, use the new `--agent` cmdline arg instead. #14747
 * [CHANGE] Remove deprecated `remote-write-receiver`,`promql-at-modifier`, and `promql-negative-offset` feature flags. #13456, #14526
 * [CHANGE] Remove deprecated `storage.tsdb.allow-overlapping-blocks`, `alertmanager.timeout`, and `storage.tsdb.retention` flags. #14640, #14643
-* [ENHANCEMENT] Move AM discovery page from "Monitoring status" to "Server status". #14875
+* [FEATURE] OTLP receiver: Ability to skip UTF-8 normalization using `otlp.translation_strategy = NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes` configuration option. #15384
 * [FEATURE] Support config reload automatically - feature flag `auto-reload-config`. #14769
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Scraping, rules: handle targets reappearing, or rules moving group, when out-of-order is enabled. #14710
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Tools: add debug printouts to promtool rules unit testing #15196
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Scraping: support Created-Timestamp feature on native histograms. #14694
+* [ENHANCEMENT] UI: Many fixes and improvements. #14898, #14899, #14907, #14908, #14912, #14913, #14914, #14931, #14940, #14945, #14946, #14972, #14981, #14982, #14994, #15096
+* [ENHANCEMENT] UI: Web UI now displays notifications, e.g. when starting up and shutting down. #15082
+* [ENHANCEMENT] PromQL: Introduce exponential interpolation for native histograms. #14677
+* [ENHANCEMENT] TSDB: Add support for ingestion of out-of-order native histogram samples. #14850, #14546
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Alerts: remove metrics for removed Alertmanagers. #13909
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Kubernetes SD: Support sidecar containers in endpoint discovery. #14929
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Consul SD: Support catalog filters. #11224
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Move AM discovery page from "Monitoring status" to "Server status". #14875
+* [PERF] TSDB: Parallelize deletion of postings after head compaction. #14975
+* [PERF] TSDB: Chunk encoding: shorten some write sequences. #14932
+* [PERF] TSDB: Grow postings by doubling. #14721
+* [PERF] Relabeling: Optimize adding a constant label pair. #12180
+* [BUGFIX] Scraping: Don't log errors on empty scrapes. #15357
+* [BUGFIX] UI: fix selector / series formatting for empty metric names. #15341
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Fix stddev+stdvar aggregations to always ignore native histograms. #14941
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Fix stddev+stdvar aggregations to treat Infinity consistently. #14941
+* [BUGFIX] OTLP receiver: Preserve colons when generating metric names in suffix adding mode (this mode is always enabled, unless one uses Prometheus as a library). #15251
+* [BUGFIX] Scraping: Unit was missing when using protobuf format. #15095
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Only return "possible non-counter" annotation when `rate` returns points. #14910
+* [BUGFIX] TSDB: Chunks could have one unnecessary zero byte at the end. #14854
+* [BUGFIX] "superfluous response.WriteHeader call" messages in log. #14884
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Unary negation of native histograms. #14821
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: Handle stale marker in native histogram series (e.g. if series goes away and comes back). #15025
+* [BUGFIX] Autoreload: Reload invalid yaml files. #14947
 * [BUGFIX] Scrape: Do not override target parameter labels with config params. #11029

-## 2.55.0-rc.0 / 2024-09-20
+## 2.53.3 / 2024-11-04

+* [BUGFIX] Scraping: allow multiple samples on same series, with explicit timestamps. #14685, #14740
+
+## 2.53.2 / 2024-08-09
+
+Fix a bug where Prometheus would crash with a segmentation fault if a remote-read
+request accessed a block on disk at about the same time as TSDB created a new block.
+
+[BUGFIX] Remote-Read: Resolve occasional segmentation fault on query. #14515,#14523
+
+## 2.55.1 / 2024-11-04
+
+* [BUGFIX] `round()` function did not remove `__name__` label. #15250
+
+## 2.55.0 / 2024-10-22
+
+* [FEATURE] PromQL: Add experimental `info` function. #14495
 * [FEATURE] Support UTF-8 characters in label names - feature flag `utf8-names`. #14482, #14880, #14736, #14727
 * [FEATURE] Scraping: Add the ability to set custom `http_headers` in config. #14817
 * [FEATURE] Scraping: Support feature flag `created-timestamp-zero-ingestion` in OpenMetrics. #14356, #14815
@ -66,6 +91,7 @@ As is traditional with a beta release, we do **not** recommend users install 3.0
 * [FEATURE] Remote-Write: Support Google Cloud Monitoring authorization. #14346
 * [FEATURE] Promtool: `tsdb create-blocks` new option to add labels. #14403
 * [FEATURE] Promtool: `promtool test` adds `--junit` flag to format results. #14506
+* [FEATURE] TSDB: Add `delayed-compaction` feature flag, for people running many Prometheus to randomize timing. #12532
 * [ENHANCEMENT] OTLP receiver: Warn on exponential histograms with zero count and non-zero sum. #14706
 * [ENHANCEMENT] OTLP receiver: Interrupt translation on context cancellation/timeout. #14612
 * [ENHANCEMENT] Remote Read client: Enable streaming remote read if the server supports it. #11379
@ -77,8 +103,9 @@ As is traditional with a beta release, we do **not** recommend users install 3.0
 * [ENHANCEMENT] Tracing: Improve PromQL tracing, including showing the operation performed for aggregates, operators, and calls. #14816
 * [ENHANCEMENT] API: Support multiple listening addresses. #14665
 * [ENHANCEMENT] TSDB: Backward compatibility with upcoming index v3. #14934
-* [PERF] TSDB: Query in-order and out-of-order series together. #14354, #14693, #14714, #14831, #14874, #14948
+* [PERF] TSDB: Query in-order and out-of-order series together. #14354, #14693, #14714, #14831, #14874, #14948, #15120
 * [PERF] TSDB: Streamline reading of overlapping out-of-order head chunks. #14729
+* [BUGFIX] PromQL: make sort_by_label stable. #14985
 * [BUGFIX] SD: Fix dropping targets (with feature flag `new-service-discovery-manager`). #13147
 * [BUGFIX] SD: Stop storing stale targets (with feature flag `new-service-discovery-manager`). #13622
 * [BUGFIX] Scraping: exemplars could be dropped in protobuf scraping. #14810
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ ARG ARCH="amd64"
 ARG OS="linux"
 FROM quay.io/prometheus/busybox-${OS}-${ARCH}:latest
 LABEL maintainer="The Prometheus Authors <prometheus-developers@googlegroups.com>"
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus"

 ARG ARCH="amd64"
 ARG OS="linux"
--- a/Makefile.common
+++ b/Makefile.common
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ PROMU_URL     := https://github.com/prometheus/promu/releases/download/v$(PROMU_
 SKIP_GOLANGCI_LINT :=
 GOLANGCI_LINT :=
 GOLANGCI_LINT_OPTS ?=
-GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION ?= v1.60.2
+GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION ?= v1.61.0
 # golangci-lint only supports linux, darwin and windows platforms on i386/amd64/arm64.
 # windows isn't included here because of the path separator being different.
 ifeq ($(GOHOSTOS),$(filter $(GOHOSTOS),linux darwin))
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -158,8 +158,19 @@ This is experimental.
 ### Prometheus code base

 In order to comply with [go mod](https://go.dev/ref/mod#versions) rules,
-Prometheus release number do not exactly match Go module releases. For the
-Prometheus v2.y.z releases, we are publishing equivalent v0.y.z tags.
+Prometheus release number do not exactly match Go module releases.
+
+For the
+Prometheus v3.y.z releases, we are publishing equivalent v0.3y.z tags. The y in v0.3y.z is always padded to two digits, with a leading zero if needed.
+
+Therefore, a user that would want to use Prometheus v3.0.0 as a library could do:
+
+```shell
+go get github.com/prometheus/prometheus@v0.300.0
+```
+
+For the
+Prometheus v2.y.z releases, we published the equivalent v0.y.z tags.

 Therefore, a user that would want to use Prometheus v2.35.0 as a library could do:

@ -177,7 +188,7 @@ For more information on building, running, and developing on the React-based UI,

 ## More information

-* Godoc documentation is available via [pkg.go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/prometheus/prometheus). Due to peculiarities of Go Modules, v2.x.y will be displayed as v0.x.y.
+* Godoc documentation is available via [pkg.go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/prometheus/prometheus). Due to peculiarities of Go Modules, v3.y.z will be displayed as v0.3y.z (the y in v0.3y.z is always padded to two digits, with a leading zero if needed), while v2.y.z will be displayed as v0.y.z.
 * See the [Community page](https://prometheus.io/community) for how to reach the Prometheus developers and users on various communication channels.

 ## Contributing
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@ -1 +1 @@
-3.0.0-beta.1
+3.0.0
--- a/cmd/prometheus/main.go
+++ b/cmd/prometheus/main.go
@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
+	goregexp "regexp" //nolint:depguard // The Prometheus client library requires us to pass a regexp from this package.
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"strconv"
@ -190,19 +191,19 @@ type flagConfig struct {
 	queryConcurrency            int
 	queryMaxSamples             int
 	RemoteFlushDeadline         model.Duration
-	nameEscapingScheme          string
 	maxNotificationsSubscribers int

 	enableAutoReload   bool
 	autoReloadInterval model.Duration

-	featureList   []string
-	memlimitRatio float64
+	maxprocsEnable bool
+	memlimitEnable bool
+	memlimitRatio  float64
+
+	featureList []string
 	// These options are extracted from featureList
 	// for ease of use.
 	enablePerStepStats       bool
-	enableAutoGOMAXPROCS     bool
-	enableAutoGOMEMLIMIT     bool
 	enableConcurrentRuleEval bool

 	prometheusURL   string
@ -234,18 +235,12 @@ func (c *flagConfig) setFeatureListOptions(logger *slog.Logger) error {
 			case "promql-per-step-stats":
 				c.enablePerStepStats = true
 				logger.Info("Experimental per-step statistics reporting")
-			case "auto-gomaxprocs":
-				c.enableAutoGOMAXPROCS = true
-				logger.Info("Automatically set GOMAXPROCS to match Linux container CPU quota")
 			case "auto-reload-config":
 				c.enableAutoReload = true
 				if s := time.Duration(c.autoReloadInterval).Seconds(); s > 0 && s < 1 {
 					c.autoReloadInterval, _ = model.ParseDuration("1s")
 				}
 				logger.Info("Enabled automatic configuration file reloading. Checking for configuration changes every", "interval", c.autoReloadInterval)
-			case "auto-gomemlimit":
-				c.enableAutoGOMEMLIMIT = true
-				logger.Info("Automatically set GOMEMLIMIT to match Linux container or system memory limit")
 			case "concurrent-rule-eval":
 				c.enableConcurrentRuleEval = true
 				logger.Info("Experimental concurrent rule evaluation enabled.")
@ -301,6 +296,7 @@ func main() {
 				collectors.WithGoCollectorRuntimeMetrics(
 					collectors.MetricsGC,
 					collectors.MetricsScheduler,
+					collectors.GoRuntimeMetricsRule{Matcher: goregexp.MustCompile(`^/sync/mutex/wait/total:seconds$`)},
 				),
 			),
 		)
@ -332,6 +328,10 @@ func main() {
 	a.Flag("web.listen-address", "Address to listen on for UI, API, and telemetry. Can be repeated.").
 		Default("0.0.0.0:9090").StringsVar(&cfg.web.ListenAddresses)

+	a.Flag("auto-gomaxprocs", "Automatically set GOMAXPROCS to match Linux container CPU quota").
+		Default("true").BoolVar(&cfg.maxprocsEnable)
+	a.Flag("auto-gomemlimit", "Automatically set GOMEMLIMIT to match Linux container or system memory limit").
+		Default("true").BoolVar(&cfg.memlimitEnable)
 	a.Flag("auto-gomemlimit.ratio", "The ratio of reserved GOMEMLIMIT memory to the detected maximum container or system memory").
 		Default("0.9").FloatVar(&cfg.memlimitRatio)

@ -433,6 +433,9 @@ func main() {
 	serverOnlyFlag(a, "storage.tsdb.samples-per-chunk", "Target number of samples per chunk.").
 		Default("120").Hidden().IntVar(&cfg.tsdb.SamplesPerChunk)

+	serverOnlyFlag(a, "storage.tsdb.delayed-compaction.max-percent", "Sets the upper limit for the random compaction delay, specified as a percentage of the head chunk range. 100 means the compaction can be delayed by up to the entire head chunk range. Only effective when the delayed-compaction feature flag is enabled.").
+		Default("10").Hidden().IntVar(&cfg.tsdb.CompactionDelayMaxPercent)
+
 	agentOnlyFlag(a, "storage.agent.path", "Base path for metrics storage.").
 		Default("data-agent/").StringVar(&cfg.agentStoragePath)

@ -512,7 +515,7 @@ func main() {
 	a.Flag("scrape.discovery-reload-interval", "Interval used by scrape manager to throttle target groups updates.").
 		Hidden().Default("5s").SetValue(&cfg.scrape.DiscoveryReloadInterval)

-	a.Flag("enable-feature", "Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: auto-gomemlimit, exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-per-step-stats, promql-experimental-functions, extra-scrape-metrics, auto-gomaxprocs, native-histograms, created-timestamp-zero-ingestion, concurrent-rule-eval, delayed-compaction, old-ui. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details.").
+	a.Flag("enable-feature", "Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-per-step-stats, promql-experimental-functions, extra-scrape-metrics, auto-gomaxprocs, native-histograms, created-timestamp-zero-ingestion, concurrent-rule-eval, delayed-compaction, old-ui. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details.").
 		Default("").StringsVar(&cfg.featureList)

 	a.Flag("agent", "Run Prometheus in 'Agent mode'.").BoolVar(&agentMode)
@ -548,15 +551,6 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	if cfg.nameEscapingScheme != "" {
-		scheme, err := model.ToEscapingScheme(cfg.nameEscapingScheme)
-		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `Invalid name escaping scheme: %q; Needs to be one of "values", "underscores", or "dots"`, cfg.nameEscapingScheme)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		model.NameEscapingScheme = scheme
-	}
-
 	if agentMode && len(serverOnlyFlags) > 0 {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "The following flag(s) can not be used in agent mode: %q", serverOnlyFlags)
 		os.Exit(3)
@ -663,6 +657,12 @@ func main() {

 			cfg.tsdb.MaxBlockDuration = maxBlockDuration
 		}
+
+		// Delayed compaction checks
+		if cfg.tsdb.EnableDelayedCompaction && (cfg.tsdb.CompactionDelayMaxPercent > 100 || cfg.tsdb.CompactionDelayMaxPercent <= 0) {
+			logger.Warn("The --storage.tsdb.delayed-compaction.max-percent should have a value between 1 and 100. Using default", "default", tsdb.DefaultCompactionDelayMaxPercent)
+			cfg.tsdb.CompactionDelayMaxPercent = tsdb.DefaultCompactionDelayMaxPercent
+		}
 	}

 	noStepSubqueryInterval := &safePromQLNoStepSubqueryInterval{}
@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ func main() {
 		ruleManager *rules.Manager
 	)

-	if cfg.enableAutoGOMAXPROCS {
+	if cfg.maxprocsEnable {
 		l := func(format string, a ...interface{}) {
 			logger.Info(fmt.Sprintf(strings.TrimPrefix(format, "maxprocs: "), a...), "component", "automaxprocs")
 		}
@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	}

-	if cfg.enableAutoGOMEMLIMIT {
+	if cfg.memlimitEnable {
 		if _, err := memlimit.SetGoMemLimitWithOpts(
 			memlimit.WithRatio(cfg.memlimitRatio),
 			memlimit.WithProvider(
@ -1144,9 +1144,8 @@ func main() {
 						if err := reloadConfig(cfg.configFile, cfg.tsdb.EnableExemplarStorage, logger, noStepSubqueryInterval, callback, reloaders...); err != nil {
 							logger.Error("Error reloading config", "err", err)
 						} else if cfg.enableAutoReload {
-							if currentChecksum, err := config.GenerateChecksum(cfg.configFile); err == nil {
-								checksum = currentChecksum
-							} else {
+							checksum, err = config.GenerateChecksum(cfg.configFile)
+							if err != nil {
 								logger.Error("Failed to generate checksum during configuration reload", "err", err)
 							}
 						}
@ -1157,9 +1156,8 @@ func main() {
 						} else {
 							rc <- nil
 							if cfg.enableAutoReload {
-								if currentChecksum, err := config.GenerateChecksum(cfg.configFile); err == nil {
-									checksum = currentChecksum
-								} else {
+								checksum, err = config.GenerateChecksum(cfg.configFile)
+								if err != nil {
 									logger.Error("Failed to generate checksum during configuration reload", "err", err)
 								}
 							}
@ -1170,6 +1168,7 @@ func main() {
 						}
 						currentChecksum, err := config.GenerateChecksum(cfg.configFile)
 						if err != nil {
+							checksum = currentChecksum
 							logger.Error("Failed to generate checksum during configuration reload", "err", err)
 						} else if currentChecksum == checksum {
 							continue
@ -1639,6 +1638,9 @@ func (s *readyStorage) Appender(ctx context.Context) storage.Appender {

 type notReadyAppender struct{}

+// SetOptions does nothing in this appender implementation.
+func (n notReadyAppender) SetOptions(opts *storage.AppendOptions) {}
+
 func (n notReadyAppender) Append(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, v float64) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
 	return 0, tsdb.ErrNotReady
 }
@ -1793,6 +1795,7 @@ type tsdbOptions struct {
 	EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown bool
 	EnableNativeHistograms         bool
 	EnableDelayedCompaction        bool
+	CompactionDelayMaxPercent      int
 	EnableOverlappingCompaction    bool
 	EnableOOONativeHistograms      bool
 }
@ -1817,6 +1820,7 @@ func (opts tsdbOptions) ToTSDBOptions() tsdb.Options {
 		EnableOOONativeHistograms:      opts.EnableOOONativeHistograms,
 		OutOfOrderTimeWindow:           opts.OutOfOrderTimeWindow,
 		EnableDelayedCompaction:        opts.EnableDelayedCompaction,
+		CompactionDelayMaxPercent:      opts.CompactionDelayMaxPercent,
 		EnableOverlappingCompaction:    opts.EnableOverlappingCompaction,
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/prometheus/reload_test.go
+++ b/cmd/prometheus/reload_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/testutil"
+)
+
+const configReloadMetric = "prometheus_config_last_reload_successful"
+
+func TestAutoReloadConfig_ValidToValid(t *testing.T) {
+	steps := []struct {
+		configText       string
+		expectedInterval string
+		expectedMetric   float64
+	}{
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 30s
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "30s",
+			expectedMetric:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 15s
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "15s",
+			expectedMetric:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 30s
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "30s",
+			expectedMetric:   1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	runTestSteps(t, steps)
+}
+
+func TestAutoReloadConfig_ValidToInvalidToValid(t *testing.T) {
+	steps := []struct {
+		configText       string
+		expectedInterval string
+		expectedMetric   float64
+	}{
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 30s
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "30s",
+			expectedMetric:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 15s
+invalid_syntax
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "30s",
+			expectedMetric:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			configText: `
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 30s
+`,
+			expectedInterval: "30s",
+			expectedMetric:   1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	runTestSteps(t, steps)
+}
+
+func runTestSteps(t *testing.T, steps []struct {
+	configText       string
+	expectedInterval string
+	expectedMetric   float64
+},
+) {
+	configDir := t.TempDir()
+	configFilePath := filepath.Join(configDir, "prometheus.yml")
+
+	t.Logf("Config file path: %s", configFilePath)
+
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(configFilePath, []byte(steps[0].configText), 0o644), "Failed to write initial config file")
+
+	port := testutil.RandomUnprivilegedPort(t)
+	runPrometheusWithLogging(t, configFilePath, port)
+
+	baseURL := "http://localhost:" + strconv.Itoa(port)
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		resp, err := http.Get(baseURL + "/-/ready")
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		return resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK
+	}, 5*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond, "Prometheus didn't become ready in time")
+
+	for i, step := range steps {
+		t.Logf("Step %d", i)
+		require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(configFilePath, []byte(step.configText), 0o644), "Failed to write config file for step")
+
+		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+			return verifyScrapeInterval(t, baseURL, step.expectedInterval) &&
+				verifyConfigReloadMetric(t, baseURL, step.expectedMetric)
+		}, 10*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond, "Prometheus config reload didn't happen in time")
+	}
+}
+
+func verifyScrapeInterval(t *testing.T, baseURL, expectedInterval string) bool {
+	resp, err := http.Get(baseURL + "/api/v1/status/config")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := struct {
+		Data struct {
+			YAML string `json:"yaml"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}{}
+
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &config))
+	return strings.Contains(config.Data.YAML, "scrape_interval: "+expectedInterval)
+}
+
+func verifyConfigReloadMetric(t *testing.T, baseURL string, expectedValue float64) bool {
+	resp, err := http.Get(baseURL + "/metrics")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lines := string(body)
+	var actualValue float64
+	found := false
+
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(lines, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, configReloadMetric) {
+			parts := strings.Fields(line)
+			if len(parts) >= 2 {
+				actualValue, err = strconv.ParseFloat(parts[1], 64)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return found && actualValue == expectedValue
+}
+
+func captureLogsToTLog(t *testing.T, r io.Reader) {
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		t.Log(scanner.Text())
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		t.Logf("Error reading logs: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func runPrometheusWithLogging(t *testing.T, configFilePath string, port int) {
+	stdoutPipe, stdoutWriter := io.Pipe()
+	stderrPipe, stderrWriter := io.Pipe()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+
+	prom := exec.Command(promPath, "-test.main", "--enable-feature=auto-reload-config", "--config.file="+configFilePath, "--config.auto-reload-interval=1s", "--web.listen-address=0.0.0.0:"+strconv.Itoa(port))
+	prom.Stdout = stdoutWriter
+	prom.Stderr = stderrWriter
+
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		captureLogsToTLog(t, stdoutPipe)
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		captureLogsToTLog(t, stderrPipe)
+	}()
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		prom.Process.Kill()
+		prom.Wait()
+		stdoutWriter.Close()
+		stderrWriter.Close()
+		wg.Wait()
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, prom.Start())
+}
--- a/cmd/promtool/analyze.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/analyze.go
@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ import (
 )

 var (
-	errNotNativeHistogram = fmt.Errorf("not a native histogram")
-	errNotEnoughData      = fmt.Errorf("not enough data")
+	errNotNativeHistogram = errors.New("not a native histogram")
+	errNotEnoughData      = errors.New("not enough data")

 	outputHeader = `Bucket stats for each histogram series over time
 ------------------------------------------------
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func querySamples(ctx context.Context, api v1.API, query string, end time.Time)

 	matrix, ok := values.(model.Matrix)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query of buckets resulted in non-Matrix")
+		return nil, errors.New("query of buckets resulted in non-Matrix")
 	}

 	return matrix, nil
@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func getBucketCountsAtTime(matrix model.Matrix, numBuckets, timeIdx int) ([]int,
 		prev := matrix[i].Values[timeIdx]
 		// Assume the results are nicely aligned.
 		if curr.Timestamp != prev.Timestamp {
-			return counts, fmt.Errorf("matrix result is not time aligned")
+			return counts, errors.New("matrix result is not time aligned")
 		}
 		counts[i+1] = int(curr.Value - prev.Value)
 	}
--- a/cmd/promtool/analyze_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/analyze_test.go
@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ func init() {
 }

 func TestGetBucketCountsAtTime(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		matrix   model.Matrix
 		length   int
@ -137,6 +138,7 @@ func TestGetBucketCountsAtTime(t *testing.T) {

 	for _, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("exampleMatrix@%d", c.timeIdx), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			res, err := getBucketCountsAtTime(c.matrix, c.length, c.timeIdx)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.Equal(t, c.expected, res)
@ -145,6 +147,7 @@ func TestGetBucketCountsAtTime(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestCalcClassicBucketStatistics(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		matrix   model.Matrix
 		expected *statistics
@ -162,6 +165,7 @@ func TestCalcClassicBucketStatistics(t *testing.T) {

 	for i, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("case %d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			res, err := calcClassicBucketStatistics(c.matrix)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.Equal(t, c.expected, res)
--- a/cmd/promtool/backfill.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/backfill.go
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func getMinAndMaxTimestamps(p textparse.Parser) (int64, int64, error) {

 		_, ts, _ := p.Series()
 		if ts == nil {
-			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("expected timestamp for series got none")
+			return 0, 0, errors.New("expected timestamp for series got none")
 		}

 		if *ts > maxt {
--- a/cmd/promtool/backfill_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/backfill_test.go
@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ func testBlocks(t *testing.T, db *tsdb.DB, expectedMinTime, expectedMaxTime, exp
 }

 func TestBackfill(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	tests := []struct {
 		ToParse              string
 		IsOk                 bool
@ -729,6 +730,7 @@ after_eof 1 2
 	}
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.Description, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			t.Logf("Test:%s", test.Description)

 			outputDir := t.TempDir()
--- a/cmd/promtool/main.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/main.go
@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ func checkExperimental(f bool) {
 	}
 }

-var errLint = fmt.Errorf("lint error")
+var errLint = errors.New("lint error")

 type lintConfig struct {
 	all            bool
--- a/cmd/promtool/main_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/main_test.go
@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }

 func TestQueryRange(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	s, getRequest := mockServer(200, `{"status": "success", "data": {"resultType": "matrix", "result": []}}`)
 	defer s.Close()

@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ func TestQueryRange(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestQueryInstant(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	s, getRequest := mockServer(200, `{"status": "success", "data": {"resultType": "vector", "result": []}}`)
 	defer s.Close()

@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ func mockServer(code int, body string) (*httptest.Server, func() *http.Request)
 }

 func TestCheckSDFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		name string
 		file string
@ -144,6 +147,7 @@ func TestCheckSDFile(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, test := range cases {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := checkSDFile(test.file)
 			if test.err != "" {
 				require.EqualErrorf(t, err, test.err, "Expected error %q, got %q", test.err, err.Error())
@ -155,6 +159,7 @@ func TestCheckSDFile(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestCheckDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		name         string
 		ruleFile     string
@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ func TestCheckDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range cases {
 		c := test
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			rgs, err := rulefmt.ParseFile(c.ruleFile)
 			require.Empty(t, err)
 			dups := checkDuplicates(rgs.Groups)
@ -198,6 +204,7 @@ func BenchmarkCheckDuplicates(b *testing.B) {
 }

 func TestCheckTargetConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		name string
 		file string
@ -226,6 +233,7 @@ func TestCheckTargetConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, test := range cases {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := checkConfig(false, "testdata/"+test.file, false)
 			if test.err != "" {
 				require.EqualErrorf(t, err, test.err, "Expected error %q, got %q", test.err, err.Error())
@ -237,6 +245,7 @@ func TestCheckTargetConfig(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestCheckConfigSyntax(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		name       string
 		file       string
@ -309,6 +318,7 @@ func TestCheckConfigSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, test := range cases {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := checkConfig(false, "testdata/"+test.file, test.syntaxOnly)
 			expectedErrMsg := test.err
 			if strings.Contains(runtime.GOOS, "windows") {
@ -324,6 +334,7 @@ func TestCheckConfigSyntax(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestAuthorizationConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	cases := []struct {
 		name string
 		file string
@ -343,6 +354,7 @@ func TestAuthorizationConfig(t *testing.T) {

 	for _, test := range cases {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			_, err := checkConfig(false, "testdata/"+test.file, false)
 			if test.err != "" {
 				require.ErrorContains(t, err, test.err, "Expected error to contain %q, got %q", test.err, err.Error())
@ -357,6 +369,7 @@ func TestCheckMetricsExtended(t *testing.T) {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		t.Skip("Skipping on windows")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()

 	f, err := os.Open("testdata/metrics-test.prom")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@ -393,6 +406,7 @@ func TestExitCodes(t *testing.T) {
 	if testing.Short() {
 		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()

 	for _, c := range []struct {
 		file      string
@ -417,8 +431,10 @@ func TestExitCodes(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(c.file, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			for _, lintFatal := range []bool{true, false} {
 				t.Run(strconv.FormatBool(lintFatal), func(t *testing.T) {
+					t.Parallel()
 					args := []string{"-test.main", "check", "config", "testdata/" + c.file}
 					if lintFatal {
 						args = append(args, "--lint-fatal")
@ -449,6 +465,7 @@ func TestDocumentation(t *testing.T) {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		t.SkipNow()
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()

@ -542,16 +559,19 @@ func TestCheckRules(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCheckRulesWithRuleFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("rules-good", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		exitCode := CheckRules(newLintConfig(lintOptionDuplicateRules, false), "./testdata/rules.yml")
 		require.Equal(t, successExitCode, exitCode, "")
 	})

 	t.Run("rules-bad", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		exitCode := CheckRules(newLintConfig(lintOptionDuplicateRules, false), "./testdata/rules-bad.yml")
 		require.Equal(t, failureExitCode, exitCode, "")
 	})

 	t.Run("rules-lint-fatal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		exitCode := CheckRules(newLintConfig(lintOptionDuplicateRules, true), "./testdata/prometheus-rules.lint.yml")
 		require.Equal(t, lintErrExitCode, exitCode, "")
 	})
@ -561,6 +581,7 @@ func TestTSDBDumpCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	if testing.Short() {
 		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()

 	storage := promqltest.LoadedStorage(t, `
 	load 1m
@ -593,6 +614,7 @@ func TestTSDBDumpCommand(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			args := []string{"-test.main", "tsdb", c.subCmd, storage.Dir()}
 			cmd := exec.Command(promtoolPath, args...)
 			require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
--- a/cmd/promtool/rules_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/rules_test.go
@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ const defaultBlockDuration = time.Duration(tsdb.DefaultBlockDuration) * time.Mil

 // TestBackfillRuleIntegration is an integration test that runs all the rule importer code to confirm the parts work together.
 func TestBackfillRuleIntegration(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	const (
 		testMaxSampleCount = 50
 		testValue          = 123
@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ func TestBackfillRuleIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 			ctx := context.Background()

@ -210,6 +212,7 @@ func createMultiRuleTestFiles(path string) error {
 // TestBackfillLabels confirms that the labels in the rule file override the labels from the metrics
 // received from Prometheus Query API, including the __name__ label.
 func TestBackfillLabels(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	ctx := context.Background()

@ -251,6 +254,7 @@ func TestBackfillLabels(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	t.Run("correct-labels", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		selectedSeries := q.Select(ctx, false, nil, labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, "", ".*"))
 		for selectedSeries.Next() {
 			series := selectedSeries.At()
--- a/cmd/promtool/sd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/sd_test.go
@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 )

 func TestSDCheckResult(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	targetGroups := []*targetgroup.Group{{
 		Targets: []model.LabelSet{
 			map[model.LabelName]model.LabelValue{"__address__": "localhost:8080", "foo": "bar"},
--- a/cmd/promtool/tsdb.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/tsdb.go
@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func openBlock(path, blockID string) (*tsdb.DBReadOnly, tsdb.BlockReader, error)
 		}
 	}

-	b, err := db.Block(blockID)
+	b, err := db.Block(blockID, tsdb.DefaultPostingsDecoderFactory)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ func analyzeCompaction(ctx context.Context, block tsdb.BlockReader, indexr tsdb.
 				histogramChunkSize = append(histogramChunkSize, len(chk.Bytes()))
 				fhchk, ok := chk.(*chunkenc.FloatHistogramChunk)
 				if !ok {
-					return fmt.Errorf("chunk is not FloatHistogramChunk")
+					return errors.New("chunk is not FloatHistogramChunk")
 				}
 				it := fhchk.Iterator(nil)
 				bucketCount := 0
@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ func analyzeCompaction(ctx context.Context, block tsdb.BlockReader, indexr tsdb.
 				histogramChunkSize = append(histogramChunkSize, len(chk.Bytes()))
 				hchk, ok := chk.(*chunkenc.HistogramChunk)
 				if !ok {
-					return fmt.Errorf("chunk is not HistogramChunk")
+					return errors.New("chunk is not HistogramChunk")
 				}
 				it := hchk.Iterator(nil)
 				bucketCount := 0
@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ func dumpSamples(ctx context.Context, dbDir, sandboxDirRoot string, mint, maxt i
 		for _, mset := range matcherSets {
 			sets = append(sets, q.Select(ctx, true, nil, mset...))
 		}
-		ss = storage.NewMergeSeriesSet(sets, storage.ChainedSeriesMerge)
+		ss = storage.NewMergeSeriesSet(sets, 0, storage.ChainedSeriesMerge)
 	} else {
 		ss = q.Select(ctx, false, nil, matcherSets[0]...)
 	}
--- a/cmd/promtool/tsdb_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/tsdb_test.go
@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 )

 func TestGenerateBucket(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	tcs := []struct {
 		min, max         int
 		start, end, step int
--- a/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go
@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 )

 func TestRulesUnitTest(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	type args struct {
 		files []string
 	}
@ -141,12 +142,14 @@ func TestRulesUnitTest(t *testing.T) {
 			reuseCount[tt.want] += len(tt.args.files)
 		}
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			if got := RulesUnitTest(tt.queryOpts, nil, false, false, tt.args.files...); got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("RulesUnitTest() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 	t.Run("Junit xml output ", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
 		if got := RulesUnitTestResult(&buf, promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts{}, nil, false, false, reuseFiles...); got != 1 {
 			t.Errorf("RulesUnitTestResults() = %v, want 1", got)
@ -185,6 +188,7 @@ func TestRulesUnitTest(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRulesUnitTestRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	type args struct {
 		run   []string
 		files []string
@ -230,6 +234,7 @@ func TestRulesUnitTestRun(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			got := RulesUnitTest(tt.queryOpts, tt.args.run, false, false, tt.args.files...)
 			require.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
 		})
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/grafana/regexp"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
-	"github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4"
+	"github.com/prometheus/sigv4"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"

 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery"
@ -106,6 +106,18 @@ func Load(s string, logger *slog.Logger) (*Config, error) {
 	if !b.Labels().IsEmpty() {
 		cfg.GlobalConfig.ExternalLabels = b.Labels()
 	}
+
+	switch cfg.OTLPConfig.TranslationStrategy {
+	case UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes:
+	case "":
+	case NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes:
+		if cfg.GlobalConfig.MetricNameValidationScheme == LegacyValidationConfig {
+			return nil, errors.New("OTLP translation strategy NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes is not allowed when UTF8 is disabled")
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported OTLP translation strategy %q", cfg.OTLPConfig.TranslationStrategy)
+	}
+
 	return cfg, nil
 }

@ -181,13 +193,18 @@ var (
 		HTTPClientConfig: config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig,
 	}

+	DefaultRemoteWriteHTTPClientConfig = config.HTTPClientConfig{
+		FollowRedirects: true,
+		EnableHTTP2:     false,
+	}
+
 	// DefaultRemoteWriteConfig is the default remote write configuration.
 	DefaultRemoteWriteConfig = RemoteWriteConfig{
 		RemoteTimeout:    model.Duration(30 * time.Second),
 		ProtobufMessage:  RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1,
 		QueueConfig:      DefaultQueueConfig,
 		MetadataConfig:   DefaultMetadataConfig,
-		HTTPClientConfig: config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig,
+		HTTPClientConfig: DefaultRemoteWriteHTTPClientConfig,
 	}

 	// DefaultQueueConfig is the default remote queue configuration.
@ -234,7 +251,9 @@ var (
 	}

 	// DefaultOTLPConfig is the default OTLP configuration.
-	DefaultOTLPConfig = OTLPConfig{}
+	DefaultOTLPConfig = OTLPConfig{
+		TranslationStrategy: UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes,
+	}
 )

 // Config is the top-level configuration for Prometheus's config files.
@ -1067,7 +1086,7 @@ func (c *AlertmanagerConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) er
 		c.HTTPClientConfig.Authorization != nil || c.HTTPClientConfig.OAuth2 != nil

 	if httpClientConfigAuthEnabled && c.SigV4Config != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, & sigv4 must be configured")
+		return errors.New("at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, & sigv4 must be configured")
 	}

 	// Check for users putting URLs in target groups.
@ -1176,6 +1195,7 @@ type RemoteWriteConfig struct {
 	Name                 string            `yaml:"name,omitempty"`
 	SendExemplars        bool              `yaml:"send_exemplars,omitempty"`
 	SendNativeHistograms bool              `yaml:"send_native_histograms,omitempty"`
+	RoundRobinDNS        bool              `yaml:"round_robin_dns,omitempty"`
 	// ProtobufMessage specifies the protobuf message to use against the remote
 	// receiver as specified in https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/
 	ProtobufMessage RemoteWriteProtoMsg `yaml:"protobuf_message,omitempty"`
@ -1397,9 +1417,20 @@ func getGoGCEnv() int {
 	return DefaultRuntimeConfig.GoGC
 }

+type translationStrategyOption string
+
+var (
+	// NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes will keep UTF-8 characters as they are, units and type suffixes will still be added.
+	NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes translationStrategyOption = "NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes"
+	// UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes is the default option for translating OTLP to Prometheus.
+	// This option will translate all UTF-8 characters to underscores, while adding units and type suffixes.
+	UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes translationStrategyOption = "UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes"
+)
+
 // OTLPConfig is the configuration for writing to the OTLP endpoint.
 type OTLPConfig struct {
-	PromoteResourceAttributes []string `yaml:"promote_resource_attributes,omitempty"`
+	PromoteResourceAttributes []string                  `yaml:"promote_resource_attributes,omitempty"`
+	TranslationStrategy       translationStrategyOption `yaml:"translation_strategy,omitempty"`
 }

 // UnmarshalYAML implements the yaml.Unmarshaler interface.
@ -1415,7 +1446,7 @@ func (c *OTLPConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	for i, attr := range c.PromoteResourceAttributes {
 		attr = strings.TrimSpace(attr)
 		if attr == "" {
-			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("empty promoted OTel resource attribute"))
+			err = errors.Join(err, errors.New("empty promoted OTel resource attribute"))
 			continue
 		}
 		if _, exists := seen[attr]; exists {
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ var expectedConf = &Config{
 					},
 				},
 				FollowRedirects: true,
-				EnableHTTP2:     true,
+				EnableHTTP2:     false,
 			},
 		},
 		{
@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ var expectedConf = &Config{
 					KeyFile:  filepath.FromSlash("testdata/valid_key_file"),
 				},
 				FollowRedirects: true,
-				EnableHTTP2:     true,
+				EnableHTTP2:     false,
 			},
 			Headers: map[string]string{"name": "value"},
 		},
@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ var expectedConf = &Config{
 		PromoteResourceAttributes: []string{
 			"k8s.cluster.name", "k8s.job.name", "k8s.namespace.name",
 		},
+		TranslationStrategy: UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes,
 	},

 	RemoteReadConfigs: []*RemoteReadConfig{
@ -1553,6 +1554,67 @@ func TestOTLPSanitizeResourceAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

+func TestOTLPAllowUTF8(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("good config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fpath := filepath.Join("testdata", "otlp_allow_utf8.good.yml")
+		verify := func(t *testing.T, conf *Config, err error) {
+			t.Helper()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes, conf.OTLPConfig.TranslationStrategy)
+		}
+
+		t.Run("LoadFile", func(t *testing.T) {
+			conf, err := LoadFile(fpath, false, promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			verify(t, conf, err)
+		})
+		t.Run("Load", func(t *testing.T) {
+			content, err := os.ReadFile(fpath)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			conf, err := Load(string(content), promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			verify(t, conf, err)
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("incompatible config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fpath := filepath.Join("testdata", "otlp_allow_utf8.incompatible.yml")
+		verify := func(t *testing.T, err error) {
+			t.Helper()
+			require.ErrorContains(t, err, `OTLP translation strategy NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes is not allowed when UTF8 is disabled`)
+		}
+
+		t.Run("LoadFile", func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := LoadFile(fpath, false, promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			verify(t, err)
+		})
+		t.Run("Load", func(t *testing.T) {
+			content, err := os.ReadFile(fpath)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			_, err = Load(string(content), promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			t.Log("err", err)
+			verify(t, err)
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("bad config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fpath := filepath.Join("testdata", "otlp_allow_utf8.bad.yml")
+		verify := func(t *testing.T, err error) {
+			t.Helper()
+			require.ErrorContains(t, err, `unsupported OTLP translation strategy "Invalid"`)
+		}
+
+		t.Run("LoadFile", func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := LoadFile(fpath, false, promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			verify(t, err)
+		})
+		t.Run("Load", func(t *testing.T) {
+			content, err := os.ReadFile(fpath)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			_, err = Load(string(content), promslog.NewNopLogger())
+			verify(t, err)
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestLoadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// Parse a valid file that sets a global scrape timeout. This tests whether parsing
 	// an overwritten default field in the global config permanently changes the default.
--- a/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.bad.yml
+++ b/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.bad.yml
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+global:
+  metric_name_validation_scheme: legacy
+otlp:
+  translation_strategy: Invalid
--- a/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.good.yml
+++ b/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.good.yml
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+otlp:
+  translation_strategy: NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes
--- a/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.incompatible.yml
+++ b/config/testdata/otlp_allow_utf8.incompatible.yml
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+global:
+  metric_name_validation_scheme: legacy
+otlp:
+  translation_strategy: NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes
--- a/discovery/aws/ec2.go
+++ b/discovery/aws/ec2.go
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ type EC2Discovery struct {
 func NewEC2Discovery(conf *EC2SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*EC2Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*ec2Metrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/aws/lightsail.go
+++ b/discovery/aws/lightsail.go
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ type LightsailDiscovery struct {
 func NewLightsailDiscovery(conf *LightsailSDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*LightsailDiscovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*lightsailMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/azure/azure.go
+++ b/discovery/azure/azure.go
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(cfg *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*azureMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/consul/consul.go
+++ b/discovery/consul/consul.go
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*consulMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/digitalocean/digitalocean.go
+++ b/discovery/digitalocean/digitalocean.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package digitalocean

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*digitaloceanMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/dns/dns.go
+++ b/discovery/dns/dns.go
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*dnsMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/dns/dns_test.go
+++ b/discovery/dns/dns_test.go
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ package dns

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"testing"
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func TestDNS(t *testing.T) {
 				Type:            "A",
 			},
 			lookup: func(name string, qtype uint16, logger *slog.Logger) (*dns.Msg, error) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("some error")
+				return nil, errors.New("some error")
 			},
 			expected: []*targetgroup.Group{},
 		},
--- a/discovery/eureka/eureka.go
+++ b/discovery/eureka/eureka.go
@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ package eureka
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*eurekaMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	rt, err := config.NewRoundTripperFromConfig(conf.HTTPClientConfig, "eureka_sd")
--- a/discovery/file/file.go
+++ b/discovery/file/file.go
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	fm, ok := metrics.(*fileMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/gce/gce.go
+++ b/discovery/gce/gce.go
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*gceMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/hetzner/hetzner.go
+++ b/discovery/hetzner/hetzner.go
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*hetznerMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	r, err := newRefresher(conf, logger)
--- a/discovery/http/http.go
+++ b/discovery/http/http.go
@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ import (
 var (
 	// DefaultSDConfig is the default HTTP SD configuration.
 	DefaultSDConfig = SDConfig{
-		RefreshInterval:  model.Duration(60 * time.Second),
 		HTTPClientConfig: config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig,
+		RefreshInterval:  model.Duration(60 * time.Second),
 	}
 	userAgent        = fmt.Sprintf("Prometheus/%s", version.Version)
 	matchContentType = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?i:application\/json(;\s*charset=("utf-8"|utf-8))?)$`)
@ -86,17 +86,17 @@ func (c *SDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.URL == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("URL is missing")
+		return errors.New("URL is missing")
 	}
 	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(c.URL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if parsedURL.Scheme != "http" && parsedURL.Scheme != "https" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("URL scheme must be 'http' or 'https'")
+		return errors.New("URL scheme must be 'http' or 'https'")
 	}
 	if parsedURL.Host == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("host is missing in URL")
+		return errors.New("host is missing in URL")
 	}
 	return c.HTTPClientConfig.Validate()
 }
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, clientOpts []config.HTTPClientOption, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*httpMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/ionos/ionos.go
+++ b/discovery/ionos/ionos.go
@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ package ionos

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"time"

@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ type Discovery struct{}
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*ionosMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if conf.ionosEndpoint == "" {
--- a/discovery/kubernetes/endpoints.go
+++ b/discovery/kubernetes/endpoints.go
@ -102,10 +102,7 @@ func NewEndpoints(l *slog.Logger, eps cache.SharedIndexInformer, svc, pod, node
 			return
 		}

-		ep := &apiv1.Endpoints{}
-		ep.Namespace = svc.Namespace
-		ep.Name = svc.Name
-		obj, exists, err := e.endpointsStore.Get(ep)
+		obj, exists, err := e.endpointsStore.GetByKey(namespacedName(svc.Namespace, svc.Name))
 		if exists && err == nil {
 			e.enqueue(obj.(*apiv1.Endpoints))
 		}
@ -457,11 +454,8 @@ func (e *Endpoints) resolvePodRef(ref *apiv1.ObjectReference) *apiv1.Pod {
 	if ref == nil || ref.Kind != "Pod" {
 		return nil
 	}
-	p := &apiv1.Pod{}
-	p.Namespace = ref.Namespace
-	p.Name = ref.Name

-	obj, exists, err := e.podStore.Get(p)
+	obj, exists, err := e.podStore.GetByKey(namespacedName(ref.Namespace, ref.Name))
 	if err != nil {
 		e.logger.Error("resolving pod ref failed", "err", err)
 		return nil
@ -473,11 +467,7 @@ func (e *Endpoints) resolvePodRef(ref *apiv1.ObjectReference) *apiv1.Pod {
 }

 func (e *Endpoints) addServiceLabels(ns, name string, tg *targetgroup.Group) {
-	svc := &apiv1.Service{}
-	svc.Namespace = ns
-	svc.Name = name
-
-	obj, exists, err := e.serviceStore.Get(svc)
+	obj, exists, err := e.serviceStore.GetByKey(namespacedName(ns, name))
 	if err != nil {
 		e.logger.Error("retrieving service failed", "err", err)
 		return
@ -485,7 +475,7 @@ func (e *Endpoints) addServiceLabels(ns, name string, tg *targetgroup.Group) {
 	if !exists {
 		return
 	}
-	svc = obj.(*apiv1.Service)
+	svc := obj.(*apiv1.Service)

 	tg.Labels = tg.Labels.Merge(serviceLabels(svc))
 }
--- a/discovery/kubernetes/endpoints_test.go
+++ b/discovery/kubernetes/endpoints_test.go
@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
 	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache"

 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
 )
@ -1257,3 +1259,22 @@ func TestEndpointsDiscoverySidecarContainer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}.Run(t)
 }
+
+func BenchmarkResolvePodRef(b *testing.B) {
+	indexer := cache.NewIndexer(cache.DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc, nil)
+	e := &Endpoints{
+		podStore: indexer,
+	}
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		p := e.resolvePodRef(&v1.ObjectReference{
+			Kind:      "Pod",
+			Name:      "testpod",
+			Namespace: "foo",
+		})
+		require.Nil(b, p)
+	}
+}
--- a/discovery/kubernetes/endpointslice.go
+++ b/discovery/kubernetes/endpointslice.go
@ -467,11 +467,8 @@ func (e *EndpointSlice) resolvePodRef(ref *apiv1.ObjectReference) *apiv1.Pod {
 	if ref == nil || ref.Kind != "Pod" {
 		return nil
 	}
-	p := &apiv1.Pod{}
-	p.Namespace = ref.Namespace
-	p.Name = ref.Name

-	obj, exists, err := e.podStore.Get(p)
+	obj, exists, err := e.podStore.GetByKey(namespacedName(ref.Namespace, ref.Name))
 	if err != nil {
 		e.logger.Error("resolving pod ref failed", "err", err)
 		return nil
@ -484,19 +481,19 @@ func (e *EndpointSlice) resolvePodRef(ref *apiv1.ObjectReference) *apiv1.Pod {

 func (e *EndpointSlice) addServiceLabels(esa endpointSliceAdaptor, tg *targetgroup.Group) {
 	var (
-		svc   = &apiv1.Service{}
 		found bool
+		name  string
 	)
-	svc.Namespace = esa.namespace()
+	ns := esa.namespace()

 	// Every EndpointSlice object has the Service they belong to in the
 	// kubernetes.io/service-name label.
-	svc.Name, found = esa.labels()[esa.labelServiceName()]
+	name, found = esa.labels()[esa.labelServiceName()]
 	if !found {
 		return
 	}

-	obj, exists, err := e.serviceStore.Get(svc)
+	obj, exists, err := e.serviceStore.GetByKey(namespacedName(ns, name))
 	if err != nil {
 		e.logger.Error("retrieving service failed", "err", err)
 		return
@ -504,7 +501,7 @@ func (e *EndpointSlice) addServiceLabels(esa endpointSliceAdaptor, tg *targetgro
 	if !exists {
 		return
 	}
-	svc = obj.(*apiv1.Service)
+	svc := obj.(*apiv1.Service)

 	tg.Labels = tg.Labels.Merge(serviceLabels(svc))
 }
--- a/discovery/kubernetes/kubernetes.go
+++ b/discovery/kubernetes/kubernetes.go
@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func (c *SDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.Role == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("role missing (one of: pod, service, endpoints, endpointslice, node, ingress)")
+		return errors.New("role missing (one of: pod, service, endpoints, endpointslice, node, ingress)")
 	}
 	err = c.HTTPClientConfig.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
@ -181,20 +181,20 @@ func (c *SDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	}
 	if c.APIServer.URL != nil && c.KubeConfig != "" {
 		// Api-server and kubeconfig_file are mutually exclusive
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use 'kubeconfig_file' and 'api_server' simultaneously")
+		return errors.New("cannot use 'kubeconfig_file' and 'api_server' simultaneously")
 	}
 	if c.KubeConfig != "" && !reflect.DeepEqual(c.HTTPClientConfig, config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig) {
 		// Kubeconfig_file and custom http config are mutually exclusive
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use a custom HTTP client configuration together with 'kubeconfig_file'")
+		return errors.New("cannot use a custom HTTP client configuration together with 'kubeconfig_file'")
 	}
 	if c.APIServer.URL == nil && !reflect.DeepEqual(c.HTTPClientConfig, config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("to use custom HTTP client configuration please provide the 'api_server' URL explicitly")
+		return errors.New("to use custom HTTP client configuration please provide the 'api_server' URL explicitly")
 	}
 	if c.APIServer.URL != nil && c.NamespaceDiscovery.IncludeOwnNamespace {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use 'api_server' and 'namespaces.own_namespace' simultaneously")
+		return errors.New("cannot use 'api_server' and 'namespaces.own_namespace' simultaneously")
 	}
 	if c.KubeConfig != "" && c.NamespaceDiscovery.IncludeOwnNamespace {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use 'kubeconfig_file' and 'namespaces.own_namespace' simultaneously")
+		return errors.New("cannot use 'kubeconfig_file' and 'namespaces.own_namespace' simultaneously")
 	}

 	foundSelectorRoles := make(map[Role]struct{})
@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ func (d *Discovery) getNamespaces() []string {
 func New(l *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics, conf *SDConfig) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*kubernetesMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if l == nil {
@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ func (d *Discovery) newPodsByNodeInformer(plw *cache.ListWatch) cache.SharedInde
 		indexers[nodeIndex] = func(obj interface{}) ([]string, error) {
 			pod, ok := obj.(*apiv1.Pod)
 			if !ok {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("object is not a pod")
+				return nil, errors.New("object is not a pod")
 			}
 			return []string{pod.Spec.NodeName}, nil
 		}
@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ func (d *Discovery) newEndpointsByNodeInformer(plw *cache.ListWatch) cache.Share
 	indexers[podIndex] = func(obj interface{}) ([]string, error) {
 		e, ok := obj.(*apiv1.Endpoints)
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("object is not endpoints")
+			return nil, errors.New("object is not endpoints")
 		}
 		var pods []string
 		for _, target := range e.Subsets {
@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ func (d *Discovery) newEndpointsByNodeInformer(plw *cache.ListWatch) cache.Share
 	indexers[nodeIndex] = func(obj interface{}) ([]string, error) {
 		e, ok := obj.(*apiv1.Endpoints)
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("object is not endpoints")
+			return nil, errors.New("object is not endpoints")
 		}
 		var nodes []string
 		for _, target := range e.Subsets {
@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ func (d *Discovery) newEndpointSlicesByNodeInformer(plw *cache.ListWatch, object
 				}
 			}
 		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("object is not an endpointslice")
+			return nil, errors.New("object is not an endpointslice")
 		}

 		return nodes, nil
--- a/discovery/linode/linode.go
+++ b/discovery/linode/linode.go
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*linodeMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/manager_test.go
+++ b/discovery/manager_test.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package discovery

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
@ -1209,9 +1210,9 @@ func TestGaugeFailedConfigs(t *testing.T) {

 	c := map[string]Configs{
 		"prometheus": {
-			errorConfig{fmt.Errorf("tests error 0")},
-			errorConfig{fmt.Errorf("tests error 1")},
-			errorConfig{fmt.Errorf("tests error 2")},
+			errorConfig{errors.New("tests error 0")},
+			errorConfig{errors.New("tests error 1")},
+			errorConfig{errors.New("tests error 2")},
 		},
 	}
 	discoveryManager.ApplyConfig(c)
--- a/discovery/marathon/marathon.go
+++ b/discovery/marathon/marathon.go
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*marathonMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	rt, err := config.NewRoundTripperFromConfig(conf.HTTPClientConfig, "marathon_sd")
--- a/discovery/moby/docker.go
+++ b/discovery/moby/docker.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package moby

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ func (c *DockerSDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.Host == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("host missing")
+		return errors.New("host missing")
 	}
 	if _, err = url.Parse(c.Host); err != nil {
 		return err
@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ type DockerDiscovery struct {
 func NewDockerDiscovery(conf *DockerSDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*DockerDiscovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*dockerMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &DockerDiscovery{
--- a/discovery/moby/dockerswarm.go
+++ b/discovery/moby/dockerswarm.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package moby

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ func (c *DockerSwarmSDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) e
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.Host == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("host missing")
+		return errors.New("host missing")
 	}
 	if _, err = url.Parse(c.Host); err != nil {
 		return err
@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ func (c *DockerSwarmSDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) e
 	switch c.Role {
 	case "services", "nodes", "tasks":
 	case "":
-		return fmt.Errorf("role missing (one of: tasks, services, nodes)")
+		return errors.New("role missing (one of: tasks, services, nodes)")
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid role %s, expected tasks, services, or nodes", c.Role)
 	}
@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *DockerSwarmSDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*dockerswarmMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/nomad/nomad.go
+++ b/discovery/nomad/nomad.go
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*nomadMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/openstack/openstack.go
+++ b/discovery/openstack/openstack.go
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ type refresher interface {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, l *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*openstackMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	r, err := newRefresher(conf, l)
--- a/discovery/ovhcloud/ovhcloud.go
+++ b/discovery/ovhcloud/ovhcloud.go
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func newRefresher(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger) (refresher, error) {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*ovhcloudMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	r, err := newRefresher(conf, logger)
--- a/discovery/puppetdb/puppetdb.go
+++ b/discovery/puppetdb/puppetdb.go
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
@ -109,20 +110,20 @@ func (c *SDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.URL == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("URL is missing")
+		return errors.New("URL is missing")
 	}
 	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(c.URL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if parsedURL.Scheme != "http" && parsedURL.Scheme != "https" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("URL scheme must be 'http' or 'https'")
+		return errors.New("URL scheme must be 'http' or 'https'")
 	}
 	if parsedURL.Host == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("host is missing in URL")
+		return errors.New("host is missing in URL")
 	}
 	if c.Query == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("query missing")
+		return errors.New("query missing")
 	}
 	return c.HTTPClientConfig.Validate()
 }
@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*puppetdbMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	if logger == nil {
--- a/discovery/refresh/refresh_test.go
+++ b/discovery/refresh/refresh_test.go
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ package refresh

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func TestRefresh(t *testing.T) {
 		case 2:
 			return tg2, nil
 		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("some error")
+		return nil, errors.New("some error")
 	}
 	interval := time.Millisecond

--- a/discovery/registry.go
+++ b/discovery/registry.go
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func replaceYAMLTypeError(err error, oldTyp, newTyp reflect.Type) error {
 func RegisterSDMetrics(registerer prometheus.Registerer, rmm RefreshMetricsManager) (map[string]DiscovererMetrics, error) {
 	err := rmm.Register()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create service discovery refresh metrics")
+		return nil, errors.New("failed to create service discovery refresh metrics")
 	}

 	metrics := make(map[string]DiscovererMetrics)
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ func RegisterSDMetrics(registerer prometheus.Registerer, rmm RefreshMetricsManag
 		currentSdMetrics := conf.NewDiscovererMetrics(registerer, rmm)
 		err = currentSdMetrics.Register()
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create service discovery metrics")
+			return nil, errors.New("failed to create service discovery metrics")
 		}
 		metrics[conf.Name()] = currentSdMetrics
 	}
--- a/discovery/scaleway/scaleway.go
+++ b/discovery/scaleway/scaleway.go
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ type Discovery struct{}
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*scalewayMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	r, err := newRefresher(conf)
--- a/discovery/triton/triton.go
+++ b/discovery/triton/triton.go
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func New(logger *slog.Logger, conf *SDConfig, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*tritonMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	tls, err := config.NewTLSConfig(&conf.TLSConfig)
--- a/discovery/uyuni/uyuni.go
+++ b/discovery/uyuni/uyuni.go
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func getEndpointInfoForSystems(
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*uyuniMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	apiURL, err := url.Parse(conf.Server)
--- a/discovery/vultr/vultr.go
+++ b/discovery/vultr/vultr.go
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package vultr

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (*Discovery, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*vultrMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	d := &Discovery{
--- a/discovery/xds/kuma.go
+++ b/discovery/xds/kuma.go
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package xds

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ func kumaMadsV1ResourceParser(resources []*anypb.Any, typeURL string) ([]model.L
 func NewKumaHTTPDiscovery(conf *KumaSDConfig, logger *slog.Logger, metrics discovery.DiscovererMetrics) (discovery.Discoverer, error) {
 	m, ok := metrics.(*xdsMetrics)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery metrics type")
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid discovery metrics type")
 	}

 	// Default to "prometheus" if hostname is unavailable.
--- a/docs/command-line/prometheus.md
+++ b/docs/command-line/prometheus.md
@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ The Prometheus monitoring server
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--config.file</code> | Prometheus configuration file path. | `prometheus.yml` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--config.auto-reload-interval</code> | Specifies the interval for checking and automatically reloading the Prometheus configuration file upon detecting changes. | `30s` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.listen-address</code> <code class="text-nowrap">...<code class="text-nowrap"> | Address to listen on for UI, API, and telemetry. Can be repeated. | `0.0.0.0:9090` |
+| <code class="text-nowrap">--auto-gomaxprocs</code> | Automatically set GOMAXPROCS to match Linux container CPU quota | `true` |
+| <code class="text-nowrap">--auto-gomemlimit</code> | Automatically set GOMEMLIMIT to match Linux container or system memory limit | `true` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--auto-gomemlimit.ratio</code> | The ratio of reserved GOMEMLIMIT memory to the detected maximum container or system memory | `0.9` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.config.file</code> | [EXPERIMENTAL] Path to configuration file that can enable TLS or authentication. |  |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.read-timeout</code> | Maximum duration before timing out read of the request, and closing idle connections. | `5m` |
@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ The Prometheus monitoring server
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--query.timeout</code> | Maximum time a query may take before being aborted. Use with server mode only. | `2m` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--query.max-concurrency</code> | Maximum number of queries executed concurrently. Use with server mode only. | `20` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--query.max-samples</code> | Maximum number of samples a single query can load into memory. Note that queries will fail if they try to load more samples than this into memory, so this also limits the number of samples a query can return. Use with server mode only. | `50000000` |
-| <code class="text-nowrap">--enable-feature</code> <code class="text-nowrap">...<code class="text-nowrap"> | Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: auto-gomemlimit, exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-per-step-stats, promql-experimental-functions, extra-scrape-metrics, auto-gomaxprocs, native-histograms, created-timestamp-zero-ingestion, concurrent-rule-eval, delayed-compaction, old-ui. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details. |  |
+| <code class="text-nowrap">--enable-feature</code> <code class="text-nowrap">...<code class="text-nowrap"> | Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-per-step-stats, promql-experimental-functions, extra-scrape-metrics, auto-gomaxprocs, native-histograms, created-timestamp-zero-ingestion, concurrent-rule-eval, delayed-compaction, old-ui. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details. |  |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--agent</code> | Run Prometheus in 'Agent mode'. |  |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--log.level</code> | Only log messages with the given severity or above. One of: [debug, info, warn, error] | `info` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--log.format</code> | Output format of log messages. One of: [logfmt, json] | `logfmt` |
--- a/docs/configuration/configuration.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/configuration.md
@ -171,8 +171,17 @@ remote_write:
  [ - <remote_write> ... ]

 # Settings related to the OTLP receiver feature.
+# See https://prometheus.io/docs/guides/opentelemetry/ for best practices.
 otlp:
  [ promote_resource_attributes: [<string>, ...] | default = [ ] ]
+  # Configures translation of OTLP metrics when received through the OTLP metrics
+  # endpoint. Available values:
+  # - "UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes" refers to commonly agreed normalization used
+  #   by OpenTelemetry in https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/tree/main/pkg/translator/prometheus
+  # - "NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes" is a mode that relies on UTF-8 support in Prometheus.
+  #   It preserves all special characters like dots, but it still add required suffixes
+  #   for units and _total like in UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes.
+  [ translation_strategy: <string> | default = "UnderscoreEscapingWithSuffixes" ]

 # Settings related to the remote read feature.
 remote_read:
@ -2797,6 +2806,12 @@ write_relabel_configs:
 # For the `io.prometheus.write.v2.Request` message, this option is noop (always true).
 [ send_native_histograms: <boolean> | default = false ]

+# When enabled, remote-write will resolve the URL host name via DNS, choose one of the IP addresses at random, and connect to it. 
+# When disabled, remote-write relies on Go's standard behavior, which is to try to connect to each address in turn.
+# The connection timeout applies to the whole operation, i.e. in the latter case it is spread over all attempt.
+# This is an experimental feature, and its behavior might still change, or even get removed.
+[ round_robin_dns: <boolean> | default = false ]
+
 # Optionally configures AWS's Signature Verification 4 signing process to
 # sign requests. Cannot be set at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, or azuread.
 # To use the default credentials from the AWS SDK, use `sigv4: {}`.
@ -2889,6 +2904,7 @@ metadata_config:

 # HTTP client settings, including authentication methods (such as basic auth and
 # authorization), proxy configurations, TLS options, custom HTTP headers, etc.
+# enable_http2 defaults to false for remote-write.
 [ <http_config> ]
 ```

@ -2940,8 +2956,6 @@ with this feature.

 `tsdb` lets you configure the runtime-reloadable configuration settings of the TSDB.

-NOTE: Out-of-order ingestion is an experimental feature, but you do not need any additional flag to enable it. Setting `out_of_order_time_window` to a positive duration enables it.
-
 ```yaml
 # Configures how old an out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample can be w.r.t. the TSDB max time.
 # An out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample is ingested into the TSDB as long as the timestamp
--- a/docs/feature_flags.md
+++ b/docs/feature_flags.md
@ -23,9 +23,8 @@ Exemplar storage is implemented as a fixed size circular buffer that stores exem

 `--enable-feature=memory-snapshot-on-shutdown`

-This takes the snapshot of the chunks that are in memory along with the series information when shutting down and stores
-it on disk. This will reduce the startup time since the memory state can be restored with this snapshot and m-mapped
-chunks without the need of WAL replay.
+This takes a snapshot of the chunks that are in memory along with the series information when shutting down and stores it on disk. This will reduce the startup time since the memory state can now be restored with this snapshot 
+and m-mapped chunks, while a WAL replay from disk is only needed for the parts of the WAL that are not part of the snapshot.

 ## Extra scrape metrics

@ -48,20 +47,6 @@ statistics. Currently this is limited to totalQueryableSamples.
 When disabled in either the engine or the query, per-step statistics are not
 computed at all.

-## Auto GOMAXPROCS
-
-`--enable-feature=auto-gomaxprocs`
-
-When enabled, GOMAXPROCS variable is automatically set to match Linux container CPU quota.
-
-## Auto GOMEMLIMIT
-
-`--enable-feature=auto-gomemlimit`
-
-When enabled, the GOMEMLIMIT variable is automatically set to match the Linux container memory limit. If there is no container limit, or the process is running outside of containers, the system memory total is used.
-
-There is also an additional tuning flag, `--auto-gomemlimit.ratio`, which allows controlling how much of the memory is used for Prometheus. The remainder is reserved for memory outside the process. For example, kernel page cache. Page cache is important for Prometheus TSDB query performance. The default is `0.9`, which means 90% of the memory limit will be used for Prometheus.
-
 ## Native Histograms

 `--enable-feature=native-histograms`
--- a/docs/migration.md
+++ b/docs/migration.md
@ -3,198 +3,216 @@ title: Migration
 sort_rank: 10
 ---

-# Prometheus 2.0 migration guide
+# Prometheus 3.0 migration guide

-In line with our [stability promise](https://prometheus.io/blog/2016/07/18/prometheus-1-0-released/#fine-print),
-the Prometheus 2.0 release contains a number of backwards incompatible changes.
-This document offers guidance on migrating from Prometheus 1.8 to Prometheus 2.0 and newer versions.
+In line with our [stability promise](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/stability/),
+the Prometheus 3.0 release contains a number of backwards incompatible changes.
+This document offers guidance on migrating from Prometheus 2.x to Prometheus 3.0 and newer versions.

 ## Flags

-The format of Prometheus command line flags has changed. Instead of a
-single dash, all flags now use a double dash. Common flags (`--config.file`,
-`--web.listen-address` and `--web.external-url`) remain but
-almost all storage-related flags have been removed.
+- The following feature flags have been removed and they have been added to the 
+  default behavior of Prometheus v3:
+  - `promql-at-modifier`
+  - `promql-negative-offset`
+  - `remote-write-receiver`
+  - `new-service-discovery-manager`
+  - `expand-external-labels`
+      - Environment variable references `${var}` or `$var` in external label values 
+    are replaced according to the values of the current environment variables.  
+      - References to undefined variables are replaced by the empty string.
+    The `$` character can be escaped by using `$$`.
+  - `no-default-scrape-port`
+      - Prometheus v3 will no longer add ports to scrape targets according to the 
+    specified scheme. Target will now appear in labels as configured.
+      - If you rely on scrape targets like 
+      `https://example.com/metrics` or `http://exmaple.com/metrics` to be 
+      represented as `https://example.com/metrics:443` and 
+      `http://example.com/metrics:80` respectively, add them to your target URLs
+  - `agent`
+      - Instead use the dedicated `--agent` CLI flag.
+  - `auto-gomemlimit`
+      - Prometheus v3 will automatically set `GOMEMLIMIT` to match the Linux 
+      container memory limit. If there is no container limit, or the process is 
+      running outside of containers, the system memory total is used. To disable 
+      this, `--no-auto-gomemlimit` is available.
+  - `auto-gomaxprocs`
+      - Prometheus v3 will automatically set `GOMAXPROCS` to match the Linux 
+      container CPU quota. To disable this, `--no-auto-gomaxprocs` is available.

-Some notable flags which have been removed:
+  Prometheus v3 will log a warning if you continue to pass these to 
+  `--enable-feature`.

- `-alertmanager.url` In Prometheus 2.0, the command line flags for configuring
-  a static Alertmanager URL have been removed. Alertmanager must now be
-  discovered via service discovery, see [Alertmanager service discovery](#alertmanager-service-discovery).
+## Configuration

- `-log.format` In Prometheus 2.0 logs can only be streamed to standard error.
-
- `-query.staleness-delta` has been renamed to `--query.lookback-delta`; Prometheus
-  2.0 introduces a new mechanism for handling staleness, see [staleness](querying/basics.md#staleness).
-
- `-storage.local.*` Prometheus 2.0 introduces a new storage engine; as such all
-  flags relating to the old engine have been removed.  For information on the
-  new engine, see [Storage](#storage).
-
- `-storage.remote.*` Prometheus 2.0 has removed the deprecated remote
-  storage flags, and will fail to start if they are supplied. To write to
-  InfluxDB, Graphite, or OpenTSDB use the relevant storage adapter.
-
-## Alertmanager service discovery
-
-Alertmanager service discovery was introduced in Prometheus 1.4, allowing Prometheus
-to dynamically discover Alertmanager replicas using the same mechanism as scrape
-targets. In Prometheus 2.0, the command line flags for static Alertmanager config
-have been removed, so the following command line flag:
-
-```
-./prometheus -alertmanager.url=http://alertmanager:9093/
-```
-
-Would be replaced with the following in the `prometheus.yml` config file:
-
-```yaml
-alerting:
-  alertmanagers:
-  - static_configs:
-    - targets:
-      - alertmanager:9093
-```
-
-You can also use all the usual Prometheus service discovery integrations and
-relabeling in your Alertmanager configuration. This snippet instructs
-Prometheus to search for Kubernetes pods, in the `default` namespace, with the
-label `name: alertmanager` and with a non-empty port.
-
-```yaml
-alerting:
-  alertmanagers:
-  - kubernetes_sd_configs:
-      - role: pod
-    tls_config:
-      ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
-    bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
-    relabel_configs:
-    - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_label_name]
-      regex: alertmanager
-      action: keep
-    - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
-      regex: default
-      action: keep
-    - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_container_port_number]
-      regex:
-      action: drop
-```
-
-## Recording rules and alerts
-
-The format for configuring alerting and recording rules has been changed to YAML.
-An example of a recording rule and alert in the old format:
-
-```
-job:request_duration_seconds:histogram_quantile99 =
-  histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by (le, job) (rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[1m])))
-
-ALERT FrontendRequestLatency
-  IF job:request_duration_seconds:histogram_quantile99{job="frontend"} > 0.1
-  FOR 5m
-  ANNOTATIONS {
-    summary = "High frontend request latency",
-  }
-```
-
-Would look like this:
-
-```yaml
-groups:
- name: example.rules
-  rules:
-  - record: job:request_duration_seconds:histogram_quantile99
-    expr: histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by (le, job) (rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[1m])))
-  - alert: FrontendRequestLatency
-    expr: job:request_duration_seconds:histogram_quantile99{job="frontend"} > 0.1
-    for: 5m
-    annotations:
-      summary: High frontend request latency
-```
-
-To help with the change, the `promtool` tool has a mode to automate the rules conversion.  Given a `.rules` file, it will output a `.rules.yml` file in the
-new format. For example:
-
-```
-$ promtool update rules example.rules
-```
-
-You will need to use `promtool` from [Prometheus 2.5](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/tag/v2.5.0) as later versions no longer contain the above subcommand.
-
-## Storage
-
-The data format in Prometheus 2.0 has completely changed and is not backwards
-compatible with 1.8 and older versions. To retain access to your historic monitoring data we
-recommend you run a non-scraping Prometheus instance running at least version
-1.8.1 in parallel with your Prometheus 2.0 instance, and have the new server
-read existing data from the old one via the remote read protocol.
-
-Your Prometheus 1.8 instance should be started with the following flags and an
-config file containing only the `external_labels` setting (if any):
-
-```
-$ ./prometheus-1.8.1.linux-amd64/prometheus -web.listen-address ":9094" -config.file old.yml
-```
-
-Prometheus 2.0 can then be started (on the same machine) with the following flags:
-
-```
-$ ./prometheus-2.0.0.linux-amd64/prometheus --config.file prometheus.yml
-```
-
-Where `prometheus.yml` contains in addition to your full existing configuration, the stanza:
-
-```yaml
-remote_read:
-  - url: "http://localhost:9094/api/v1/read"
-```
+- The scrape job level configuration option `scrape_classic_histograms` has been 
+  renamed to `always_scrape_classic_histograms`. If you use the 
+  `--enable-feature=native-histograms` feature flag to ingest native histograms 
+  and you also want to ingest classic histograms that an endpoint might expose 
+  along with native histograms, be sure to add this configuration or change your 
+  configuration from the old name.
+- The `http_config.enable_http2` in `remote_write` items default has been 
+  changed to `false`. In Prometheus v2 the remote write http client would 
+  default to use http2. In order to parallelize multiple remote write queues 
+  across multiple sockets its preferable to not default to http2.
+  If you prefer to use http2 for remote write you must now set 
+  `http_config.enable_http2: true` in your `remote_write` configuration section.

 ## PromQL

-The following features have been removed from PromQL:
+- The `.` pattern in regular expressions in PromQL matches newline characters. 
+  With this change a regular expressions like `.*` matches strings that include 
+  `\n`. This applies to matchers in queries and relabel configs.
+  - For example, the following regular expressions now match the accompanying
+  strings, whereas in Prometheus v2 these combinations didn't match.
+      - `.*` additionally matches `foo\n` and `Foo\nBar`
+      - `foo.?bar` additionally matches `foo\nbar`
+      - `foo.+bar` additionally matches `foo\nbar`
+  - If you want Prometheus v3 to behave like v2, you will have to change your
+  regular expressions by replacing all `.` patterns with `[^\n]`, e.g.
+  `foo[^\n]*`.
+- Lookback and range selectors are left open and right closed (previously left 
+  closed and right closed). This change affects queries when the evaluation time 
+  perfectly aligns with the sample timestamps. For example assume querying a 
+  timeseries with evenly spaced samples exactly 1 minute apart. Before Prometheus
+  v3, a range query with `5m` would usually return 5 samples. But if the query
+  evaluation aligns perfectly with a scrape, it would return 6 samples. In 
+  Prometheus v3 queries like this will always return 5 samples.  
+  This change has likely few effects for everyday use, except for some subquery
+  use cases.  
+  Query front-ends that align queries usually align subqueries to multiples of
+  the step size. These subqueries will likely be affected.  
+  Tests are more likely to affected. To fix those either adjust the expected 
+  number of samples or extend the range by less than one sample interval.
+- The `holt_winters` function has been renamed to `double_exponential_smoothing` 
+  and is now guarded by the `promql-experimental-functions` feature flag.
+  If you want to keep using `holt_winters`, you have to do both of these things:
+    - Rename `holt_winters` to `double_exponential_smoothing` in your queries.
+    - Pass `--enable-feature=promql-experimental-functions` in your Prometheus 
+      CLI invocation.

- `drop_common_labels` function - the `without` aggregation modifier should be used
-  instead.
- `keep_common` aggregation modifier - the `by` modifier should be used instead.
- `count_scalar` function - use cases are better handled by `absent()` or correct
-  propagation of labels in operations.
+## Scrape protocols
+Prometheus v3 is more strict concerning the Content-Type header received when
+scraping. Prometheus v2 would default to the standard Prometheus text protocol
+if the target being scraped did not specify a Content-Type header or if the
+header was unparsable or unrecognised. This could lead to incorrect data being
+parsed in the scrape. Prometheus v3 will now fail the scrape in such cases.

-See [issue #3060](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/3060) for more
-details.
+If a scrape target is not providing the correct Content-Type header the
+fallback protocol can be specified using the `fallback_scrape_protocol`
+parameter. See [Prometheus scrape_config documentation.](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#scrape_config)
+
+This is a breaking change as scrapes that may have succeeded with Prometheus v2
+may now fail if this fallback protocol is not specified.

 ## Miscellaneous

-### Prometheus non-root user
+### TSDB format and downgrade

-The Prometheus Docker image is now built to [run Prometheus
-as a non-root user](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/pull/2859). If you
-want the Prometheus UI/API to listen on a low port number (say, port 80), you'll
-need to override it. For Kubernetes, you would use the following YAML:
+The TSDB format has been changed slightly in Prometheus v2.55 in preparation for changes 
+to the index format. Consequently, a Prometheus v3 TSDB can only be read by a
+Prometheus v2.55 or newer. Keep that in mind when upgrading to v3 -- you will be only
+able to downgrade to v2.55, not lower, without loosing your TSDB persitent data.
+
+As an extra safety measure, you could optionally consider upgrading to v2.55 first and
+confirm Prometheus works as expected, before upgrading to v3.
+
+### TSDB storage contract
+
+TSDB compatible storage is now expected to return results matching the specified 
+selectors. This might impact some third party implementations, most likely 
+implementing `remote_read`.
+
+This contract is not explicitly enforced, but can cause undefined behavior.
+
+### UTF-8 names
+
+Prometheus v3 supports UTF-8 in metric and label names. This means metric and
+label names can change after upgrading according to what is exposed by
+endpoints. Furthermore, metric and label names that would have previously been
+flagged as invalid no longer will be.
+
+Users wishing to preserve the original validation behavior can update their
+Prometheus yaml configuration to specify the legacy validation scheme:
+
+```
+global:
+  metric_name_validation_scheme: legacy
+```
+
+Or on a per-scrape basis:
+
+```
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: job1
+    metric_name_validation_scheme: utf8
+  - job_name: job2
+    metric_name_validation_scheme: legacy
+```
+
+### Log message format
+Prometheus v3 has adopted `log/slog` over the previous `go-kit/log`. This 
+results in a change of log message format. An example of the old log format is:
+
+```
+ts=2024-10-23T22:01:06.074Z caller=main.go:627 level=info msg="No time or size retention was set so using the default time retention" duration=15d
+ts=2024-10-23T22:01:06.074Z caller=main.go:671 level=info msg="Starting Prometheus Server" mode=server version="(version=, branch=, revision=91d80252c3e528728b0f88d254dd720f6be07cb8-modified)"
+ts=2024-10-23T22:01:06.074Z caller=main.go:676 level=info build_context="(go=go1.23.0, platform=linux/amd64, user=, date=, tags=unknown)"
+ts=2024-10-23T22:01:06.074Z caller=main.go:677 level=info host_details="(Linux 5.15.0-124-generic #134-Ubuntu SMP Fri Sep 27 20:20:17 UTC 2024 x86_64 gigafips (none))"
+```
+
+a similar sequence in the new log format looks like this:
+
+```
+time=2024-10-24T00:03:07.542+02:00 level=INFO source=/home/user/go/src/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/cmd/prometheus/main.go:640 msg="No time or size retention was set so using the default time retention" duration=15d
+time=2024-10-24T00:03:07.542+02:00 level=INFO source=/home/user/go/src/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/cmd/prometheus/main.go:681 msg="Starting Prometheus Server" mode=server version="(version=, branch=, revision=7c7116fea8343795cae6da42960cacd0207a2af8)"
+time=2024-10-24T00:03:07.542+02:00 level=INFO source=/home/user/go/src/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/cmd/prometheus/main.go:686 msg="operational information" build_context="(go=go1.23.0, platform=linux/amd64, user=, date=, tags=unknown)" host_details="(Linux 5.15.0-124-generic #134-Ubuntu SMP Fri Sep 27 20:20:17 UTC 2024 x86_64 gigafips (none))" fd_limits="(soft=1048576, hard=1048576)" vm_limits="(soft=unlimited, hard=unlimited)"
+```
+
+### `le` and `quantile` label values
+In Prometheus v3, the values of the `le` label of classic histograms and the 
+`quantile` label of summaries are normalized upon ingestion. In Prometheus v2
+the value of these labels depended on the scrape protocol (protobuf vs text 
+format) in some situations. This led to label values changing based on the 
+scrape protocol. E.g. a metric exposed as `my_classic_hist{le="1"}` would be 
+ingested as `my_classic_hist{le="1"}` via the text format, but as 
+`my_classic_hist{le="1.0"}` via protobuf. This changed the identity of the 
+metric and caused problems when querying the metric.
+In Prometheus v3 these label values will always be normalized to a float like 
+representation. I.e. the above example will always result in 
+`my_classic_hist{le="1.0"}` being ingested into prometheus, no matter via which 
+protocol. The effect of this change is that alerts, recording rules and 
+dashboards that directly reference label values as whole numbers such as 
+`le="1"` will stop working.
+
+Ways to deal with this change either globally or on a per metric basis:
+
+- Fix references to integer `le`, `quantile` label values, but otherwise do
+nothing and accept that some queries that span the transition time will produce
+inaccurate or unexpected results.
+_This is the recommended solution._
+- Use `metric_relabel_config` to retain the old labels when scraping targets.
+This should **only** be applied to metrics that currently produce such labels.

 ```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Pod
-metadata:
-  name: security-context-demo-2
-spec:
-  securityContext:
-    runAsUser: 0
-...
+    metric_relabel_configs:
+      - source_labels:
+          - quantile
+        target_label: quantile
+        regex: (\d+)\.0+
+      - source_labels:
+          - le
+          - __name__
+        target_label: le
+        regex: (\d+)\.0+;.*_bucket
 ```

-See [Configure a Security Context for a Pod or Container](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/)
-for more details.
+### Disallow configuring Alertmanager with the v1 API
+Prometheus 3 no longer supports Alertmanager's v1 API. Effectively Prometheus 3 
+requires [Alertmanager 0.16.0](https://github.com/prometheus/alertmanager/releases/tag/v0.16.0) or later. Users with older Alertmanager
+versions or configurations that use `alerting: alertmanagers: [api_version: v1]` 
+need to upgrade Alertmanager and change their configuration to use `api_version: v2`.

-If you're using Docker, then the following snippet would be used:
+# Prometheus 2.0 migration guide

-```
-docker run -p 9090:9090 prom/prometheus:latest
-```
-
-### Prometheus lifecycle
-
-If you use the Prometheus `/-/reload` HTTP endpoint to [automatically reload your
-Prometheus config when it changes](configuration/configuration.md),
-these endpoints are disabled by default for security reasons in Prometheus 2.0.
-To enable them, set the `--web.enable-lifecycle` flag.
+For the Prometheus 1.8 to 2.0 please refer to the [Prometheus v2.55 documentation](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/2.55/migration/).
--- a/docs/querying/api.md
+++ b/docs/querying/api.md
@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ Instant vectors are returned as result type `vector`. The corresponding
 Each series could have the `"value"` key, or the `"histogram"` key, but not both.

 Series are not guaranteed to be returned in any particular order unless a function
-such as [`sort`](functions.md#sort) or [`sort_by_label`](functions.md#sort_by_label)`
+such as [`sort`](functions.md#sort) or [`sort_by_label`](functions.md#sort_by_label)
 is used.

 ### Scalars
@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ curl -G http://localhost:9091/api/v1/targets/metadata \
 ```

 The following example returns metadata for all metrics for all targets with
-label `instance="127.0.0.1:9090`.
+label `instance="127.0.0.1:9090"`.

 ```json
 curl -G http://localhost:9091/api/v1/targets/metadata \
@ -1190,9 +1190,11 @@ The following endpoint returns various cardinality statistics about the Promethe
 GET /api/v1/status/tsdb
 ```
 URL query parameters:
+
 - `limit=<number>`: Limit the number of returned items to a given number for each set of statistics. By default, 10 items are returned.

-The `data` section of the query result consists of
+The `data` section of the query result consists of:
+
 - **headStats**: This provides the following data about the head block of the TSDB:
  - **numSeries**: The number of series.
  - **chunkCount**: The number of chunks.
@ -1268,13 +1270,13 @@ The following endpoint returns information about the WAL replay:
 GET /api/v1/status/walreplay
 ```

-**read**: The number of segments replayed so far.
-**total**: The total number segments needed to be replayed.
-**progress**: The progress of the replay (0 - 100%).
-**state**: The state of the replay. Possible states:
- **waiting**: Waiting for the replay to start.
- **in progress**: The replay is in progress.
- **done**: The replay has finished.
+- **read**: The number of segments replayed so far.
+- **total**: The total number segments needed to be replayed.
+- **progress**: The progress of the replay (0 - 100%).
+- **state**: The state of the replay. Possible states:
+  - **waiting**: Waiting for the replay to start.
+  - **in progress**: The replay is in progress.
+  - **done**: The replay has finished.

 ```json
 $ curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/status/walreplay
--- a/docs/querying/functions.md
+++ b/docs/querying/functions.md
@ -464,6 +464,97 @@ by the number of seconds under the specified time range window, and should be
 used primarily for human readability.  Use `rate` in recording rules so that
 increases are tracked consistently on a per-second basis.

+## `info()` (experimental)
+
+_The `info` function is an experiment to improve UX
+around including labels from [info metrics](https://grafana.com/blog/2021/08/04/how-to-use-promql-joins-for-more-effective-queries-of-prometheus-metrics-at-scale/#info-metrics).
+The behavior of this function may change in future versions of Prometheus,
+including its removal from PromQL. `info` has to be enabled via the 
+[feature flag](../feature_flags.md#experimental-promql-functions) `--enable-feature=promql-experimental-functions`._
+
+`info(v instant-vector, [data-label-selector instant-vector])` finds, for each time 
+series in `v`, all info series with matching _identifying_ labels (more on
+this later), and adds the union of their _data_ (i.e., non-identifying) labels
+to the time series. The second argument `data-label-selector` is optional.
+It is not a real instant vector, but uses a subset of its syntax.
+It must start and end with curly braces (`{ ... }`) and may only contain label matchers.
+The label matchers are used to constrain which info series to consider
+and which data labels to add to `v`.
+
+Identifying labels of an info series are the subset of labels that uniquely
+identify the info series. The remaining labels are considered
+_data labels_ (also called non-identifying). (Note that Prometheus's concept
+of time series identity always includes _all_ the labels. For the sake of the `info`
+function, we “logically” define info series identity in a different way than
+in the conventional Prometheus view.) The identifying labels of an info series
+are used to join it to regular (non-info) series, i.e. those series that have
+the same labels as the identifying labels of the info series. The data labels, which are
+the ones added to the regular series by the `info` function, effectively encode 
+metadata key value pairs. (This implies that a change in the data labels 
+in the conventional Prometheus view constitutes the end of one info series and
+the beginning of a new info series, while the “logical” view of the `info` function is
+that the same info series continues to exist, just with different “data”.)
+
+The conventional approach of adding data labels is sometimes called a “join query”,
+as illustrated by the following example:
+
+```
+  rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m])
+* on (job, instance) group_left (k8s_cluster_name)
+  target_info
+```
+
+The core of the query is the expression `rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m])`.
+But to add data labels from an info metric, the user has to use elaborate
+(and not very obvious) syntax to specify which info metric to use (`target_info`), what the
+identifying labels are (`on (job, instance)`), and which data labels to add
+(`group_left (k8s_cluster_name)`).
+
+This query is not only verbose and hard to write, it might also run into an “identity crisis”:
+If any of the data labels of `target_info` changes, Prometheus sees that as a change of series
+(as alluded to above, Prometheus just has no native concept of non-identifying labels).
+If the old `target_info` series is not properly marked as stale (which can happen with certain ingestion paths),
+the query above will fail for up to 5m (the lookback delta) because it will find a conflicting 
+match with both the old and the new version of `target_info`.
+
+The `info` function not only resolves this conflict in favor of the newer series, it also simplifies the syntax
+because it knows about the available info series and what their identifying labels are. The example query
+looks like this with the `info` function:
+
+```
+info(
+  rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]),
+  {k8s_cluster_name=~".+"}
+)
+```
+
+The common case of adding _all_ data labels can be achieved by
+omitting the 2nd argument of the `info` function entirely, simplifying
+the example even more:
+
+```
+info(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]))
+```
+
+While `info` normally automatically finds all matching info series, it's possible to
+restrict them by providing a `__name__` label matcher, e.g.
+`{__name__="target_info"}`.
+
+### Limitations
+
+In its current iteration, `info` defaults to considering only info series with
+the name `target_info`. It also assumes that the identifying info series labels are
+`instance` and `job`. `info` does support other info series names however, through
+`__name__` label matchers. E.g., one can explicitly say to consider both 
+`target_info` and `build_info` as follows:
+`{__name__=~"(target|build)_info"}`. However, the identifying labels always
+have to be `instance` and `job`.
+
+These limitations are partially defeating the purpose of the `info` function.
+At the current stage, this is an experiment to find out how useful the approach
+turns out to be in practice. A final version of the `info` function will indeed
+consider all matching info series and with their appropriate identifying labels.
+
 ## `irate()`

 `irate(v range-vector)` calculates the per-second instant rate of increase of
--- a/docs/stability.md
+++ b/docs/stability.md
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Prometheus promises API stability within a major version, and strives to avoid
 breaking changes for key features. Some features, which are cosmetic, still
 under development, or depend on 3rd party services, are not covered by this.

-Things considered stable for 2.x:
+Things considered stable for 3.x:

 * The query language and data model
 * Alerting and recording rules
@ -18,21 +18,25 @@ Things considered stable for 2.x:
 * Configuration file format (minus the service discovery remote read/write, see below)
 * Rule/alert file format
 * Console template syntax and semantics
-* Remote write sending, per the [1.0 specification](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/remote_write_spec/).
+* Remote write sending, per the [1.0 specification](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/remote_write_spec/) and receiving
+* Agent mode
+* OTLP receiver endpoint

-Things considered unstable for 2.x:
+Things considered unstable for 3.x:

 * Any feature listed as experimental or subject to change, including:
-  * The [`holt_winters` PromQL function](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/2458)
-  * Remote write receiving, remote read and the remote read endpoint
+  * The [`double_exponential_smoothing` PromQL function](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/2458)
+  * Remote read and the remote read endpoint
 * Server-side HTTPS and basic authentication
-* Service discovery integrations, with the exception of `static_configs` and `file_sd_configs`
+* Service discovery integrations, with the exception of `static_configs`, `file_sd_configs` and `http_sd_config`
 * Go APIs of packages that are part of the server
 * HTML generated by the web UI
 * The metrics in the /metrics endpoint of Prometheus itself
 * Exact on-disk format. Potential changes however, will be forward compatible and transparently handled by Prometheus
 * The format of the logs

+Prometheus 2.x stability guarantees can be found [in the 2.x documentation](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/2.55/stability/).
+
 As long as you are not using any features marked as experimental/unstable, an
 upgrade within a major version can usually be performed without any operational
 adjustments and very little risk that anything will break. Any breaking changes
--- a/documentation/examples/prometheus-otlp.yml
+++ b/documentation/examples/prometheus-otlp.yml
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# my global config
+global:
+  evaluation_interval: 15s # Evaluate rules every 15 seconds. The default is every 1 minute.
+
+otlp:
+  # Recommended attributes to be promoted to labels.
+  promote_resource_attributes:
+    - service.instance.id
+    - service.name
+    - service.namespace
+    - cloud.availability_zone
+    - cloud.region
+    - container.name
+    - deployment.environment.name
+    - k8s.cluster.name
+    - k8s.container.name
+    - k8s.cronjob.name
+    - k8s.daemonset.name
+    - k8s.deployment.name
+    - k8s.job.name
+    - k8s.namespace.name
+    - k8s.pod.name
+    - k8s.replicaset.name
+    - k8s.statefulset.name
+  # Ingest OTLP data keeping UTF-8 characters in metric/label names.
+  translation_strategy: NoUTF8EscapingWithSuffixes
+
+storage:
+  # OTLP is a push-based protocol, Out of order samples is a common scenario.
+  tsdb:
+    out_of_order_time_window: 30m
--- a/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod
+++ b/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/alecthomas/kingpin/v2 v2.4.0
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4
-	github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.6
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.0
+	github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.7
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1
 	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.53.1
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 )
--- a/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.sum
+++ b/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.sum
@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.9.0 h1:s0N6R7Zoi2DPfMtUF5o9VeUBzTtHVY6MI
 github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.9.0/go.mod h1:qtW/TuU7Bs16ibXl/ktJarWqU2LwHr7eGlwoilHxtgg=
 github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16 h1:wwQJbIsHYGMUyLSPrEq1CT16AhnhNJQ51+4fdHUnCl4=
 github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16/go.mod h1:WBLT9ZmE3lPoWsEzCh9LPo3TiwVN+ZKEjmz+hD27ysY=
-github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.6 h1:zS5MRY+RQ5/XFTer5R8xQRnY17JYSbacvO6OaP164wU=
-github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.6/go.mod h1:F10NoQb9qa04lME3pTPWQrYt4JZ/ke1Eei+1ttgHHrg=
+github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.7 h1:C31A+S9YfjTCOuAv9Qs0ZdQufslOZZBtejjxiV8QNQw=
+github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.7/go.mod h1:zRTAuk/Ie/V1LGxJUv8jfDmfv+ypz22lxfhc1MxC3rI=
 github.com/ionos-cloud/sdk-go/v6 v6.1.11 h1:J/uRN4UWO3wCyGOeDdMKv8LWRzKu6UIkLEaes38Kzh8=
 github.com/ionos-cloud/sdk-go/v6 v6.1.11/go.mod h1:EzEgRIDxBELvfoa/uBN0kOQaqovLjUWEB7iW4/Q+t4k=
 github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 h1:BEgLn5cpjn8UN1mAw4NjwDrS35OdebyEtFe+9YPoQUg=
@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4 h1:Tgh3Yr67PaOv/uTqloMsCEdeuFTatm5zIq5+qNN23vI=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4/go.mod h1:PIEt8X02hGcP8JWbeHyeZ53Y/jReSnHgO035n//V5WE=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 h1:cxppBPuYhUnsO6yo/aoRol4L7q7UFfdm+bR9r+8l63Y=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5/go.mod h1:PIEt8X02hGcP8JWbeHyeZ53Y/jReSnHgO035n//V5WE=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y8
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Tlit/dnDKsSWFlCLTWaA1cyBgKHSMdTB80sz/V91rCo=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0/go.mod h1:M7rCNAaPfAosfx8veZJCuw84e35h3Cfd9VFqTh1DIvc=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.29.0/go.mod h1:vu+V0TpY+O6vW9J44gczi3Ap/oXXR10b+M/gUGO4Hls=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.0 h1:+V9PAREWNvJMAuJ1x1BaWl9dewMW4YrHZQbx0sJNllA=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.0/go.mod h1:h0LYf1R1deLSKtD4Vdg8gy4RuOvENW2J/h19V5NADQw=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 h1:FUas6GcOw66yB/73KC+BOZoFJmbo/1pojoILArPAaSc=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1/go.mod h1:h0LYf1R1deLSKtD4Vdg8gy4RuOvENW2J/h19V5NADQw=
 github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4 v0.1.0 h1:qoVebwtwwEhS85Czm2dSROY5fTo2PAPEVdDeppTwGX4=
 github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4 v0.1.0/go.mod h1:2Jkxxk9yYvCkE5G1sQT7GuEXm57JrvHu9k5YwTjsNtI=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ go 1.22.0
 toolchain go1.23.0

 require (
-	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.14.0
-	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0
+	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.16.0
+	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.8.0
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/compute/armcompute/v5 v5.7.0
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/network/armnetwork/v4 v4.3.0
 	github.com/Code-Hex/go-generics-cache v1.5.1
@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/bboreham/go-loser v0.0.0-20230920113527-fcc2c21820a3
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
 	github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0
-	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.126.0
+	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.128.0
 	github.com/docker/docker v27.3.1+incompatible
-	github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.1.0
-	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.13.0
+	github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.2.0
+	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.13.1
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.1.0
 	github.com/facette/natsort v0.0.0-20181210072756-2cd4dd1e2dcb
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0
@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v1.14.1
 	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20240518133315-a468a5bfb3bc
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.29.4
+	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.30.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20240717122358-3d93bd3778f3
-	github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.13.1
+	github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.15.0
 	github.com/ionos-cloud/sdk-go/v6 v6.2.1
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.10
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11
 	github.com/kolo/xmlrpc v0.0.0-20220921171641-a4b6fa1dd06b
-	github.com/linode/linodego v1.41.0
+	github.com/linode/linodego v1.42.0
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822
 	github.com/mwitkow/go-conntrack v0.0.0-20190716064945-2f068394615f
@ -52,23 +52,24 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/alertmanager v0.27.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.0
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1
 	github.com/prometheus/common/assets v0.2.0
-	github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4 v0.1.0
-	github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit v0.13.0
+	github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit v0.13.1
+	github.com/prometheus/sigv4 v0.1.0
 	github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.30
 	github.com/shurcooL/httpfs v0.0.0-20230704072500-f1e31cf0ba5c
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 	github.com/vultr/govultr/v2 v2.17.2
-	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata v1.16.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/semconv v0.110.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.55.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.30.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.30.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.30.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.30.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.30.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.30.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata v1.18.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/semconv v0.112.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.56.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.56.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
@ -78,10 +79,10 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.19.0
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.199.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1
+	google.golang.org/api v0.204.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241015192408-796eee8c2d53
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.67.1
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	k8s.io/api v0.31.1
@ -92,8 +93,8 @@ require (
 )

 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.5 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.10.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.5 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2 // indirect
@ -184,15 +185,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/xhit/go-str2duration/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver v1.14.0 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.30.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.31.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240119083558-1b970713d09a // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.30.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/term v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.6.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/evanphx/json-patch.v4 v4.12.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -1,45 +1,17 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.38.0/go.mod h1:990N+gfupTy94rShfmMCWGDn0LpTmnzTp2qbd1dvSRU=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.44.1/go.mod h1:iSa0KzasP4Uvy3f1mN/7PiObzGgflwredwwASm/v6AU=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.44.2/go.mod h1:60680Gw3Yr4ikxnPRS/oxxkBccT6SA1yMk63TGekxKY=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.45.1/go.mod h1:RpBamKRgapWJb87xiFSdk4g1CME7QZg3uwTez+TSTjc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.46.3/go.mod h1:a6bKKbmY7er1mI7TEI4lsAkts/mkhTSZK8w33B4RAg0=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.50.0/go.mod h1:r9sluTvynVuxRIOHXQEHMFffphuXHOMZMycpNR5e6To=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.52.0/go.mod h1:pXajvRH/6o3+F9jDHZWQ5PbGhn+o8w9qiu/CffaVdO4=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.53.0/go.mod h1:fp/UouUEsRkN6ryDKNW/Upv/JBKnv6WDthjR6+vze6M=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:1rq2OEkV3YMf6n/9ZvGWI3GWw0VoqH/1x2nd8Is/bPc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.56.0/go.mod h1:jr7tqZxxKOVYizybht9+26Z/gUq7tiRzu+ACVAMbKVk=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.57.0/go.mod h1:oXiQ6Rzq3RAkkY7N6t3TcE6jE+CIBBbA36lwQ1JyzZs=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0/go.mod h1:O5N8zS7uWy9vkA9vayVHs65eM1ubvY4h553ofrNHObY=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.5 h1:4CTn43Eynw40aFVr3GpPqsQponx2jv0BQpjvajsbbzw=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.5/go.mod h1:Xo0n7n66eHyOWWCnitop6870Ilwo3PiZyodVkkH1xWM=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4 h1:0GWE/FUsXhf6C+jAkWgYm7X9tK8cuEIfy19DBn6B6bY=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4/go.mod h1:jC/jOpwFP6JBxhB3P5Rr0a9HLMC/Pe3eaL4NmdvqPtc=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.0.1/go.mod h1:i/xbL2UlR5RvWAURpBYZTtm/cXjCha9lbfbpx4poX+o=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.3.0/go.mod h1:PjpwJnslEMmckchkHFfq+HTD2DmtT67aNFKH1/VBDHE=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.4.0/go.mod h1:S8dzgnTigyfTmLBfrtrhyYhwRxG72rYxvftPBK2Dvzc=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.5.0/go.mod h1:snEHRnqQbz117VIFhE8bmtwIDY80NLUZUMb4Nv6dBIg=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.7.0/go.mod h1://okPTzCYNXSlb24MZs83e2Do+h+VXtc4gLoIoXIAPc=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.8.0/go.mod h1:J5hqkt3O0uAFnINi6JXValWIb1v0goeZM77hZzJN/fQ=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.10.0 h1:tWlkvFAh+wwTOzXIjrwM64karR1iTBZ/GRr0S/DULYo=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.10.0/go.mod h1:xxA5AqpDrvS+Gkmo9RqrGGRh6WSNKKOXhY3zNOr38tI=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.5 h1:2p29+dePqsCHPP1bqDJcKj4qxRyYCcbzKpFyKGt3MTk=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.5/go.mod h1:AlmsELtlEBnaNTL7jCj8VQFLy6mbZv0s4Q7NGBeQ5E8=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.2 h1:UxK4uu/Tn+I3p2dYWTfiX4wva7aYlKixAHn3fyqngqo=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.2/go.mod h1:C66sj2AluDcIqakBq/M8lw8/ybHgOZqin2obFxa/E5k=
-cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LXYbyblFSglQ5pkeyhO+Qmw7ukd3C+pD7TKLgZqpHYE=
-cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.1.0/go.mod h1:umbIZjpQpHh4hmRpGhH4tLFup+FVzqBi1b3c64qFpCk=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R0Gpsv3s54REJCy4fxDixWD93lHJMoZTyQ2kNxGRt3I=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EwwdRX2sKPjnvnqCa270oGRyludottCI76h+R3AArQw=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jhfEVHT8odbXTkndysNHCcx0awwzvfOlguIAii9o8iA=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.3.1/go.mod h1:i+ucay31+CNRpDW4Lu78I4xXG+O1r/MAHgjpRVR+TSU=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.0.0/go.mod h1:IhtSnM/ZTZV8YYJWCY8RULGVqBDmpoyjwiyrjsg+URw=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.5.0/go.mod h1:tpKbwo567HUNpVclU5sGELwQWBDZ8gh0ZeosJ0Rtdos=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohlUTyfDhBk=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
-dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.14.0 h1:nyQWyZvwGTvunIMxi1Y9uXkcyr+I7TeNrr/foo4Kpk8=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.14.0/go.mod h1:l38EPgmsp71HHLq9j7De57JcKOWPyhrsW1Awm1JS6K0=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0 h1:tfLQ34V6F7tVSwoTf/4lH5sE0o6eCJuNDTmH09nDpbc=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0/go.mod h1:9kIvujWAA58nmPmWB1m23fyWic1kYZMxD9CxaWn4Qpg=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.16.0 h1:JZg6HRh6W6U4OLl6lk7BZ7BLisIzM9dG1R50zUk9C/M=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.16.0/go.mod h1:YL1xnZ6QejvQHWJrX/AvhFl4WW4rqHVoKspWNVwFk0M=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.8.0 h1:B/dfvscEQtew9dVuoxqxrUKKv8Ih2f55PydknDamU+g=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.8.0/go.mod h1:fiPSssYvltE08HJchL04dOy+RD4hgrjph0cwGGMntdI=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity/cache v0.3.0 h1:+m0M/LFxN43KvULkDNfdXOgrjtg6UYJPFBJyuEcRCAw=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity/cache v0.3.0/go.mod h1:PwOyop78lveYMRs6oCxjiVyBdyCgIYH6XHIVZO9/SFQ=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0 h1:ywEEhmNahHBihViHepv3xPBn1663uRv2t2q/ESv9seY=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:iZDifYGJTIgIIkYRNWPENUnqx6bJ2xnSDFI2tjwZNuY=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/compute/armcompute/v5 v5.7.0 h1:LkHbJbgF3YyvC53aqYGR+wWQDn2Rdp9AQdGndf9QvY4=
@ -52,10 +24,11 @@ github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/resources/armresources v1.
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/resources/armresources v1.1.1/go.mod h1:c/wcGeGx5FUPbM/JltUYHZcKmigwyVLJlDq+4HdtXaw=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 h1:UQHMgLO+TxOElx5B5HZ4hJQsoJ/PvUvKRhJHDQXO8P8=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
+github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-extensions-for-go/cache v0.1.1 h1:WJTmL004Abzc5wDB5VtZG2PJk5ndYDgVacGqfirKxjM=
+github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-extensions-for-go/cache v0.1.1/go.mod h1:tCcJZ0uHAmvjsVYzEFivsRTN00oz5BEsRgQHu5JZ9WE=
 github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2 h1:XHOnouVk1mxXfQidrMEnLlPk9UMeRtyBTnEFtxkV0kU=
 github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2/go.mod h1:wP83P5OoQ5p6ip3ScPr0BAq0BvuPAvacpEuSzyouqAI=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
 github.com/Code-Hex/go-generics-cache v1.5.1 h1:6vhZGc5M7Y/YD8cIUcY8kcuQLB4cHR7U+0KMqAA0KcU=
 github.com/Code-Hex/go-generics-cache v1.5.1/go.mod h1:qxcC9kRVrct9rHeiYpFWSoW1vxyillCVzX13KZG8dl4=
 github.com/DataDog/datadog-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:LButxg5PwREeZtORoXG3tL4fMGNddJ+vMq1mwgfaqoQ=
@ -69,7 +42,6 @@ github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuy
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190717042225-c3de453c63f4/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d/go.mod h1:rBZYJk541a8SKzHPHnH3zbiI+7dagKZ0cgpgrD7Fyho=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20240626203959-61d1e3462e30 h1:t3eaIm0rUkzbrIewtiFmMK5RXHej2XnoXNhxVsAYUfg=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20240626203959-61d1e3462e30/go.mod h1:fvzegU4vN3H1qMT+8wDmzjAcDONcgo2/SZ/TyfdUOFs=
 github.com/antihax/optional v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uupD/76wgC+ih3iEmQUL+0Ugr19nfwCT1kdvxnR2qWY=
@ -81,7 +53,6 @@ github.com/armon/go-radix v0.0.0-20180808171621-7fddfc383310/go.mod h1:ufUuZ+zHj
 github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ufUuZ+zHj4x4TnLV4JWEpy2hxWSpsRywHrMgIH9cCH8=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20230301143203-a9d515a09cc2 h1:DklsrG3dyBCFEj5IhUbnKptjxatkF07cF2ak3yi77so=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20230301143203-a9d515a09cc2/go.mod h1:WaHUgvxTVq04UNunO+XhnAqY/wQc+bxr74GqbsZ/Jqw=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.38.35/go.mod h1:hcU610XS61/+aQV88ixoOzUoG7v3b31pl2zKMmprdro=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.55.5 h1:KKUZBfBoyqy5d3swXyiC7Q76ic40rYcbqH7qjh59kzU=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.55.5/go.mod h1:eRwEWoyTWFMVYVQzKMNHWP5/RV4xIUGMQfXQHfHkpNU=
 github.com/bboreham/go-loser v0.0.0-20230920113527-fcc2c21820a3 h1:6df1vn4bBlDDo4tARvBm7l6KA9iVMnE3NWizDeWSrps=
@ -97,9 +68,6 @@ github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
-github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
-github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.11.0 h1:V8gS/bTCCjX9uUnkUFUpPsksM8n1lXBAvHcpiFk1X2Y=
 github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.11.0/go.mod h1:WE7CZAnqOL2RouJ4f1uyNhqr2P4CCvXFIqdRDUgWsVs=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonus-gometrics v2.3.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:nmEj6Dob7S7YxXgwXpfOuvO54S+tGdZdw9fuRZt25Ag=
@ -121,8 +89,10 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0 h1:kGNFFSSw8ToIy3obO/kKr8U9GZYUAxQEVuix4zfDWzE=
 github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0/go.mod h1:hnItb35rvZvJrbTALZtY/iQfDs48JKRG1RPpgziApxA=
-github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.126.0 h1:+Znh7VMQj/E8ArbjWnc7OKGjWfzC+I8OCSRp7r1MdD8=
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@ -133,15 +103,15 @@ github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 h1:El9xVISelRB7BuFusrZozjnkIM5YnzCViNKoh
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@ -162,15 +132,10 @@ github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 h1:iM5WgngdRBanHcxugY4JySA0nk1wZorNOpTgCMedv
 github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0/go.mod h1:pxXPTn3joSm21Gbwsv0w9OSA2y1HFR9qXEeXQVeNoDQ=
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@ -212,38 +177,26 @@ github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVI
 github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
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@ -252,13 +205,9 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5a
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@ -267,18 +216,8 @@ github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0/go.mod h1:Kcdr2DB4koayq7X8pmAG4sNG59So17
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@ -286,8 +225,6 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
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@ -300,10 +237,8 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0 h1:gmcG1KaJ57LophUzW0Hy8NmPhnMZb4
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@ -342,7 +277,6 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/b
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@ -353,9 +287,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20240717122358-3d93bd3778f3 h1:fgVfQ4AC1av
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@ -372,23 +305,20 @@ github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0 h1:uvFg412JmmHBHw7iwprIxkPMI+sGQ4kzOWsMeHnm2E
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@ -399,8 +329,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
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@ -498,8 +428,6 @@ github.com/prometheus/alertmanager v0.27.0/go.mod h1:8Ia/R3urPmbzJ8OsdvmZvIprDwv
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@ -543,7 +467,6 @@ github.com/shurcooL/httpfs v0.0.0-20230704072500-f1e31cf0ba5c h1:aqg5Vm5dwtvL+Yg
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 go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 h1:y73uSU6J157QMP2kn2r30vwW1A2W2WFwSCGnAVxeaD0=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0 h1:ffjsj1aRouKewfr85U2aGagJ46+MvodynlQ1HYdmJys=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0/go.mod h1:TXZkRk7SM2ZQLtR6eoAWQFIHPvzQ06FJAsO1tJg480A=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 h1:TrMUixzpM0yuc/znrFTP9MMRh8trP93mkCiDVeXrui0=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1/go.mod h1:0X1WI4de4ZsLrrJNLAQbFeLCm3T7yBkR0XqQ7niQU+8=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 h1:ZvwS0R+56ePWxUNi+Atn9dWONBPp/AUETXlHW0DxSjE=
@ -619,8 +537,6 @@ go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 h1:blXXJkSxSSfBVBlC76pxqeO+LN3aDfLQo+309xJstO0=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190510104115-cbcb75029529/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190605123033-f99c8df09eb5/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190923035154-9ee001bba392/go.mod h1:/lpIB1dKB+9EgE3H3cr1v9wB50oz8l4C4h62xy7jSTY=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
@ -631,35 +547,11 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0 h1:GBDwsMXVQi34v5CCYUm2jkJvu4cbtru2U4TN2PSyQnw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0/go.mod h1:rmgy+3RHxRZMyY0jjAJShp2zgEdOqj2AO7U0pYmeQ7U=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190829153037-c13cbed26979/go.mod h1:86+5VVa7VpoJ4kLfm080zCjGlMRFzhUhsZKEZO7MGek=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191030013958-a1ab85dbe136/go.mod h1:JXzH8nQsPlswgeRAPE3MuO9GYsAcnJvJ4vnMwN/5qkY=
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-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190312151609-d3739f865fa6/go.mod h1:z+o9i4GpDbdi3rU15maQ/Ox0txvL9dWGYEHz965HBQE=
-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190719004257-d2bd2a29d028/go.mod h1:E/iHnbuqvinMTCcRqshq8CkpyQDoeVncDDYHnLhea+o=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.0.0-20190513183733-4bf6d317e70e/go.mod h1:mXi4GBBbnImb6dmsKGUJ2LatrhH/nqhxcFungHvyanc=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.1.0/go.mod h1:0QHyrYULN0/3qlju5TqG8bIK38QM8yzMo5ekMj3DlcY=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191107180719-034126e5016b/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
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@ -673,32 +565,15 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190108225652-1e06a53dbb7e/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73r
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190213061140-3a22650c66bd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
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 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200822124328-c89045814202/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201110031124-69a78807bb2b/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210410081132-afb366fc7cd1/go.mod h1:9tjilg8BloeKEkVJvy7fQ90B1CfIiPueXVOjqfkSzI8=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210525063256-abc453219eb5/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug+ECip1KBveYUHfp+8e9klMJ9c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
@ -708,23 +583,15 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.30.0 h1:AcW1SDZMkb8IpzCdQUaIq2sP4sZ4zw+55h6ynffypl4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.30.0/go.mod h1:2wGyMJ5iFasEhkwi13ChkO/t1ECNC4X4eBKkVFyYFlU=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20191202225959-858c2ad4c8b6/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20200107190931-bf48bf16ab8d/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20210514164344-f6687ab2804c/go.mod h1:KelEdhl1UZF7XfJ4dDtk6s++YSgaE7mD/BuKKDLBl4A=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.23.0 h1:PbgcYx2W7i4LvjJWEbf0ngHV6qJYr86PkAV3bXdLEbs=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.23.0/go.mod h1:XYTD2NtWslqkgxebSiOHnXEap4TF09sJSc7H1sXbhtI=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190227155943-e225da77a7e6/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200317015054-43a5402ce75a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200625203802-6e8e738ad208/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@ -736,43 +603,20 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5h
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190222072716-a9d3bda3a223/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190312061237-fead79001313/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190422165155-953cdadca894/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190502145724-3ef323f4f1fd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190507160741-ecd444e8653b/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190606165138-5da285871e9c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190624142023-c5567b49c5d0/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190726091711-fc99dfbffb4e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200106162015-b016eb3dc98e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200116001909-b77594299b42/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200122134326-e047566fdf82/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200223170610-d5e6a3e2c0ae/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200323222414-85ca7c5b95cd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210303074136-134d130e1a04/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210630005230-0f9fa26af87c/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
@ -799,9 +643,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.17.0/go.mod h1:lLRBjIVuehSbZlaOtGMbcMncT+aqLLLmKrsjNrUguwk=
 golang.org/x/term v0.20.0/go.mod h1:8UkIAJTvZgivsXaD6/pH6U9ecQzZ45awqEOzuCvwpFY=
 golang.org/x/term v0.25.0 h1:WtHI/ltw4NvSUig5KARz9h521QvRC8RmF/cuYqifU24=
 golang.org/x/term v0.25.0/go.mod h1:RPyXicDX+6vLxogjjRxjgD2TKtmAO6NZBsBRfrOLu7M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
@ -812,53 +654,18 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.19.0 h1:kTxAhCbGbxhK0IwgSKiMO5awPoDQ0RpfiVYBfK860YM=
 golang.org/x/text v0.19.0/go.mod h1:BuEKDfySbSR4drPmRPG/7iBdf8hvFMuRexcpahXilzY=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
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 golang.org/x/time v0.5.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
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-golang.org/x/time v0.6.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 h1:ntUhktv3OPE6TgYxXWv9vKvUSJyIFJlyohwbkEwPrKQ=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
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@ -868,71 +675,22 @@ golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8T
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@ -945,18 +703,14 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzi
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 gopkg.in/evanphx/json-patch.v4 v4.12.0/go.mod h1:p8EYWUEYMpynmqDbY58zCKCFZw8pRWMG4EsWvDvM72M=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 h1:73M5CoZyi3ZLMOyDlQh031Cx6N9NDJ2Vvfl76EDAgDc=
@ -969,7 +723,6 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.5/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
@ -979,12 +732,7 @@ gotest.tools/v3 v3.0.2/go.mod h1:3SzNCllyD9/Y+b5r9JIKQ474KzkZyqLqEfYqMsX94Bk=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.0.3 h1:4AuOwCGf4lLR9u3YOe2awrHygurzhO/HeQ6laiA6Sx0=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.0.3/go.mod h1:Z7Lb0S5l+klDB31fvDQX8ss/FlKDxtlFlw3Oa8Ymbl8=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190418001031-e561f6794a2a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.3/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.4/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
 k8s.io/api v0.31.1 h1:Xe1hX/fPW3PXYYv8BlozYqw63ytA92snr96zMW9gWTU=
 k8s.io/api v0.31.1/go.mod h1:sbN1g6eY6XVLeqNsZGLnI5FwVseTrZX7Fv3O26rhAaI=
 k8s.io/apimachinery v0.31.1 h1:mhcUBbj7KUjaVhyXILglcVjuS4nYXiwC+KKFBgIVy7U=
@ -999,9 +747,6 @@ k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20240228011516-70dd3763d340 h1:BZqlfIlq5YbRMFko6/PM7F
 k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20240228011516-70dd3763d340/go.mod h1:yD4MZYeKMBwQKVht279WycxKyM84kkAx2DPrTXaeb98=
 k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8 h1:pUdcCO1Lk/tbT5ztQWOBi5HBgbBP1J8+AsQnQCKsi8A=
 k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
-rsc.io/binaryregexp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qTv7/COck+e2FymRvadv62gMdZztPaShugOCi3I+8D8=
-rsc.io/quote/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:yEA65RcK8LyAZtP9Kv3t0HmxON59tX3rD+tICJqUlj0=
-rsc.io/sampler v1.3.0/go.mod h1:T1hPZKmBbMNahiBKFy5HrXp6adAjACjK9JXDnKaTXpA=
 sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd h1:EDPBXCAspyGV4jQlpZSudPeMmr1bNJefnuqLsRAsHZo=
 sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd/go.mod h1:B8JuhiUyNFVKdsE8h686QcCxMaH6HrOAZj4vswFpcB0=
 sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1 h1:150L+0vs/8DA78h1u02ooW1/fFq/Lwr+sGiqlzvrtq4=
--- a/model/histogram/float_histogram.go
+++ b/model/histogram/float_histogram.go
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package histogram

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"strings"
@ -784,16 +785,16 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) Validate() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: %w", err)
 		}
 		if h.ZeroCount != 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must have zero count of 0")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must have zero count of 0")
 		}
 		if h.ZeroThreshold != 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must have zero threshold of 0")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must have zero threshold of 0")
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeSpans) > 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must not have negative spans")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must not have negative spans")
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeBuckets) > 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must not have negative buckets")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must not have negative buckets")
 		}
 	} else {
 		if err := checkHistogramSpans(h.PositiveSpans, len(h.PositiveBuckets)); err != nil {
@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) Validate() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("negative side: %w", err)
 		}
 		if h.CustomValues != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("histogram with exponential schema must not have custom bounds")
+			return errors.New("histogram with exponential schema must not have custom bounds")
 		}
 	}
 	err := checkHistogramBuckets(h.PositiveBuckets, &pCount, false)
@ -948,10 +949,10 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) floatBucketIterator(
 	positive bool, absoluteStartValue float64, targetSchema int32,
 ) floatBucketIterator {
 	if h.UsesCustomBuckets() && targetSchema != h.Schema {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot merge from custom buckets schema to exponential schema"))
+		panic(errors.New("cannot merge from custom buckets schema to exponential schema"))
 	}
 	if !h.UsesCustomBuckets() && IsCustomBucketsSchema(targetSchema) {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot merge from exponential buckets schema to custom schema"))
+		panic(errors.New("cannot merge from exponential buckets schema to custom schema"))
 	}
 	if targetSchema > h.Schema {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot merge from schema %d to %d", h.Schema, targetSchema))
--- a/model/histogram/histogram.go
+++ b/model/histogram/histogram.go
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package histogram

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"slices"
@ -432,16 +433,16 @@ func (h *Histogram) Validate() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: %w", err)
 		}
 		if h.ZeroCount != 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must have zero count of 0")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must have zero count of 0")
 		}
 		if h.ZeroThreshold != 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must have zero threshold of 0")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must have zero threshold of 0")
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeSpans) > 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must not have negative spans")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must not have negative spans")
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeBuckets) > 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("custom buckets: must not have negative buckets")
+			return errors.New("custom buckets: must not have negative buckets")
 		}
 	} else {
 		if err := checkHistogramSpans(h.PositiveSpans, len(h.PositiveBuckets)); err != nil {
@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ func (h *Histogram) Validate() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("negative side: %w", err)
 		}
 		if h.CustomValues != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("histogram with exponential schema must not have custom bounds")
+			return errors.New("histogram with exponential schema must not have custom bounds")
 		}
 	}
 	err := checkHistogramBuckets(h.PositiveBuckets, &pCount, true)
--- a/model/labels/regexp.go
+++ b/model/labels/regexp.go
@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ type equalMultiStringMapMatcher struct {

 func (m *equalMultiStringMapMatcher) add(s string) {
 	if !m.caseSensitive {
-		s = toNormalisedLower(s)
+		s = toNormalisedLower(s, nil) // Don't pass a stack buffer here - it will always escape to heap.
 	}

 	m.values[s] = struct{}{}
@ -840,15 +840,24 @@ func (m *equalMultiStringMapMatcher) setMatches() []string {
 }

 func (m *equalMultiStringMapMatcher) Matches(s string) bool {
-	if !m.caseSensitive {
-		s = toNormalisedLower(s)
+	if len(m.values) > 0 {
+		sNorm := s
+		var a [32]byte
+		if !m.caseSensitive {
+			sNorm = toNormalisedLower(s, a[:])
+		}
+		if _, ok := m.values[sNorm]; ok {
+			return true
+		}
 	}

-	if _, ok := m.values[s]; ok {
-		return true
-	}
 	if m.minPrefixLen > 0 && len(s) >= m.minPrefixLen {
-		for _, matcher := range m.prefixes[s[:m.minPrefixLen]] {
+		prefix := s[:m.minPrefixLen]
+		var a [32]byte
+		if !m.caseSensitive {
+			prefix = toNormalisedLower(s[:m.minPrefixLen], a[:])
+		}
+		for _, matcher := range m.prefixes[prefix] {
 			if matcher.Matches(s) {
 				return true
 			}
@ -859,22 +868,37 @@ func (m *equalMultiStringMapMatcher) Matches(s string) bool {

 // toNormalisedLower normalise the input string using "Unicode Normalization Form D" and then convert
 // it to lower case.
-func toNormalisedLower(s string) string {
-	var buf []byte
+func toNormalisedLower(s string, a []byte) string {
 	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
 		c := s[i]
 		if c >= utf8.RuneSelf {
 			return strings.Map(unicode.ToLower, norm.NFKD.String(s))
 		}
 		if 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z' {
-			if buf == nil {
-				buf = []byte(s)
-			}
-			buf[i] = c + 'a' - 'A'
+			return toNormalisedLowerSlow(s, i, a)
 		}
 	}
-	if buf == nil {
-		return s
+	return s
+}
+
+// toNormalisedLowerSlow is split from toNormalisedLower because having a call
+// to `copy` slows it down even when it is not called.
+func toNormalisedLowerSlow(s string, i int, a []byte) string {
+	var buf []byte
+	if cap(a) > len(s) {
+		buf = a[:len(s)]
+		copy(buf, s)
+	} else {
+		buf = []byte(s)
+	}
+	for ; i < len(s); i++ {
+		c := s[i]
+		if c >= utf8.RuneSelf {
+			return strings.Map(unicode.ToLower, norm.NFKD.String(s))
+		}
+		if 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z' {
+			buf[i] = c + 'a' - 'A'
+		}
 	}
 	return yoloString(buf)
 }
--- a/model/labels/regexp_test.go
+++ b/model/labels/regexp_test.go
@ -333,7 +333,8 @@ func BenchmarkToNormalizedLower(b *testing.B) {
 							}
 							b.ResetTimer()
 							for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-								toNormalisedLower(inputs[n%len(inputs)])
+								var a [256]byte
+								toNormalisedLower(inputs[n%len(inputs)], a[:])
 							}
 						})
 					}
@ -1390,6 +1391,6 @@ func TestToNormalisedLower(t *testing.T) {
 		"ſſAſſa": "ssassa",
 	}
 	for input, expectedOutput := range testCases {
-		require.Equal(t, expectedOutput, toNormalisedLower(input))
+		require.Equal(t, expectedOutput, toNormalisedLower(input, nil))
 	}
 }
--- a/model/relabel/relabel.go
+++ b/model/relabel/relabel.go
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package relabel
 import (
 	"crypto/md5"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@ -114,10 +115,10 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {

 func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	if c.Action == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("relabel action cannot be empty")
+		return errors.New("relabel action cannot be empty")
 	}
 	if c.Modulus == 0 && c.Action == HashMod {
-		return fmt.Errorf("relabel configuration for hashmod requires non-zero modulus")
+		return errors.New("relabel configuration for hashmod requires non-zero modulus")
 	}
 	if (c.Action == Replace || c.Action == HashMod || c.Action == Lowercase || c.Action == Uppercase || c.Action == KeepEqual || c.Action == DropEqual) && c.TargetLabel == "" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("relabel configuration for %s action requires 'target_label' value", c.Action)
--- a/model/rulefmt/rulefmt.go
+++ b/model/rulefmt/rulefmt.go
@ -184,14 +184,14 @@ type RuleNode struct {
 func (r *RuleNode) Validate() (nodes []WrappedError) {
 	if r.Record.Value != "" && r.Alert.Value != "" {
 		nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-			err:     fmt.Errorf("only one of 'record' and 'alert' must be set"),
+			err:     errors.New("only one of 'record' and 'alert' must be set"),
 			node:    &r.Record,
 			nodeAlt: &r.Alert,
 		})
 	}
 	if r.Record.Value == "" && r.Alert.Value == "" {
 		nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-			err:     fmt.Errorf("one of 'record' or 'alert' must be set"),
+			err:     errors.New("one of 'record' or 'alert' must be set"),
 			node:    &r.Record,
 			nodeAlt: &r.Alert,
 		})
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func (r *RuleNode) Validate() (nodes []WrappedError) {

 	if r.Expr.Value == "" {
 		nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-			err:  fmt.Errorf("field 'expr' must be set in rule"),
+			err:  errors.New("field 'expr' must be set in rule"),
 			node: &r.Expr,
 		})
 	} else if _, err := parser.ParseExpr(r.Expr.Value); err != nil {
@ -211,19 +211,19 @@ func (r *RuleNode) Validate() (nodes []WrappedError) {
 	if r.Record.Value != "" {
 		if len(r.Annotations) > 0 {
 			nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-				err:  fmt.Errorf("invalid field 'annotations' in recording rule"),
+				err:  errors.New("invalid field 'annotations' in recording rule"),
 				node: &r.Record,
 			})
 		}
 		if r.For != 0 {
 			nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-				err:  fmt.Errorf("invalid field 'for' in recording rule"),
+				err:  errors.New("invalid field 'for' in recording rule"),
 				node: &r.Record,
 			})
 		}
 		if r.KeepFiringFor != 0 {
 			nodes = append(nodes, WrappedError{
-				err:  fmt.Errorf("invalid field 'keep_firing_for' in recording rule"),
+				err:  errors.New("invalid field 'keep_firing_for' in recording rule"),
 				node: &r.Record,
 			})
 		}
--- a/model/textparse/interface_test.go
+++ b/model/textparse/interface_test.go
@ -239,13 +239,13 @@ func testParse(t *testing.T, p Parser) (ret []parsedEntry) {
 			}

 			p.Metric(&got.lset)
-			for e := (exemplar.Exemplar{}); p.Exemplar(&e); {
-				got.es = append(got.es, e)
-			}
 			// Parser reuses int pointer.
 			if ct := p.CreatedTimestamp(); ct != nil {
 				got.ct = int64p(*ct)
 			}
+			for e := (exemplar.Exemplar{}); p.Exemplar(&e); {
+				got.es = append(got.es, e)
+			}
 		case EntryType:
 			m, got.typ = p.Type()
 			got.m = string(m)
--- a/model/textparse/nhcbparse.go
+++ b/model/textparse/nhcbparse.go
@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ type NHCBParser struct {
 	fhNHCB           *histogram.FloatHistogram
 	lsetNHCB         labels.Labels
 	exemplars        []exemplar.Exemplar
+	ctNHCB           *int64
 	metricStringNHCB string

 	// Collates values from the classic histogram series to build
@ -92,13 +93,16 @@ type NHCBParser struct {
 	tempNHCB          convertnhcb.TempHistogram
 	tempExemplars     []exemplar.Exemplar
 	tempExemplarCount int
+	tempCT            *int64

 	// Remembers the last base histogram metric name (assuming it's
 	// a classic histogram) so we can tell if the next float series
 	// is part of the same classic histogram.
-	lastHistogramName       string
-	lastHistogramLabelsHash uint64
-	hBuffer                 []byte
+	lastHistogramName        string
+	lastHistogramLabelsHash  uint64
+	lastHistogramExponential bool
+	// Reused buffer for hashing labels.
+	hBuffer []byte
 }

 func NewNHCBParser(p Parser, st *labels.SymbolTable, keepClassicHistograms bool) Parser {
@ -159,6 +163,16 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) Exemplar(ex *exemplar.Exemplar) bool {
 }

 func (p *NHCBParser) CreatedTimestamp() *int64 {
+	switch p.state {
+	case stateStart:
+		if p.entry == EntrySeries || p.entry == EntryHistogram {
+			return p.parser.CreatedTimestamp()
+		}
+	case stateCollecting:
+		return p.tempCT
+	case stateEmitting:
+		return p.ctNHCB
+	}
 	return nil
 }

@ -174,41 +188,50 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) Next() (Entry, error) {
 		}
 		return p.entry, p.err
 	}
-	et, err := p.parser.Next()
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && p.processNHCB() {
-			p.entry = et
-			p.err = err
+
+	p.entry, p.err = p.parser.Next()
+	if p.err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(p.err, io.EOF) && p.processNHCB() {
 			return EntryHistogram, nil
 		}
-		return EntryInvalid, err
+		return EntryInvalid, p.err
 	}
-	switch et {
+	switch p.entry {
 	case EntrySeries:
 		p.bytes, p.ts, p.value = p.parser.Series()
 		p.metricString = p.parser.Metric(&p.lset)
 		// Check the label set to see if we can continue or need to emit the NHCB.
-		if p.compareLabels() && p.processNHCB() {
-			p.entry = et
-			return EntryHistogram, nil
+		var isNHCB bool
+		if p.compareLabels() {
+			// Labels differ. Check if we can emit the NHCB.
+			if p.processNHCB() {
+				return EntryHistogram, nil
+			}
+			isNHCB = p.handleClassicHistogramSeries(p.lset)
+		} else {
+			// Labels are the same. Check if after an exponential histogram.
+			if p.lastHistogramExponential {
+				isNHCB = false
+			} else {
+				isNHCB = p.handleClassicHistogramSeries(p.lset)
+			}
 		}
-		isNHCB := p.handleClassicHistogramSeries(p.lset)
 		if isNHCB && !p.keepClassicHistograms {
 			// Do not return the classic histogram series if it was converted to NHCB and we are not keeping classic histograms.
 			return p.Next()
 		}
-		return et, err
+		return p.entry, p.err
 	case EntryHistogram:
 		p.bytes, p.ts, p.h, p.fh = p.parser.Histogram()
 		p.metricString = p.parser.Metric(&p.lset)
+		p.storeExponentialLabels()
 	case EntryType:
 		p.bName, p.typ = p.parser.Type()
 	}
 	if p.processNHCB() {
-		p.entry = et
 		return EntryHistogram, nil
 	}
-	return et, err
+	return p.entry, p.err
 }

 // Return true if labels have changed and we should emit the NHCB.
@ -230,9 +253,16 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) compareLabels() bool {
 }

 // Save the label set of the classic histogram without suffix and bucket `le` label.
-func (p *NHCBParser) storeBaseLabels() {
+func (p *NHCBParser) storeClassicLabels() {
 	p.lastHistogramName = convertnhcb.GetHistogramMetricBaseName(p.lset.Get(labels.MetricName))
 	p.lastHistogramLabelsHash, _ = p.lset.HashWithoutLabels(p.hBuffer, labels.BucketLabel)
+	p.lastHistogramExponential = false
+}
+
+func (p *NHCBParser) storeExponentialLabels() {
+	p.lastHistogramName = p.lset.Get(labels.MetricName)
+	p.lastHistogramLabelsHash, _ = p.lset.HashWithoutLabels(p.hBuffer)
+	p.lastHistogramExponential = true
 }

 // handleClassicHistogramSeries collates the classic histogram series to be converted to NHCB
@ -253,18 +283,18 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) handleClassicHistogramSeries(lset labels.Labels) bool {
 		le, err := strconv.ParseFloat(lset.Get(labels.BucketLabel), 64)
 		if err == nil && !math.IsNaN(le) {
 			p.processClassicHistogramSeries(lset, "_bucket", func(hist *convertnhcb.TempHistogram) {
-				hist.BucketCounts[le] = p.value
+				_ = hist.SetBucketCount(le, p.value)
 			})
 			return true
 		}
 	case strings.HasSuffix(mName, "_count"):
 		p.processClassicHistogramSeries(lset, "_count", func(hist *convertnhcb.TempHistogram) {
-			hist.Count = p.value
+			_ = hist.SetCount(p.value)
 		})
 		return true
 	case strings.HasSuffix(mName, "_sum"):
 		p.processClassicHistogramSeries(lset, "_sum", func(hist *convertnhcb.TempHistogram) {
-			hist.Sum = p.value
+			_ = hist.SetSum(p.value)
 		})
 		return true
 	}
@ -273,10 +303,11 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) handleClassicHistogramSeries(lset labels.Labels) bool {

 func (p *NHCBParser) processClassicHistogramSeries(lset labels.Labels, suffix string, updateHist func(*convertnhcb.TempHistogram)) {
 	if p.state != stateCollecting {
-		p.storeBaseLabels()
+		p.storeClassicLabels()
+		p.tempCT = p.parser.CreatedTimestamp()
+		p.state = stateCollecting
+		p.tempLsetNHCB = convertnhcb.GetHistogramMetricBase(lset, suffix)
 	}
-	p.state = stateCollecting
-	p.tempLsetNHCB = convertnhcb.GetHistogramMetricBase(lset, suffix)
 	p.storeExemplars()
 	updateHist(&p.tempNHCB)
 }
@ -304,7 +335,6 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) nextExemplarPtr() *exemplar.Exemplar {
 func (p *NHCBParser) swapExemplars() {
 	p.exemplars = p.tempExemplars[:p.tempExemplarCount]
 	p.tempExemplars = p.tempExemplars[:0]
-	p.tempExemplarCount = 0
 }

 // processNHCB converts the collated classic histogram series to NHCB and caches the info
@ -313,31 +343,32 @@ func (p *NHCBParser) processNHCB() bool {
 	if p.state != stateCollecting {
 		return false
 	}
-	ub := make([]float64, 0, len(p.tempNHCB.BucketCounts))
-	for b := range p.tempNHCB.BucketCounts {
-		ub = append(ub, b)
-	}
-	upperBounds, hBase := convertnhcb.ProcessUpperBoundsAndCreateBaseHistogram(ub, false)
-	fhBase := hBase.ToFloat(nil)
-	h, fh := convertnhcb.NewHistogram(p.tempNHCB, upperBounds, hBase, fhBase)
-	if h != nil {
-		if err := h.Validate(); err != nil {
-			return false
+	h, fh, err := p.tempNHCB.Convert()
+	if err == nil {
+		if h != nil {
+			if err := h.Validate(); err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			p.hNHCB = h
+			p.fhNHCB = nil
+		} else if fh != nil {
+			if err := fh.Validate(); err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			p.hNHCB = nil
+			p.fhNHCB = fh
 		}
-		p.hNHCB = h
-		p.fhNHCB = nil
-	} else if fh != nil {
-		if err := fh.Validate(); err != nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		p.hNHCB = nil
-		p.fhNHCB = fh
+		p.metricStringNHCB = p.tempLsetNHCB.Get(labels.MetricName) + strings.ReplaceAll(p.tempLsetNHCB.DropMetricName().String(), ", ", ",")
+		p.bytesNHCB = []byte(p.metricStringNHCB)
+		p.lsetNHCB = p.tempLsetNHCB
+		p.swapExemplars()
+		p.ctNHCB = p.tempCT
+		p.state = stateEmitting
+	} else {
+		p.state = stateStart
 	}
-	p.metricStringNHCB = p.tempLsetNHCB.Get(labels.MetricName) + strings.ReplaceAll(p.tempLsetNHCB.DropMetricName().String(), ", ", ",")
-	p.bytesNHCB = []byte(p.metricStringNHCB)
-	p.lsetNHCB = p.tempLsetNHCB
-	p.swapExemplars()
-	p.tempNHCB = convertnhcb.NewTempHistogram()
-	p.state = stateEmitting
-	return true
+	p.tempNHCB.Reset()
+	p.tempExemplarCount = 0
+	p.tempCT = nil
+	return err == nil
 }
--- a/model/textparse/nhcbparse_test.go
+++ b/model/textparse/nhcbparse_test.go
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package textparse
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"strconv"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
@ -292,14 +293,14 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foo_total"),
 			t:    int64p(1520879607789),
 			es:   []exemplar.Exemplar{{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "counter-test"), Value: 5}},
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct: int64p(1520872607123),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872607123),
 		}, {
 			m:    `foo_total{a="b"}`,
 			v:    17.0,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foo_total", "a", "b"),
 			t:    int64p(1520879607789),
 			es:   []exemplar.Exemplar{{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "counter-test"), Value: 5}},
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct: int64p(1520872607123),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872607123),
 		}, {
 			m:    "bar",
 			help: "Summary with CT at the end, making sure we find CT even if it's multiple lines a far",
@ -310,22 +311,22 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 			m:    "bar_count",
 			v:    17.0,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "bar_count"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
 		}, {
 			m:    "bar_sum",
 			v:    324789.3,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "bar_sum"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
 		}, {
 			m:    `bar{quantile="0.95"}`,
 			v:    123.7,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "bar", "quantile", "0.95"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
 		}, {
 			m:    `bar{quantile="0.99"}`,
 			v:    150.0,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "bar", "quantile", "0.99"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872608124),
 		}, {
 			m:    "baz",
 			help: "Histogram with the same objective as above's summary",
@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 				CustomValues:    []float64{0.0}, // We do not store the +Inf boundary.
 			},
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "baz"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520872609125),
+			ct:   int64p(1520872609125),
 		}, {
 			m:    "fizz_created",
 			help: "Gauge which shouldn't be parsed as CT",
@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 				CustomValues:    []float64{0.0}, // We do not store the +Inf boundary.
 			},
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "something"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430001000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430001000),
 		}, {
 			m: `something{a="b"}`,
 			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 				CustomValues:    []float64{0.0}, // We do not store the +Inf boundary.
 			},
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "something", "a", "b"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430002000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430002000),
 		}, {
 			m:    "yum",
 			help: "Summary with _created between sum and quantiles",
@ -394,22 +395,22 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 			m:    `yum_count`,
 			v:    20,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "yum_count"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `yum_sum`,
 			v:    324789.5,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "yum_sum"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `yum{quantile="0.95"}`,
 			v:    123.7,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "yum", "quantile", "0.95"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `yum{quantile="0.99"}`,
 			v:    150.0,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "yum", "quantile", "0.99"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430003000),
 		}, {
 			m:    "foobar",
 			help: "Summary with _created as the first line",
@ -420,22 +421,22 @@ foobar{quantile="0.99"} 150.1`
 			m:    `foobar_count`,
 			v:    21,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foobar_count"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `foobar_sum`,
 			v:    324789.6,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foobar_sum"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `foobar{quantile="0.95"}`,
 			v:    123.8,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foobar", "quantile", "0.95"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
 		}, {
 			m:    `foobar{quantile="0.99"}`,
 			v:    150.1,
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "foobar", "quantile", "0.99"),
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430004000),
 		}, {
 			m:    "metric",
 			help: "foo\x00bar",
@ -493,15 +494,14 @@ something_bucket{a="b",le="+Inf"} 9 # {id="something-test"} 2e100 123.000
 				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "something-test"), Value: 0.5},
 				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "something-test"), Value: 8.0},
 			},
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430001000),
 		}, {
 			m: `something{a="b"}`,
 			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
 				Schema:          histogram.CustomBucketsSchema,
 				Count:           9,
 				Sum:             42123.0,
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}, {Offset: 1, Length: 1}},
-				PositiveBuckets: []int64{8, -7},
+				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{8, -8, 1},
 				CustomValues:    []float64{0.0, 1.0}, // We do not store the +Inf boundary.
 			},
 			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "something", "a", "b"),
@ -509,7 +509,6 @@ something_bucket{a="b",le="+Inf"} 9 # {id="something-test"} 2e100 123.000
 				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "something-test"), Value: 0.0, HasTs: true, Ts: 123321},
 				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("id", "something-test"), Value: 2e100, HasTs: true, Ts: 123000},
 			},
-			// TODO(krajorama): ct:   int64p(1520430002000),
 		},
 	}

@ -520,107 +519,268 @@ something_bucket{a="b",le="+Inf"} 9 # {id="something-test"} 2e100 123.000
 	requireEntries(t, exp, got)
 }

-// Verify that the NHCBParser does not parse the NHCB when the exponential is present.
-func TestNHCBParserProtoBufParser_NoNHCBWhenExponential(t *testing.T) {
-	inputBuf := createTestProtoBufHistogram(t)
-	// Initialize the protobuf parser so that it returns classic histograms as
-	// well when there's both classic and exponential histograms.
-	p := NewProtobufParser(inputBuf.Bytes(), true, labels.NewSymbolTable())
+// Verify the requirement tables from
+// https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/13532 .
+// "classic" means the option "always_scrape_classic_histograms".
+// "nhcb" means the option "convert_classic_histograms_to_nhcb".
+//
+// Case 1. Only classic histogram is exposed.
+//
+// | Scrape Config             | Expect classic | Expect exponential | Expect NHCB |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=false | YES            | NO                 | NO          |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=false | YES            | NO                 | NO          |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=true  | NO             | NO                 | YES         |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=true  | YES            | NO                 | YES         |.
+//
+// Case 2. Both classic and exponential histograms are exposed.
+//
+// | Scrape Config             | Expect classic | Expect exponential | Expect NHCB |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=false | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=false | YES            | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=true  | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=true  | YES            | YES                | NO          |.
+//
+// Case 3. Only exponential histogram is exposed.
+//
+// | Scrape Config             | Expect classic | Expect exponential | Expect NHCB |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=false | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=false | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=false, nhcb=true  | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+// | classic=true,  nhcb=true  | NO             | YES                | NO          |.
+func TestNHCBParser_NoNHCBWhenExponential(t *testing.T) {
+	type requirement struct {
+		expectClassic     bool
+		expectExponential bool
+		expectNHCB        bool
+	}

-	// Initialize the NHCBParser so that it returns classic histograms as well
-	// when there's both classic and exponential histograms.
-	p = NewNHCBParser(p, labels.NewSymbolTable(), true)
-
-	exp := []parsedEntry{
+	cases := []map[string]requirement{
+		// Case 1.
 		{
-			m:    "test_histogram",
-			help: "Test histogram with classic and exponential buckets.",
+			"classic=false, nhcb=false": {expectClassic: true, expectExponential: false, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=false":  {expectClassic: true, expectExponential: false, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=false, nhcb=true":  {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: false, expectNHCB: true},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=true":   {expectClassic: true, expectExponential: false, expectNHCB: true},
 		},
+		// Case 2.
 		{
-			m:   "test_histogram",
-			typ: model.MetricTypeHistogram,
+			"classic=false, nhcb=false": {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=false":  {expectClassic: true, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=false, nhcb=true":  {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=true":   {expectClassic: true, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
 		},
+		// Case 3.
 		{
-			m: "test_histogram",
-			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
-				Schema:          3,
-				Count:           175,
-				Sum:             0.0008280461746287094,
-				ZeroThreshold:   2.938735877055719e-39,
-				ZeroCount:       2,
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -161, Length: 1}, {Offset: 8, Length: 3}},
-				NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -162, Length: 1}, {Offset: 23, Length: 4}},
-				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -1, -1},
-				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, -1, 1},
-			},
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_count",
-			v:    175,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_count"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_sum",
-			v:    0.0008280461746287094,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_sum"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_bucket\xffle\xff-0.0004899999999999998",
-			v:    2,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_bucket", "le", "-0.0004899999999999998"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_bucket\xffle\xff-0.0003899999999999998",
-			v:    4,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_bucket", "le", "-0.0003899999999999998"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_bucket\xffle\xff-0.0002899999999999998",
-			v:    16,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_bucket", "le", "-0.0002899999999999998"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			m:    "test_histogram_bucket\xffle\xff+Inf",
-			v:    175,
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram_bucket", "le", "+Inf"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
-		},
-		{
-			// TODO(krajorama): optimize: this should not be here. In case there's
-			// an exponential histogram we should not convert the classic histogram
-			// to NHCB. In the end TSDB will throw this away with
-			// storage.errDuplicateSampleForTimestamp error at Commit(), but it
-			// is better to avoid this conversion in the first place.
-			m: "test_histogram{}",
-			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
-				Schema:          histogram.CustomBucketsSchema,
-				Count:           175,
-				Sum:             0.0008280461746287094,
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Length: 4}},
-				PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, 0, 10, 147},
-				CustomValues:    []float64{-0.0004899999999999998, -0.0003899999999999998, -0.0002899999999999998},
-			},
-			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_histogram"),
-			t:    int64p(1234568),
+			"classic=false, nhcb=false": {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=false":  {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=false, nhcb=true":  {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
+			"classic=true, nhcb=true":   {expectClassic: false, expectExponential: true, expectNHCB: false},
 		},
 	}
-	got := testParse(t, p)
-	requireEntries(t, exp, got)
+
+	// Create parser from keep classic option.
+	type parserFactory func(bool) Parser
+
+	type testCase struct {
+		name    string
+		parser  parserFactory
+		classic bool
+		nhcb    bool
+		exp     []parsedEntry
+	}
+
+	type parserOptions struct {
+		useUTF8sep          bool
+		hasCreatedTimeStamp bool
+	}
+	// Defines the parser name, the Parser factory and the test cases
+	// supported by the parser and parser options.
+	parsers := []func() (string, parserFactory, []int, parserOptions){
+		func() (string, parserFactory, []int, parserOptions) {
+			factory := func(keepClassic bool) Parser {
+				inputBuf := createTestProtoBufHistogram(t)
+				return NewProtobufParser(inputBuf.Bytes(), keepClassic, labels.NewSymbolTable())
+			}
+			return "ProtoBuf", factory, []int{1, 2, 3}, parserOptions{useUTF8sep: true, hasCreatedTimeStamp: true}
+		},
+		func() (string, parserFactory, []int, parserOptions) {
+			factory := func(keepClassic bool) Parser {
+				input := createTestOpenMetricsHistogram()
+				return NewOpenMetricsParser([]byte(input), labels.NewSymbolTable(), WithOMParserCTSeriesSkipped())
+			}
+			return "OpenMetrics", factory, []int{1}, parserOptions{hasCreatedTimeStamp: true}
+		},
+		func() (string, parserFactory, []int, parserOptions) {
+			factory := func(keepClassic bool) Parser {
+				input := createTestPromHistogram()
+				return NewPromParser([]byte(input), labels.NewSymbolTable())
+			}
+			return "Prometheus", factory, []int{1}, parserOptions{}
+		},
+	}
+
+	testCases := []testCase{}
+	for _, parser := range parsers {
+		for _, classic := range []bool{false, true} {
+			for _, nhcb := range []bool{false, true} {
+				parserName, parser, supportedCases, options := parser()
+				requirementName := "classic=" + strconv.FormatBool(classic) + ", nhcb=" + strconv.FormatBool(nhcb)
+				tc := testCase{
+					name:    "parser=" + parserName + ", " + requirementName,
+					parser:  parser,
+					classic: classic,
+					nhcb:    nhcb,
+					exp:     []parsedEntry{},
+				}
+				for _, caseNumber := range supportedCases {
+					caseI := cases[caseNumber-1]
+					req, ok := caseI[requirementName]
+					require.True(t, ok, "Case %d does not have requirement %s", caseNumber, requirementName)
+					metric := "test_histogram" + strconv.Itoa(caseNumber)
+					tc.exp = append(tc.exp, parsedEntry{
+						m:    metric,
+						help: "Test histogram " + strconv.Itoa(caseNumber),
+					})
+					tc.exp = append(tc.exp, parsedEntry{
+						m:   metric,
+						typ: model.MetricTypeHistogram,
+					})
+
+					var ct *int64
+					if options.hasCreatedTimeStamp {
+						ct = int64p(1000)
+					}
+
+					var bucketForMetric func(string) string
+					if options.useUTF8sep {
+						bucketForMetric = func(s string) string {
+							return "_bucket\xffle\xff" + s
+						}
+					} else {
+						bucketForMetric = func(s string) string {
+							return "_bucket{le=\"" + s + "\"}"
+						}
+					}
+
+					if req.expectExponential {
+						// Always expect exponential histogram first.
+						exponentialSeries := []parsedEntry{
+							{
+								m: metric,
+								shs: &histogram.Histogram{
+									Schema:          3,
+									Count:           175,
+									Sum:             0.0008280461746287094,
+									ZeroThreshold:   2.938735877055719e-39,
+									ZeroCount:       2,
+									PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -161, Length: 1}, {Offset: 8, Length: 3}},
+									NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -162, Length: 1}, {Offset: 23, Length: 4}},
+									PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -1, -1},
+									NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, -1, 1},
+								},
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+						}
+						tc.exp = append(tc.exp, exponentialSeries...)
+					}
+					if req.expectClassic {
+						// Always expect classic histogram series after exponential.
+						classicSeries := []parsedEntry{
+							{
+								m:    metric + "_count",
+								v:    175,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_count"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+							{
+								m:    metric + "_sum",
+								v:    0.0008280461746287094,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_sum"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+							{
+								m:    metric + bucketForMetric("-0.0004899999999999998"),
+								v:    2,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_bucket", "le", "-0.0004899999999999998"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+							{
+								m:    metric + bucketForMetric("-0.0003899999999999998"),
+								v:    4,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_bucket", "le", "-0.0003899999999999998"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+							{
+								m:    metric + bucketForMetric("-0.0002899999999999998"),
+								v:    16,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_bucket", "le", "-0.0002899999999999998"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+							{
+								m:    metric + bucketForMetric("+Inf"),
+								v:    175,
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric+"_bucket", "le", "+Inf"),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+						}
+						tc.exp = append(tc.exp, classicSeries...)
+					}
+					if req.expectNHCB {
+						// Always expect NHCB series after classic.
+						nhcbSeries := []parsedEntry{
+							{
+								m: metric + "{}",
+								shs: &histogram.Histogram{
+									Schema:          histogram.CustomBucketsSchema,
+									Count:           175,
+									Sum:             0.0008280461746287094,
+									PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Length: 4}},
+									PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, 0, 10, 147},
+									CustomValues:    []float64{-0.0004899999999999998, -0.0003899999999999998, -0.0002899999999999998},
+								},
+								lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", metric),
+								t:    int64p(1234568),
+								ct:   ct,
+							},
+						}
+						tc.exp = append(tc.exp, nhcbSeries...)
+					}
+				}
+				testCases = append(testCases, tc)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			p := tc.parser(tc.classic)
+			if tc.nhcb {
+				p = NewNHCBParser(p, labels.NewSymbolTable(), tc.classic)
+			}
+			got := testParse(t, p)
+			requireEntries(t, tc.exp, got)
+		})
+	}
 }

 func createTestProtoBufHistogram(t *testing.T) *bytes.Buffer {
-	testMetricFamilies := []string{`name: "test_histogram"
-help: "Test histogram with classic and exponential buckets."
+	testMetricFamilies := []string{`name: "test_histogram1"
+help: "Test histogram 1"
 type: HISTOGRAM
 metric: <
  histogram: <
+		created_timestamp: <
+      seconds: 1
+      nanos: 1
+    >
    sample_count: 175
    sample_sum: 0.0008280461746287094
    bucket: <
@ -635,6 +795,72 @@ metric: <
      cumulative_count: 16
      upper_bound: -0.0002899999999999998
    >
+  >
+  timestamp_ms: 1234568
+>`, `name: "test_histogram2"
+help: "Test histogram 2"
+type: HISTOGRAM
+metric: <
+  histogram: <
+		created_timestamp: <
+      seconds: 1
+      nanos: 1
+    >
+    sample_count: 175
+    sample_sum: 0.0008280461746287094
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 2
+      upper_bound: -0.0004899999999999998
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 4
+      upper_bound: -0.0003899999999999998
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 16
+      upper_bound: -0.0002899999999999998
+    >
+    schema: 3
+    zero_threshold: 2.938735877055719e-39
+    zero_count: 2
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: -162
+      length: 1
+    >
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: 23
+      length: 4
+    >
+    negative_delta: 1
+    negative_delta: 3
+    negative_delta: -2
+    negative_delta: -1
+    negative_delta: 1
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: -161
+      length: 1
+    >
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: 8
+      length: 3
+    >
+    positive_delta: 1
+    positive_delta: 2
+    positive_delta: -1
+    positive_delta: -1
+  >
+  timestamp_ms: 1234568
+>`, `name: "test_histogram3"
+help: "Test histogram 3"
+type: HISTOGRAM
+metric: <
+  histogram: <
+		created_timestamp: <
+      seconds: 1
+      nanos: 1
+    >
+    sample_count: 175
+    sample_sum: 0.0008280461746287094
    schema: 3
    zero_threshold: 2.938735877055719e-39
    zero_count: 2
@ -687,3 +913,72 @@ metric: <

 	return buf
 }
+
+func createTestOpenMetricsHistogram() string {
+	return `# HELP test_histogram1 Test histogram 1
+# TYPE test_histogram1 histogram
+test_histogram1_count 175 1234.568
+test_histogram1_sum 0.0008280461746287094 1234.568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0004899999999999998"} 2 1234.568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0003899999999999998"} 4 1234.568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0002899999999999998"} 16 1234.568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="+Inf"} 175 1234.568
+test_histogram1_created 1
+# EOF`
+}
+
+func createTestPromHistogram() string {
+	return `# HELP test_histogram1 Test histogram 1
+# TYPE test_histogram1 histogram
+test_histogram1_count 175 1234568
+test_histogram1_sum 0.0008280461746287094 1234768
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0004899999999999998"} 2 1234568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0003899999999999998"} 4 1234568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="-0.0002899999999999998"} 16 1234568
+test_histogram1_bucket{le="+Inf"} 175 1234568`
+}
+
+func TestNHCBParserErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `# HELP something Histogram with non cumulative buckets
+# TYPE something histogram
+something_count 18
+something_sum 324789.4
+something_created 1520430001
+something_bucket{le="0.0"} 18
+something_bucket{le="+Inf"} 1
+something_count{a="b"} 9
+something_sum{a="b"} 42123
+something_created{a="b"} 1520430002
+something_bucket{a="b",le="0.0"} 1
+something_bucket{a="b",le="+Inf"} 9
+# EOF`
+	exp := []parsedEntry{
+		{
+			m:    "something",
+			help: "Histogram with non cumulative buckets",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "something",
+			typ: model.MetricTypeHistogram,
+		},
+		// The parser should skip the series with non-cumulative buckets.
+		{
+			m: `something{a="b"}`,
+			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
+				Schema:          histogram.CustomBucketsSchema,
+				Count:           9,
+				Sum:             42123.0,
+				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 2}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 7},
+				CustomValues:    []float64{0.0}, // We do not store the +Inf boundary.
+			},
+			lset: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "something", "a", "b"),
+			ct:   int64p(1520430002000),
+		},
+	}
+
+	p := NewOpenMetricsParser([]byte(input), labels.NewSymbolTable(), WithOMParserCTSeriesSkipped())
+	p = NewNHCBParser(p, labels.NewSymbolTable(), false)
+	got := testParse(t, p)
+	requireEntries(t, exp, got)
+}
--- a/model/textparse/openmetricsparse.go
+++ b/model/textparse/openmetricsparse.go
@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ type OpenMetricsParser struct {
 	// Created timestamp parsing state.
 	ct        int64
 	ctHashSet uint64
+	// ignoreExemplar instructs the parser to not overwrite exemplars (to keep them while peeking ahead).
+	ignoreExemplar bool
 	// visitedMFName is the metric family name of the last visited metric when peeking ahead
 	// for _created series during the execution of the CreatedTimestamp method.
 	visitedMFName []byte
@ -296,6 +298,14 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) CreatedTimestamp() *int64 {

 	p.skipCTSeries = false

+	p.ignoreExemplar = true
+	savedStart := p.start
+	defer func() {
+		p.ignoreExemplar = false
+		p.start = savedStart
+		p.l = resetLexer
+	}()
+
 	for {
 		eType, err := p.Next()
 		if err != nil {
@ -303,12 +313,12 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) CreatedTimestamp() *int64 {
 			// This might result in partial scrape with wrong/missing CT, but only
 			// spec improvement would help.
 			// TODO: Make sure OM 1.1/2.0 pass CT via metadata or exemplar-like to avoid this.
-			p.resetCTParseValues(resetLexer)
+			p.resetCTParseValues()
 			return nil
 		}
 		if eType != EntrySeries {
 			// Assume we hit different family, no CT line found.
-			p.resetCTParseValues(resetLexer)
+			p.resetCTParseValues()
 			return nil
 		}

@ -322,14 +332,14 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) CreatedTimestamp() *int64 {
 		peekedHash := p.seriesHash(&buf, peekedName[:len(peekedName)-8])
 		if peekedHash != currHash {
 			// Found CT line for a different series, for our series no CT.
-			p.resetCTParseValues(resetLexer)
+			p.resetCTParseValues()
 			return nil
 		}

 		// All timestamps in OpenMetrics are Unix Epoch in seconds. Convert to milliseconds.
 		// https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/main/specification/OpenMetrics.md#timestamps
 		ct := int64(p.val * 1000.0)
-		p.setCTParseValues(ct, currHash, currName, true, resetLexer)
+		p.setCTParseValues(ct, currHash, currName, true)
 		return &ct
 	}
 }
@ -371,17 +381,15 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) seriesHash(offsetsArr *[]byte, metricFamilyName []by

 // setCTParseValues sets the parser to the state after CreatedTimestamp method was called and CT was found.
 // This is useful to prevent re-parsing the same series again and early return the CT value.
-func (p *OpenMetricsParser) setCTParseValues(ct int64, ctHashSet uint64, mfName []byte, skipCTSeries bool, resetLexer *openMetricsLexer) {
+func (p *OpenMetricsParser) setCTParseValues(ct int64, ctHashSet uint64, mfName []byte, skipCTSeries bool) {
 	p.ct = ct
-	p.l = resetLexer
 	p.ctHashSet = ctHashSet
 	p.visitedMFName = mfName
 	p.skipCTSeries = skipCTSeries // Do we need to set it?
 }

-// resetCtParseValues resets the parser to the state before CreatedTimestamp method was called.
-func (p *OpenMetricsParser) resetCTParseValues(resetLexer *openMetricsLexer) {
-	p.l = resetLexer
+// resetCTParseValues resets the parser to the state before CreatedTimestamp method was called.
+func (p *OpenMetricsParser) resetCTParseValues() {
 	p.ctHashSet = 0
 	p.skipCTSeries = true
 }
@ -417,10 +425,12 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) Next() (Entry, error) {

 	p.start = p.l.i
 	p.offsets = p.offsets[:0]
-	p.eOffsets = p.eOffsets[:0]
-	p.exemplar = p.exemplar[:0]
-	p.exemplarVal = 0
-	p.hasExemplarTs = false
+	if !p.ignoreExemplar {
+		p.eOffsets = p.eOffsets[:0]
+		p.exemplar = p.exemplar[:0]
+		p.exemplarVal = 0
+		p.hasExemplarTs = false
+	}

 	switch t := p.nextToken(); t {
 	case tEOFWord:
@ -545,6 +555,16 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) Next() (Entry, error) {

 func (p *OpenMetricsParser) parseComment() error {
 	var err error
+
+	if p.ignoreExemplar {
+		for t := p.nextToken(); t != tLinebreak; t = p.nextToken() {
+			if t == tEOF {
+				return errors.New("data does not end with # EOF")
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	// Parse the labels.
 	p.eOffsets, err = p.parseLVals(p.eOffsets, true)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/model/textparse/promparse.go
+++ b/model/textparse/promparse.go
@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ func yoloString(b []byte) string {
 func parseFloat(s string) (float64, error) {
 	// Keep to pre-Go 1.13 float formats.
 	if strings.ContainsAny(s, "pP_") {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported character in float")
+		return 0, errors.New("unsupported character in float")
 	}
 	return strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64)
 }
--- a/notifier/notifier.go
+++ b/notifier/notifier.go
@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ import (
 	config_util "github.com/prometheus/common/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/promslog"
-	"github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/version"
+	"github.com/prometheus/sigv4"
 	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"

--- a/promql/bench_test.go
+++ b/promql/bench_test.go
@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
@ -380,6 +382,126 @@ func BenchmarkNativeHistograms(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }

+func BenchmarkInfoFunction(b *testing.B) {
+	// Initialize test storage and generate test series data.
+	testStorage := teststorage.New(b)
+	defer testStorage.Close()
+
+	start := time.Unix(0, 0)
+	end := start.Add(2 * time.Hour)
+	step := 30 * time.Second
+
+	// Generate time series data for the benchmark.
+	generateInfoFunctionTestSeries(b, testStorage, 100, 2000, 3600)
+
+	// Define test cases with queries to benchmark.
+	cases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		query string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "Joining info metrics with other metrics with group_left example 1",
+			query: "rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]) * on (job, instance) group_left (k8s_cluster_name) target_info{k8s_cluster_name=\"us-east\"}",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Joining info metrics with other metrics with info() example 1",
+			query: `info(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]), {k8s_cluster_name="us-east"})`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Joining info metrics with other metrics with group_left example 2",
+			query: "sum by (k8s_cluster_name, http_status_code) (rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]) * on (job, instance) group_left (k8s_cluster_name) target_info)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Joining info metrics with other metrics with info() example 2",
+			query: `sum by (k8s_cluster_name, http_status_code) (info(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_count[2m]), {k8s_cluster_name=~".+"}))`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Benchmark each query type.
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		// Initialize the PromQL engine once for all benchmarks.
+		opts := promql.EngineOpts{
+			Logger:               nil,
+			Reg:                  nil,
+			MaxSamples:           50000000,
+			Timeout:              100 * time.Second,
+			EnableAtModifier:     true,
+			EnableNegativeOffset: true,
+		}
+		engine := promql.NewEngine(opts)
+		b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				b.StopTimer() // Stop the timer to exclude setup time.
+				qry, err := engine.NewRangeQuery(context.Background(), testStorage, nil, tc.query, start, end, step)
+				require.NoError(b, err)
+				b.StartTimer()
+				result := qry.Exec(context.Background())
+				require.NoError(b, result.Err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Report allocations.
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+}
+
+// Helper function to generate target_info and http_server_request_duration_seconds_count series for info function benchmarking.
+func generateInfoFunctionTestSeries(tb testing.TB, stor *teststorage.TestStorage, infoSeriesNum, interval, numIntervals int) {
+	tb.Helper()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	statusCodes := []string{"200", "400", "500"}
+
+	// Generate target_info metrics with instance and job labels, and k8s_cluster_name label.
+	// Generate http_server_request_duration_seconds_count metrics with instance and job labels, and http_status_code label.
+	// the classic target_info metrics is gauge type.
+	metrics := make([]labels.Labels, 0, infoSeriesNum+len(statusCodes))
+	for i := 0; i < infoSeriesNum; i++ {
+		clusterName := "us-east"
+		if i >= infoSeriesNum/2 {
+			clusterName = "eu-south"
+		}
+		metrics = append(metrics, labels.FromStrings(
+			"__name__", "target_info",
+			"instance", "instance"+strconv.Itoa(i),
+			"job", "job"+strconv.Itoa(i),
+			"k8s_cluster_name", clusterName,
+		))
+	}
+
+	for _, statusCode := range statusCodes {
+		metrics = append(metrics, labels.FromStrings(
+			"__name__", "http_server_request_duration_seconds_count",
+			"instance", "instance0",
+			"job", "job0",
+			"http_status_code", statusCode,
+		))
+	}
+
+	// Append the generated metrics and samples to the storage.
+	refs := make([]storage.SeriesRef, len(metrics))
+
+	for i := 0; i < numIntervals; i++ {
+		a := stor.Appender(context.Background())
+		ts := int64(i * interval)
+		for j, metric := range metrics[:infoSeriesNum] {
+			ref, _ := a.Append(refs[j], metric, ts, 1)
+			refs[j] = ref
+		}
+
+		for j, metric := range metrics[infoSeriesNum:] {
+			ref, _ := a.Append(refs[j+infoSeriesNum], metric, ts, float64(i))
+			refs[j+infoSeriesNum] = ref
+		}
+
+		require.NoError(tb, a.Commit())
+	}
+
+	stor.DB.ForceHeadMMap() // Ensure we have at most one head chunk for every series.
+	stor.DB.Compact(ctx)
+}
+
 func generateNativeHistogramSeries(app storage.Appender, numSeries int) error {
 	commonLabels := []string{labels.MetricName, "native_histogram_series", "foo", "bar"}
 	series := make([][]*histogram.Histogram, numSeries)
--- a/promql/engine.go
+++ b/promql/engine.go
@ -739,6 +739,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *parser.Eval
 			samplesStats:             query.sampleStats,
 			noStepSubqueryIntervalFn: ng.noStepSubqueryIntervalFn,
 			enableDelayedNameRemoval: ng.enableDelayedNameRemoval,
+			querier:                  querier,
 		}
 		query.sampleStats.InitStepTracking(start, start, 1)

@ -797,6 +798,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *parser.Eval
 		samplesStats:             query.sampleStats,
 		noStepSubqueryIntervalFn: ng.noStepSubqueryIntervalFn,
 		enableDelayedNameRemoval: ng.enableDelayedNameRemoval,
+		querier:                  querier,
 	}
 	query.sampleStats.InitStepTracking(evaluator.startTimestamp, evaluator.endTimestamp, evaluator.interval)
 	val, warnings, err := evaluator.Eval(ctxInnerEval, s.Expr)
@ -1069,6 +1071,7 @@ type evaluator struct {
 	samplesStats             *stats.QuerySamples
 	noStepSubqueryIntervalFn func(rangeMillis int64) int64
 	enableDelayedNameRemoval bool
+	querier                  storage.Querier
 }

 // errorf causes a panic with the input formatted into an error.
@ -1441,19 +1444,18 @@ func (ev *evaluator) rangeEvalAgg(ctx context.Context, aggExpr *parser.Aggregate
 	return result, warnings
 }

-// evalVectorSelector generates a Matrix between ev.startTimestamp and ev.endTimestamp (inclusive), each point spaced ev.interval apart, from vs.
-// vs.Series has to be expanded before calling this method.
-// For every series iterator in vs.Series, the method iterates in ev.interval sized steps from ev.startTimestamp until and including ev.endTimestamp,
+// evalSeries generates a Matrix between ev.startTimestamp and ev.endTimestamp (inclusive), each point spaced ev.interval apart, from series given offset.
+// For every storage.Series iterator in series, the method iterates in ev.interval sized steps from ev.startTimestamp until and including ev.endTimestamp,
 // collecting every corresponding sample (obtained via ev.vectorSelectorSingle) into a Series.
 // All of the generated Series are collected into a Matrix, that gets returned.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalVectorSelector(ctx context.Context, vs *parser.VectorSelector) Matrix {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalSeries(ctx context.Context, series []storage.Series, offset time.Duration, recordOrigT bool) Matrix {
 	numSteps := int((ev.endTimestamp-ev.startTimestamp)/ev.interval) + 1

-	mat := make(Matrix, 0, len(vs.Series))
+	mat := make(Matrix, 0, len(series))
 	var prevSS *Series
 	it := storage.NewMemoizedEmptyIterator(durationMilliseconds(ev.lookbackDelta))
 	var chkIter chunkenc.Iterator
-	for _, s := range vs.Series {
+	for _, s := range series {
 		if err := contextDone(ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
 			ev.error(err)
 		}
@ -1466,7 +1468,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalVectorSelector(ctx context.Context, vs *parser.VectorSe

 		for ts, step := ev.startTimestamp, -1; ts <= ev.endTimestamp; ts += ev.interval {
 			step++
-			_, f, h, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, vs, ts)
+			origT, f, h, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, offset, ts)
 			if !ok {
 				continue
 			}
@ -1480,8 +1482,18 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalVectorSelector(ctx context.Context, vs *parser.VectorSe
 				if ss.Floats == nil {
 					ss.Floats = reuseOrGetFPointSlices(prevSS, numSteps)
 				}
+				if recordOrigT {
+					// This is an info metric, where we want to track the original sample timestamp.
+					// Info metric values should be 1 by convention, therefore we can re-use this
+					// space in the sample.
+					f = float64(origT)
+				}
 				ss.Floats = append(ss.Floats, FPoint{F: f, T: ts})
 			} else {
+				if recordOrigT {
+					ev.error(fmt.Errorf("this should be an info metric, with float samples: %s", ss.Metric))
+				}
+
 				point := HPoint{H: h, T: ts}
 				histSize := point.size()
 				ev.currentSamples += histSize
@ -1651,6 +1663,8 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(ctx context.Context, expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value,
 			return ev.evalLabelReplace(ctx, e.Args)
 		case "label_join":
 			return ev.evalLabelJoin(ctx, e.Args)
+		case "info":
+			return ev.evalInfo(ctx, e.Args)
 		}

 		if !matrixArg {
@ -1942,7 +1956,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(ctx context.Context, expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value,
 		if err != nil {
 			ev.error(errWithWarnings{fmt.Errorf("expanding series: %w", err), ws})
 		}
-		mat := ev.evalVectorSelector(ctx, e)
+		mat := ev.evalSeries(ctx, e.Series, e.Offset, false)
 		return mat, ws

 	case *parser.MatrixSelector:
@ -1963,6 +1977,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(ctx context.Context, expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value,
 			samplesStats:             ev.samplesStats.NewChild(),
 			noStepSubqueryIntervalFn: ev.noStepSubqueryIntervalFn,
 			enableDelayedNameRemoval: ev.enableDelayedNameRemoval,
+			querier:                  ev.querier,
 		}

 		if e.Step != 0 {
@ -2007,6 +2022,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(ctx context.Context, expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value,
 			samplesStats:             ev.samplesStats.NewChild(),
 			noStepSubqueryIntervalFn: ev.noStepSubqueryIntervalFn,
 			enableDelayedNameRemoval: ev.enableDelayedNameRemoval,
+			querier:                  ev.querier,
 		}
 		res, ws := newEv.eval(ctx, e.Expr)
 		ev.currentSamples = newEv.currentSamples
@ -2031,7 +2047,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(ctx context.Context, expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value,
 		}
 		for i := range mat {
 			if len(mat[i].Floats)+len(mat[i].Histograms) != 1 {
-				panic(fmt.Errorf("unexpected number of samples"))
+				panic(errors.New("unexpected number of samples"))
 			}
 			for ts := ev.startTimestamp + ev.interval; ts <= ev.endTimestamp; ts += ev.interval {
 				if len(mat[i].Floats) > 0 {
@ -2107,7 +2123,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) rangeEvalTimestampFunctionOverVectorSelector(ctx context.Co
 		vec := make(Vector, 0, len(vs.Series))
 		for i, s := range vs.Series {
 			it := seriesIterators[i]
-			t, _, _, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, vs, enh.Ts)
+			t, _, _, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, vs.Offset, enh.Ts)
 			if !ok {
 				continue
 			}
@ -2131,10 +2147,10 @@ func (ev *evaluator) rangeEvalTimestampFunctionOverVectorSelector(ctx context.Co
 }

 // vectorSelectorSingle evaluates an instant vector for the iterator of one time series.
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelectorSingle(it *storage.MemoizedSeriesIterator, node *parser.VectorSelector, ts int64) (
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelectorSingle(it *storage.MemoizedSeriesIterator, offset time.Duration, ts int64) (
 	int64, float64, *histogram.FloatHistogram, bool,
 ) {
-	refTime := ts - durationMilliseconds(node.Offset)
+	refTime := ts - durationMilliseconds(offset)
 	var t int64
 	var v float64
 	var h *histogram.FloatHistogram
@ -2591,9 +2607,11 @@ func (ev *evaluator) VectorBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *
 		floatValue, histogramValue, keep, err := vectorElemBinop(op, fl, fr, hl, hr, pos)
 		if err != nil {
 			lastErr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		switch {
 		case returnBool:
+			histogramValue = nil
 			if keep {
 				floatValue = 1.0
 			} else {
@ -2712,6 +2730,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) VectorscalarBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs Vector, rhs Scala
 		float, histogram, keep, err := vectorElemBinop(op, lf, rf, lh, rh, pos)
 		if err != nil {
 			lastErr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		// Catch cases where the scalar is the LHS in a scalar-vector comparison operation.
 		// We want to always keep the vector element value as the output value, even if it's on the RHS.
@ -2777,77 +2796,84 @@ func scalarBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs float64) float64 {

 // vectorElemBinop evaluates a binary operation between two Vector elements.
 func vectorElemBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs float64, hlhs, hrhs *histogram.FloatHistogram, pos posrange.PositionRange) (float64, *histogram.FloatHistogram, bool, error) {
-	switch op {
-	case parser.ADD:
-		if hlhs != nil && hrhs != nil {
-			res, err := hlhs.Copy().Add(hrhs)
-			if err != nil {
-				return 0, nil, false, err
+	opName := parser.ItemTypeStr[op]
+	switch {
+	case hlhs == nil && hrhs == nil:
+		{
+			switch op {
+			case parser.ADD:
+				return lhs + rhs, nil, true, nil
+			case parser.SUB:
+				return lhs - rhs, nil, true, nil
+			case parser.MUL:
+				return lhs * rhs, nil, true, nil
+			case parser.DIV:
+				return lhs / rhs, nil, true, nil
+			case parser.POW:
+				return math.Pow(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
+			case parser.MOD:
+				return math.Mod(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
+			case parser.EQLC:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs == rhs, nil
+			case parser.NEQ:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs != rhs, nil
+			case parser.GTR:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs > rhs, nil
+			case parser.LSS:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs < rhs, nil
+			case parser.GTE:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs >= rhs, nil
+			case parser.LTE:
+				return lhs, nil, lhs <= rhs, nil
+			case parser.ATAN2:
+				return math.Atan2(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
 			}
-			return 0, res.Compact(0), true, nil
 		}
-		if hlhs == nil && hrhs == nil {
-			return lhs + rhs, nil, true, nil
-		}
-		if hlhs != nil {
-			return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", "+", "float", pos)
-		}
-		return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("float", "+", "histogram", pos)
-	case parser.SUB:
-		if hlhs != nil && hrhs != nil {
-			res, err := hlhs.Copy().Sub(hrhs)
-			if err != nil {
-				return 0, nil, false, err
+	case hlhs == nil && hrhs != nil:
+		{
+			switch op {
+			case parser.MUL:
+				return 0, hrhs.Copy().Mul(lhs).Compact(0), true, nil
+			case parser.ADD, parser.SUB, parser.DIV, parser.POW, parser.MOD, parser.EQLC, parser.NEQ, parser.GTR, parser.LSS, parser.GTE, parser.LTE, parser.ATAN2:
+				return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("float", opName, "histogram", pos)
 			}
-			return 0, res.Compact(0), true, nil
 		}
-		if hlhs == nil && hrhs == nil {
-			return lhs - rhs, nil, true, nil
-		}
-		if hlhs != nil {
-			return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", "-", "float", pos)
-		}
-		return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("float", "-", "histogram", pos)
-	case parser.MUL:
-		if hlhs != nil && hrhs == nil {
-			return 0, hlhs.Copy().Mul(rhs), true, nil
-		}
-		if hlhs == nil && hrhs != nil {
-			return 0, hrhs.Copy().Mul(lhs), true, nil
-		}
-		if hlhs != nil && hrhs != nil {
-			return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", "*", "histogram", pos)
-		}
-		return lhs * rhs, nil, true, nil
-	case parser.DIV:
-		if hlhs != nil && hrhs == nil {
-			return 0, hlhs.Copy().Div(rhs), true, nil
-		}
-		if hrhs != nil {
-			if hlhs != nil {
-				return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", "/", "histogram", pos)
+	case hlhs != nil && hrhs == nil:
+		{
+			switch op {
+			case parser.MUL:
+				return 0, hlhs.Copy().Mul(rhs).Compact(0), true, nil
+			case parser.DIV:
+				return 0, hlhs.Copy().Div(rhs).Compact(0), true, nil
+			case parser.ADD, parser.SUB, parser.POW, parser.MOD, parser.EQLC, parser.NEQ, parser.GTR, parser.LSS, parser.GTE, parser.LTE, parser.ATAN2:
+				return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", opName, "float", pos)
+			}
+		}
+	case hlhs != nil && hrhs != nil:
+		{
+			switch op {
+			case parser.ADD:
+				res, err := hlhs.Copy().Add(hrhs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, nil, false, err
+				}
+				return 0, res.Compact(0), true, nil
+			case parser.SUB:
+				res, err := hlhs.Copy().Sub(hrhs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, nil, false, err
+				}
+				return 0, res.Compact(0), true, nil
+			case parser.EQLC:
+				// This operation expects that both histograms are compacted.
+				return 0, hlhs, hlhs.Equals(hrhs), nil
+			case parser.NEQ:
+				// This operation expects that both histograms are compacted.
+				return 0, hlhs, !hlhs.Equals(hrhs), nil
+			case parser.MUL, parser.DIV, parser.POW, parser.MOD, parser.GTR, parser.LSS, parser.GTE, parser.LTE, parser.ATAN2:
+				return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("histogram", opName, "histogram", pos)
 			}
-			return 0, nil, false, annotations.NewIncompatibleTypesInBinOpInfo("float", "/", "histogram", pos)
 		}
-		return lhs / rhs, nil, true, nil
-	case parser.POW:
-		return math.Pow(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
-	case parser.MOD:
-		return math.Mod(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
-	case parser.EQLC:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs == rhs, nil
-	case parser.NEQ:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs != rhs, nil
-	case parser.GTR:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs > rhs, nil
-	case parser.LSS:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs < rhs, nil
-	case parser.GTE:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs >= rhs, nil
-	case parser.LTE:
-		return lhs, nil, lhs <= rhs, nil
-	case parser.ATAN2:
-		return math.Atan2(lhs, rhs), nil, true, nil
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Errorf("operator %q not allowed for operations between Vectors", op))
 }
@ -2909,16 +2935,34 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(e *parser.AggregateExpr, q float64, inputMatrix
 				case h != nil:
 					// Ignore histograms for STDVAR and STDDEV.
 					group.seen = false
+					if op == parser.STDVAR {
+						annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("stdvar", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+					} else {
+						annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("stddev", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+					}
 				case math.IsNaN(f), math.IsInf(f, 0):
 					group.floatValue = math.NaN()
 				default:
 					group.floatValue = 0
 				}
 			case parser.QUANTILE:
+				if h != nil {
+					group.seen = false
+					annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("quantile", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				}
 				group.heap = make(vectorByValueHeap, 1)
 				group.heap[0] = Sample{F: f}
 			case parser.GROUP:
 				group.floatValue = 1
+			case parser.MIN, parser.MAX:
+				if h != nil {
+					group.seen = false
+					if op == parser.MIN {
+						annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("min", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+					} else {
+						annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("max", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+					}
+				}
 			}
 			continue
 		}
@ -3017,11 +3061,19 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(e *parser.AggregateExpr, q float64, inputMatrix
 			// Do nothing. Required to avoid the panic in `default:` below.

 		case parser.MAX:
+			if h != nil {
+				annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("max", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				continue
+			}
 			if group.floatValue < f || math.IsNaN(group.floatValue) {
 				group.floatValue = f
 			}

 		case parser.MIN:
+			if h != nil {
+				annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("min", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				continue
+			}
 			if group.floatValue > f || math.IsNaN(group.floatValue) {
 				group.floatValue = f
 			}
@ -3035,9 +3087,19 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(e *parser.AggregateExpr, q float64, inputMatrix
 				delta := f - group.floatMean
 				group.floatMean += delta / group.groupCount
 				group.floatValue += delta * (f - group.floatMean)
+			} else {
+				if op == parser.STDVAR {
+					annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("stdvar", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				} else {
+					annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("stddev", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				}
 			}

 		case parser.QUANTILE:
+			if h != nil {
+				annos.Add(annotations.NewHistogramIgnoredInAggregationInfo("quantile", e.Expr.PositionRange()))
+				continue
+			}
 			group.heap = append(group.heap, Sample{F: f})

 		default:
@ -3273,7 +3335,11 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregationCountValues(e *parser.AggregateExpr, grouping []
 	var buf []byte
 	for _, s := range vec {
 		enh.resetBuilder(s.Metric)
-		enh.lb.Set(valueLabel, strconv.FormatFloat(s.F, 'f', -1, 64))
+		if s.H == nil {
+			enh.lb.Set(valueLabel, strconv.FormatFloat(s.F, 'f', -1, 64))
+		} else {
+			enh.lb.Set(valueLabel, s.H.String())
+		}
 		metric := enh.lb.Labels()

 		// Considering the count_values()
@ -3385,7 +3451,7 @@ func handleVectorBinopError(err error, e *parser.BinaryExpr) annotations.Annotat
 	return nil
 }

-// groupingKey builds and returns the grouping key for the given metric and
+// generateGroupingKey builds and returns the grouping key for the given metric and
 // grouping labels.
 func generateGroupingKey(metric labels.Labels, grouping []string, without bool, buf []byte) (uint64, []byte) {
 	if without {
@ -3610,7 +3676,7 @@ func detectHistogramStatsDecoding(expr parser.Expr) {
 		if n, ok := node.(*parser.BinaryExpr); ok {
 			detectHistogramStatsDecoding(n.LHS)
 			detectHistogramStatsDecoding(n.RHS)
-			return fmt.Errorf("stop")
+			return errors.New("stop")
 		}

 		n, ok := (node).(*parser.VectorSelector)
@ -3632,7 +3698,7 @@ func detectHistogramStatsDecoding(expr parser.Expr) {
 				break
 			}
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("stop")
+		return errors.New("stop")
 	})
 }

--- a/promql/engine_test.go
+++ b/promql/engine_test.go
@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"sort"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/stats"
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/teststorage"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/testutil"
 )

@ -3150,452 +3148,6 @@ func TestInstantQueryWithRangeVectorSelector(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestNativeHistogram_Sum_Count_Add_AvgOperator(t *testing.T) {
-	// TODO(codesome): Integrate histograms into the PromQL testing framework
-	// and write more tests there.
-	cases := []struct {
-		histograms  []histogram.Histogram
-		expected    histogram.FloatHistogram
-		expectedAvg histogram.FloatHistogram
-	}{
-		{
-			histograms: []histogram.Histogram{
-				{
-					CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-					Schema:           0,
-					Count:            25,
-					Sum:              1234.5,
-					ZeroThreshold:    0.001,
-					ZeroCount:        4,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 1, -1, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 2},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{2, 2, -3, 8},
-				},
-				{
-					CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-					Schema:           0,
-					Count:            41,
-					Sum:              2345.6,
-					ZeroThreshold:    0.001,
-					ZeroCount:        5,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 3},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, 5, -2, 0, -3},
-				},
-				{
-					CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-					Schema:           0,
-					Count:            41,
-					Sum:              1111.1,
-					ZeroThreshold:    0.001,
-					ZeroCount:        5,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 3},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, 5, -2, 0, -3},
-				},
-				{
-					CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-					Schema:           1, // Everything is 0 just to make the count 4 so avg has nicer numbers.
-				},
-			},
-			expected: histogram.FloatHistogram{
-				CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-				Schema:           0,
-				ZeroThreshold:    0.001,
-				ZeroCount:        14,
-				Count:            107,
-				Sum:              4691.2,
-				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 7},
-				},
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{3, 8, 2, 5, 3, 2, 2},
-				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 6},
-					{Offset: 3, Length: 3},
-				},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{2, 6, 8, 4, 15, 9, 10, 10, 4},
-			},
-			expectedAvg: histogram.FloatHistogram{
-				CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
-				Schema:           0,
-				ZeroThreshold:    0.001,
-				ZeroCount:        3.5,
-				Count:            26.75,
-				Sum:              1172.8,
-				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 7},
-				},
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{0.75, 2, 0.5, 1.25, 0.75, 0.5, 0.5},
-				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 6},
-					{Offset: 3, Length: 3},
-				},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{0.5, 1.5, 2, 1, 3.75, 2.25, 2.5, 2.5, 1},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	idx0 := int64(0)
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		for _, floatHisto := range []bool{true, false} {
-			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("floatHistogram=%t %d", floatHisto, idx0), func(t *testing.T) {
-				storage := teststorage.New(t)
-				t.Cleanup(func() { storage.Close() })
-
-				seriesName := "sparse_histogram_series"
-				seriesNameOverTime := "sparse_histogram_series_over_time"
-
-				engine := newTestEngine(t)
-
-				ts := idx0 * int64(10*time.Minute/time.Millisecond)
-				app := storage.Appender(context.Background())
-				_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("__name__", "float_series", "idx", "0"), ts, 42)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				for idx1, h := range c.histograms {
-					lbls := labels.FromStrings("__name__", seriesName, "idx", strconv.Itoa(idx1))
-					// Since we mutate h later, we need to create a copy here.
-					var err error
-					if floatHisto {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, ts, nil, h.Copy().ToFloat(nil))
-					} else {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, ts, h.Copy(), nil)
-					}
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					lbls = labels.FromStrings("__name__", seriesNameOverTime)
-					newTs := ts + int64(idx1)*int64(time.Minute/time.Millisecond)
-					// Since we mutate h later, we need to create a copy here.
-					if floatHisto {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, newTs, nil, h.Copy().ToFloat(nil))
-					} else {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, newTs, h.Copy(), nil)
-					}
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-				}
-				require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
-
-				queryAndCheck := func(queryString string, ts int64, exp promql.Vector) {
-					qry, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(context.Background(), storage, nil, queryString, timestamp.Time(ts))
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					res := qry.Exec(context.Background())
-					require.NoError(t, res.Err)
-					require.Empty(t, res.Warnings)
-
-					vector, err := res.Vector()
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					testutil.RequireEqual(t, exp, vector)
-				}
-				queryAndCheckAnnotations := func(queryString string, ts int64, expWarnings annotations.Annotations) {
-					qry, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(context.Background(), storage, nil, queryString, timestamp.Time(ts))
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					res := qry.Exec(context.Background())
-					require.NoError(t, res.Err)
-					require.Equal(t, expWarnings, res.Warnings)
-				}
-
-				// sum().
-				queryString := fmt.Sprintf("sum(%s)", seriesName)
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, ts, []promql.Sample{{T: ts, H: &c.expected, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels()}})
-
-				queryString = `sum({idx="0"})`
-				var annos annotations.Annotations
-				annos.Add(annotations.NewMixedFloatsHistogramsAggWarning(posrange.PositionRange{Start: 4, End: 13}))
-				queryAndCheckAnnotations(queryString, ts, annos)
-
-				// + operator.
-				queryString = fmt.Sprintf(`%s{idx="0"}`, seriesName)
-				for idx := 1; idx < len(c.histograms); idx++ {
-					queryString += fmt.Sprintf(` + ignoring(idx) %s{idx="%d"}`, seriesName, idx)
-				}
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, ts, []promql.Sample{{T: ts, H: &c.expected, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels()}})
-
-				// count().
-				queryString = fmt.Sprintf("count(%s)", seriesName)
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, ts, []promql.Sample{{T: ts, F: 4, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels()}})
-
-				// avg().
-				queryString = fmt.Sprintf("avg(%s)", seriesName)
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, ts, []promql.Sample{{T: ts, H: &c.expectedAvg, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels()}})
-
-				offset := int64(len(c.histograms) - 1)
-				newTs := ts + offset*int64(time.Minute/time.Millisecond)
-
-				// sum_over_time().
-				queryString = fmt.Sprintf("sum_over_time(%s[%dm:1m])", seriesNameOverTime, offset+1)
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, newTs, []promql.Sample{{T: newTs, H: &c.expected, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels(), DropName: true}})
-
-				// avg_over_time().
-				queryString = fmt.Sprintf("avg_over_time(%s[%dm:1m])", seriesNameOverTime, offset+1)
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, newTs, []promql.Sample{{T: newTs, H: &c.expectedAvg, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels(), DropName: true}})
-			})
-			idx0++
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNativeHistogram_SubOperator(t *testing.T) {
-	// TODO(codesome): Integrate histograms into the PromQL testing framework
-	// and write more tests there.
-	cases := []struct {
-		histograms []histogram.Histogram
-		expected   histogram.FloatHistogram
-	}{
-		{
-			histograms: []histogram.Histogram{
-				{
-					Schema:        0,
-					Count:         41,
-					Sum:           2345.6,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     5,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 3},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, 5, -2, 0, -3},
-				},
-				{
-					Schema:        0,
-					Count:         11,
-					Sum:           1234.5,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     3,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, -1},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 2},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{3, -1},
-				},
-			},
-			expected: histogram.FloatHistogram{
-				Schema:        0,
-				Count:         30,
-				Sum:           1111.1,
-				ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-				ZeroCount:     2,
-				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-				},
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1},
-				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 1},
-					{Offset: 4, Length: 3},
-				},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{1, 1, 7, 5, 5, 2},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			histograms: []histogram.Histogram{
-				{
-					Schema:        0,
-					Count:         41,
-					Sum:           2345.6,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     5,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 3},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, 5, -2, 0, -3},
-				},
-				{
-					Schema:        1,
-					Count:         11,
-					Sum:           1234.5,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     3,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, -1},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 2},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{3, -1},
-				},
-			},
-			expected: histogram.FloatHistogram{
-				Schema:        0,
-				Count:         30,
-				Sum:           1111.1,
-				ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-				ZeroCount:     2,
-				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 5},
-				},
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1},
-				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-					{Offset: 4, Length: 3},
-				},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{-2, 2, 2, 7, 5, 5, 2},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			histograms: []histogram.Histogram{
-				{
-					Schema:        1,
-					Count:         11,
-					Sum:           1234.5,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     3,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, -1},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 2},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{3, -1},
-				},
-				{
-					Schema:        0,
-					Count:         41,
-					Sum:           2345.6,
-					ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-					ZeroCount:     5,
-					PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
-					},
-					PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-					NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-						{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 0},
-						{Offset: 2, Length: 3},
-					},
-					NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, 5, -2, 0, -3},
-				},
-			},
-			expected: histogram.FloatHistogram{
-				Schema:        0,
-				Count:         -30,
-				Sum:           -1111.1,
-				ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
-				ZeroCount:     -2,
-				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 5},
-				},
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{-1, -1, -2, -1, -1, -1},
-				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
-					{Offset: 1, Length: 4},
-					{Offset: 4, Length: 3},
-				},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{2, -2, -2, -7, -5, -5, -2},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	idx0 := int64(0)
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		for _, floatHisto := range []bool{true, false} {
-			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("floatHistogram=%t %d", floatHisto, idx0), func(t *testing.T) {
-				engine := newTestEngine(t)
-				storage := teststorage.New(t)
-				t.Cleanup(func() { storage.Close() })
-
-				seriesName := "sparse_histogram_series"
-
-				ts := idx0 * int64(10*time.Minute/time.Millisecond)
-				app := storage.Appender(context.Background())
-				for idx1, h := range c.histograms {
-					lbls := labels.FromStrings("__name__", seriesName, "idx", strconv.Itoa(idx1))
-					// Since we mutate h later, we need to create a copy here.
-					var err error
-					if floatHisto {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, ts, nil, h.Copy().ToFloat(nil))
-					} else {
-						_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, lbls, ts, h.Copy(), nil)
-					}
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-				}
-				require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
-
-				queryAndCheck := func(queryString string, exp promql.Vector) {
-					qry, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(context.Background(), storage, nil, queryString, timestamp.Time(ts))
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					res := qry.Exec(context.Background())
-					require.NoError(t, res.Err)
-
-					vector, err := res.Vector()
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-
-					if len(vector) == len(exp) {
-						for i, e := range exp {
-							got := vector[i].H
-							if got != e.H {
-								// Error messages are better if we compare structs, not pointers.
-								require.Equal(t, *e.H, *got)
-							}
-						}
-					}
-
-					testutil.RequireEqual(t, exp, vector)
-				}
-
-				// - operator.
-				queryString := fmt.Sprintf(`%s{idx="0"}`, seriesName)
-				for idx := 1; idx < len(c.histograms); idx++ {
-					queryString += fmt.Sprintf(` - ignoring(idx) %s{idx="%d"}`, seriesName, idx)
-				}
-				queryAndCheck(queryString, []promql.Sample{{T: ts, H: &c.expected, Metric: labels.EmptyLabels()}})
-			})
-		}
-		idx0++
-	}
-}
-
 func TestQueryLookbackDelta(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		load = `load 5m
@ -3928,3 +3480,65 @@ func (s mockSeries) Iterator(it chunkenc.Iterator) chunkenc.Iterator {
 	}
 	return storage.ChainSampleIteratorFromIterators(it, iterables)
 }
+
+func TestEvaluationWithDelayedNameRemovalDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	opts := promql.EngineOpts{
+		Logger:                   nil,
+		Reg:                      nil,
+		EnableAtModifier:         true,
+		MaxSamples:               10000,
+		Timeout:                  10 * time.Second,
+		EnableDelayedNameRemoval: false,
+	}
+	engine := promqltest.NewTestEngineWithOpts(t, opts)
+
+	promqltest.RunTest(t, `
+load 5m
+	metric{env="1"}	0 60 120
+	another_metric{env="1"}	60 120 180
+
+# Does not drop __name__ for vector selector
+eval instant at 10m metric{env="1"}
+	metric{env="1"} 120
+
+# Drops __name__ for unary operators
+eval instant at 10m -metric
+	{env="1"} -120
+
+# Drops __name__ for binary operators
+eval instant at 10m metric + another_metric
+	{env="1"} 300
+
+# Does not drop __name__ for binary comparison operators
+eval instant at 10m metric <= another_metric
+	metric{env="1"} 120
+
+# Drops __name__ for binary comparison operators with "bool" modifier
+eval instant at 10m metric <= bool another_metric
+	{env="1"} 1
+
+# Drops __name__ for vector-scalar operations
+eval instant at 10m metric * 2
+	{env="1"} 240
+
+# Drops __name__ for instant-vector functions
+eval instant at 10m clamp(metric, 0, 100)
+	{env="1"} 100
+
+# Drops __name__ for round function
+eval instant at 10m round(metric)
+	{env="1"} 120
+
+# Drops __name__ for range-vector functions
+eval instant at 10m rate(metric{env="1"}[10m])
+	{env="1"} 0.2
+
+# Does not drop __name__ for last_over_time function
+eval instant at 10m last_over_time(metric{env="1"}[10m])
+	metric{env="1"} 120
+
+# Drops name for other _over_time functions
+eval instant at 10m max_over_time(metric{env="1"}[10m])
+	{env="1"} 120
+`, engine)
+}
--- a/promql/functions.go
+++ b/promql/functions.go
@ -474,6 +474,10 @@ func funcClamp(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper
 		return enh.Out, nil
 	}
 	for _, el := range vec {
+		if el.H != nil {
+			// Process only float samples.
+			continue
+		}
 		if !enh.enableDelayedNameRemoval {
 			el.Metric = el.Metric.DropMetricName()
 		}
@ -491,6 +495,10 @@ func funcClampMax(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHel
 	vec := vals[0].(Vector)
 	maxVal := vals[1].(Vector)[0].F
 	for _, el := range vec {
+		if el.H != nil {
+			// Process only float samples.
+			continue
+		}
 		if !enh.enableDelayedNameRemoval {
 			el.Metric = el.Metric.DropMetricName()
 		}
@ -508,6 +516,10 @@ func funcClampMin(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHel
 	vec := vals[0].(Vector)
 	minVal := vals[1].(Vector)[0].F
 	for _, el := range vec {
+		if el.H != nil {
+			// Process only float samples.
+			continue
+		}
 		if !enh.enableDelayedNameRemoval {
 			el.Metric = el.Metric.DropMetricName()
 		}
@ -538,6 +550,9 @@ func funcRound(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper
 			continue
 		}
 		f := math.Floor(el.F*toNearestInverse+0.5) / toNearestInverse
+		if !enh.enableDelayedNameRemoval {
+			el.Metric = el.Metric.DropMetricName()
+		}
 		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
 			Metric:   el.Metric,
 			F:        f,
@ -1671,6 +1686,7 @@ var FunctionCalls = map[string]FunctionCall{
 	"hour":                         funcHour,
 	"idelta":                       funcIdelta,
 	"increase":                     funcIncrease,
+	"info":                         nil,
 	"irate":                        funcIrate,
 	"label_replace":                nil, // evalLabelReplace not called via this map.
 	"label_join":                   nil, // evalLabelJoin not called via this map.
--- a/promql/info.go
+++ b/promql/info.go
@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package promql
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/regexp"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
+)
+
+const targetInfo = "target_info"
+
+// identifyingLabels are the labels we consider as identifying for info metrics.
+// Currently hard coded, so we don't need knowledge of individual info metrics.
+var identifyingLabels = []string{"instance", "job"}
+
+// evalInfo implements the info PromQL function.
+func (ev *evaluator) evalInfo(ctx context.Context, args parser.Expressions) (parser.Value, annotations.Annotations) {
+	val, annots := ev.eval(ctx, args[0])
+	mat := val.(Matrix)
+	// Map from data label name to matchers.
+	dataLabelMatchers := map[string][]*labels.Matcher{}
+	var infoNameMatchers []*labels.Matcher
+	if len(args) > 1 {
+		// TODO: Introduce a dedicated LabelSelector type.
+		labelSelector := args[1].(*parser.VectorSelector)
+		for _, m := range labelSelector.LabelMatchers {
+			dataLabelMatchers[m.Name] = append(dataLabelMatchers[m.Name], m)
+			if m.Name == labels.MetricName {
+				infoNameMatchers = append(infoNameMatchers, m)
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		infoNameMatchers = []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, labels.MetricName, targetInfo)}
+	}
+
+	// Don't try to enrich info series.
+	ignoreSeries := map[int]struct{}{}
+loop:
+	for i, s := range mat {
+		name := s.Metric.Get(labels.MetricName)
+		for _, m := range infoNameMatchers {
+			if m.Matches(name) {
+				ignoreSeries[i] = struct{}{}
+				continue loop
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	selectHints := ev.infoSelectHints(args[0])
+	infoSeries, ws, err := ev.fetchInfoSeries(ctx, mat, ignoreSeries, dataLabelMatchers, selectHints)
+	if err != nil {
+		ev.error(err)
+	}
+	annots.Merge(ws)
+
+	res, ws := ev.combineWithInfoSeries(ctx, mat, infoSeries, ignoreSeries, dataLabelMatchers)
+	annots.Merge(ws)
+	return res, annots
+}
+
+// infoSelectHints calculates the storage.SelectHints for selecting info series, given expr (first argument to info call).
+func (ev *evaluator) infoSelectHints(expr parser.Expr) storage.SelectHints {
+	var nodeTimestamp *int64
+	var offset int64
+	parser.Inspect(expr, func(node parser.Node, path []parser.Node) error {
+		switch n := node.(type) {
+		case *parser.VectorSelector:
+			if n.Timestamp != nil {
+				nodeTimestamp = n.Timestamp
+			}
+			offset = durationMilliseconds(n.OriginalOffset)
+			return errors.New("end traversal")
+		default:
+			return nil
+		}
+	})
+
+	start := ev.startTimestamp
+	end := ev.endTimestamp
+	if nodeTimestamp != nil {
+		// The timestamp on the selector overrides everything.
+		start = *nodeTimestamp
+		end = *nodeTimestamp
+	}
+	// Reduce the start by one fewer ms than the lookback delta
+	// because wo want to exclude samples that are precisely the
+	// lookback delta before the eval time.
+	start -= durationMilliseconds(ev.lookbackDelta) - 1
+	start -= offset
+	end -= offset
+
+	return storage.SelectHints{
+		Start: start,
+		End:   end,
+		Step:  ev.interval,
+		Func:  "info",
+	}
+}
+
+// fetchInfoSeries fetches info series given matching identifying labels in mat.
+// Series in ignoreSeries are not fetched.
+// dataLabelMatchers may be mutated.
+func (ev *evaluator) fetchInfoSeries(ctx context.Context, mat Matrix, ignoreSeries map[int]struct{}, dataLabelMatchers map[string][]*labels.Matcher, selectHints storage.SelectHints) (Matrix, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	// A map of values for all identifying labels we are interested in.
+	idLblValues := map[string]map[string]struct{}{}
+	for i, s := range mat {
+		if _, exists := ignoreSeries[i]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Register relevant values per identifying label for this series.
+		for _, l := range identifyingLabels {
+			val := s.Metric.Get(l)
+			if val == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if idLblValues[l] == nil {
+				idLblValues[l] = map[string]struct{}{}
+			}
+			idLblValues[l][val] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(idLblValues) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Generate regexps for every interesting value per identifying label.
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	idLblRegexps := make(map[string]string, len(idLblValues))
+	for name, vals := range idLblValues {
+		sb.Reset()
+		i := 0
+		for v := range vals {
+			if i > 0 {
+				sb.WriteRune('|')
+			}
+			sb.WriteString(regexp.QuoteMeta(v))
+			i++
+		}
+		idLblRegexps[name] = sb.String()
+	}
+
+	var infoLabelMatchers []*labels.Matcher
+	for name, re := range idLblRegexps {
+		infoLabelMatchers = append(infoLabelMatchers, labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, name, re))
+	}
+	var nameMatcher *labels.Matcher
+	for name, ms := range dataLabelMatchers {
+		for i, m := range ms {
+			if m.Name == labels.MetricName {
+				nameMatcher = m
+				ms = slices.Delete(ms, i, i+1)
+			}
+			infoLabelMatchers = append(infoLabelMatchers, m)
+		}
+		if len(ms) > 0 {
+			dataLabelMatchers[name] = ms
+		} else {
+			delete(dataLabelMatchers, name)
+		}
+	}
+	if nameMatcher == nil {
+		// Default to using the target_info metric.
+		infoLabelMatchers = append([]*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, labels.MetricName, targetInfo)}, infoLabelMatchers...)
+	}
+
+	infoIt := ev.querier.Select(ctx, false, &selectHints, infoLabelMatchers...)
+	infoSeries, ws, err := expandSeriesSet(ctx, infoIt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, ws, err
+	}
+
+	infoMat := ev.evalSeries(ctx, infoSeries, 0, true)
+	return infoMat, ws, nil
+}
+
+// combineWithInfoSeries combines mat with select data labels from infoMat.
+func (ev *evaluator) combineWithInfoSeries(ctx context.Context, mat, infoMat Matrix, ignoreSeries map[int]struct{}, dataLabelMatchers map[string][]*labels.Matcher) (Matrix, annotations.Annotations) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, 1024)
+	lb := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+	sigFunction := func(name string) func(labels.Labels) string {
+		return func(lset labels.Labels) string {
+			lb.Reset()
+			lb.Add(labels.MetricName, name)
+			lset.MatchLabels(true, identifyingLabels...).Range(func(l labels.Label) {
+				lb.Add(l.Name, l.Value)
+			})
+			lb.Sort()
+			return string(lb.Labels().Bytes(buf))
+		}
+	}
+
+	infoMetrics := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, is := range infoMat {
+		lblMap := is.Metric.Map()
+		infoMetrics[lblMap[labels.MetricName]] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	sigfs := make(map[string]func(labels.Labels) string, len(infoMetrics))
+	for name := range infoMetrics {
+		sigfs[name] = sigFunction(name)
+	}
+
+	// Keep a copy of the original point slices so they can be returned to the pool.
+	origMatrices := []Matrix{
+		make(Matrix, len(mat)),
+		make(Matrix, len(infoMat)),
+	}
+	copy(origMatrices[0], mat)
+	copy(origMatrices[1], infoMat)
+
+	numSteps := int((ev.endTimestamp-ev.startTimestamp)/ev.interval) + 1
+	originalNumSamples := ev.currentSamples
+
+	// Create an output vector that is as big as the input matrix with
+	// the most time series.
+	biggestLen := max(len(mat), len(infoMat))
+	baseVector := make(Vector, 0, len(mat))
+	infoVector := make(Vector, 0, len(infoMat))
+	enh := &EvalNodeHelper{
+		Out: make(Vector, 0, biggestLen),
+	}
+	type seriesAndTimestamp struct {
+		Series
+		ts int64
+	}
+	seriess := make(map[uint64]seriesAndTimestamp, biggestLen) // Output series by series hash.
+	tempNumSamples := ev.currentSamples
+
+	// For every base series, compute signature per info metric.
+	baseSigs := make([]map[string]string, 0, len(mat))
+	for _, s := range mat {
+		sigs := make(map[string]string, len(infoMetrics))
+		for infoName := range infoMetrics {
+			sigs[infoName] = sigfs[infoName](s.Metric)
+		}
+		baseSigs = append(baseSigs, sigs)
+	}
+
+	infoSigs := make([]string, 0, len(infoMat))
+	for _, s := range infoMat {
+		name := s.Metric.Map()[labels.MetricName]
+		infoSigs = append(infoSigs, sigfs[name](s.Metric))
+	}
+
+	var warnings annotations.Annotations
+	for ts := ev.startTimestamp; ts <= ev.endTimestamp; ts += ev.interval {
+		if err := contextDone(ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
+			ev.error(err)
+		}
+
+		// Reset number of samples in memory after each timestamp.
+		ev.currentSamples = tempNumSamples
+		// Gather input vectors for this timestamp.
+		baseVector, _ = ev.gatherVector(ts, mat, baseVector, nil, nil)
+		infoVector, _ = ev.gatherVector(ts, infoMat, infoVector, nil, nil)
+
+		enh.Ts = ts
+		result, err := ev.combineWithInfoVector(baseVector, infoVector, ignoreSeries, baseSigs, infoSigs, enh, dataLabelMatchers)
+		if err != nil {
+			ev.error(err)
+		}
+		enh.Out = result[:0] // Reuse result vector.
+
+		vecNumSamples := result.TotalSamples()
+		ev.currentSamples += vecNumSamples
+		// When we reset currentSamples to tempNumSamples during the next iteration of the loop it also
+		// needs to include the samples from the result here, as they're still in memory.
+		tempNumSamples += vecNumSamples
+		ev.samplesStats.UpdatePeak(ev.currentSamples)
+		if ev.currentSamples > ev.maxSamples {
+			ev.error(ErrTooManySamples(env))
+		}
+
+		// Add samples in result vector to output series.
+		for _, sample := range result {
+			h := sample.Metric.Hash()
+			ss, exists := seriess[h]
+			if exists {
+				if ss.ts == ts { // If we've seen this output series before at this timestamp, it's a duplicate.
+					ev.errorf("vector cannot contain metrics with the same labelset")
+				}
+				ss.ts = ts
+			} else {
+				ss = seriesAndTimestamp{Series{Metric: sample.Metric}, ts}
+			}
+			addToSeries(&ss.Series, enh.Ts, sample.F, sample.H, numSteps)
+			seriess[h] = ss
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reuse the original point slices.
+	for _, m := range origMatrices {
+		for _, s := range m {
+			putFPointSlice(s.Floats)
+			putHPointSlice(s.Histograms)
+		}
+	}
+	// Assemble the output matrix. By the time we get here we know we don't have too many samples.
+	numSamples := 0
+	output := make(Matrix, 0, len(seriess))
+	for _, ss := range seriess {
+		numSamples += len(ss.Floats) + totalHPointSize(ss.Histograms)
+		output = append(output, ss.Series)
+	}
+	ev.currentSamples = originalNumSamples + numSamples
+	ev.samplesStats.UpdatePeak(ev.currentSamples)
+	return output, warnings
+}
+
+// combineWithInfoVector combines base and info Vectors.
+// Base series in ignoreSeries are not combined.
+func (ev *evaluator) combineWithInfoVector(base, info Vector, ignoreSeries map[int]struct{}, baseSigs []map[string]string, infoSigs []string, enh *EvalNodeHelper, dataLabelMatchers map[string][]*labels.Matcher) (Vector, error) {
+	if len(base) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil // Short-circuit: nothing is going to match.
+	}
+
+	// All samples from the info Vector hashed by the matching label/values.
+	if enh.rightSigs == nil {
+		enh.rightSigs = make(map[string]Sample, len(enh.Out))
+	} else {
+		clear(enh.rightSigs)
+	}
+
+	for i, s := range info {
+		if s.H != nil {
+			ev.error(errors.New("info sample should be float"))
+		}
+		// We encode original info sample timestamps via the float value.
+		origT := int64(s.F)
+
+		sig := infoSigs[i]
+		if existing, exists := enh.rightSigs[sig]; exists {
+			// We encode original info sample timestamps via the float value.
+			existingOrigT := int64(existing.F)
+			switch {
+			case existingOrigT > origT:
+				// Keep the other info sample, since it's newer.
+			case existingOrigT < origT:
+				// Keep this info sample, since it's newer.
+				enh.rightSigs[sig] = s
+			default:
+				// The two info samples have the same timestamp - conflict.
+				name := s.Metric.Map()[labels.MetricName]
+				ev.errorf("found duplicate series for info metric %s", name)
+			}
+		} else {
+			enh.rightSigs[sig] = s
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i, bs := range base {
+		if _, exists := ignoreSeries[i]; exists {
+			// This series should not be enriched with info metric data labels.
+			enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+				Metric: bs.Metric,
+				F:      bs.F,
+				H:      bs.H,
+			})
+			continue
+		}
+
+		baseLabels := bs.Metric.Map()
+		enh.resetBuilder(labels.Labels{})
+
+		// For every info metric name, try to find an info series with the same signature.
+		seenInfoMetrics := map[string]struct{}{}
+		for infoName, sig := range baseSigs[i] {
+			is, exists := enh.rightSigs[sig]
+			if !exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, exists := seenInfoMetrics[infoName]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			err := is.Metric.Validate(func(l labels.Label) error {
+				if l.Name == labels.MetricName {
+					return nil
+				}
+				if _, exists := dataLabelMatchers[l.Name]; len(dataLabelMatchers) > 0 && !exists {
+					// Not among the specified data label matchers.
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				if v := enh.lb.Get(l.Name); v != "" && v != l.Value {
+					return fmt.Errorf("conflicting label: %s", l.Name)
+				}
+				if _, exists := baseLabels[l.Name]; exists {
+					// Skip labels already on the base metric.
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				enh.lb.Set(l.Name, l.Value)
+				return nil
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			seenInfoMetrics[infoName] = struct{}{}
+		}
+
+		infoLbls := enh.lb.Labels()
+		if infoLbls.Len() == 0 {
+			// If there's at least one data label matcher not matching the empty string,
+			// we have to ignore this series as there are no matching info series.
+			allMatchersMatchEmpty := true
+			for _, ms := range dataLabelMatchers {
+				for _, m := range ms {
+					if !m.Matches("") {
+						allMatchersMatchEmpty = false
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if !allMatchersMatchEmpty {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		enh.resetBuilder(bs.Metric)
+		infoLbls.Range(func(l labels.Label) {
+			enh.lb.Set(l.Name, l.Value)
+		})
+
+		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+			Metric: enh.lb.Labels(),
+			F:      bs.F,
+			H:      bs.H,
+		})
+	}
+	return enh.Out, nil
+}
--- a/promql/info_test.go
+++ b/promql/info_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package promql_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/promqltest"
+)
+
+// The "info" function is experimental. This is why we write those tests here for now instead of promqltest/testdata/info.test.
+func TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	engine := promqltest.NewTestEngine(t, false, 0, promqltest.DefaultMaxSamplesPerQuery)
+	promqltest.RunTest(t, `
+load 5m
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+  metric_not_matching_target_info{instance="a", job="2", label="value"} 0 1 2
+  metric_with_overlapping_label{instance="a", job="1", label="value", data="base"} 0 1 2
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="info", another_data="another info"} 1 1 1
+  build_info{instance="a", job="1", build_data="build"} 1 1 1
+
+# Include one info metric data label.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {data=~".+"})
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+
+# Include all info metric data labels.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value", another_data="another info"} 0 1 2
+
+# Try including all info metric data labels, but non-matching identifying labels.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric_not_matching_target_info)
+  metric_not_matching_target_info{instance="a", job="2", label="value"} 0 1 2
+
+# Try including a certain info metric data label with a non-matching matcher not accepting empty labels.
+# Metric is ignored, due there being a data label matcher not matching empty labels,
+# and there being no info series matches.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {non_existent=~".+"})
+
+# Include a certain info metric data label together with a non-matching matcher accepting empty labels.
+# Since the non_existent matcher matches empty labels, it's simply ignored when there's no match.
+# XXX: This case has to include a matcher not matching empty labels, due the PromQL limitation
+# that vector selectors have to contain at least one matcher not accepting empty labels.
+# We might need another construct than vector selector to get around this limitation.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {data=~".+", non_existent=~".*"})
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+
+# Info series data labels overlapping with those of base series are ignored.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric_with_overlapping_label)
+  metric_with_overlapping_label{data="base", instance="a", job="1", label="value", another_data="another info"} 0 1 2
+
+# Include data labels from target_info specifically.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__="target_info"})
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value", another_data="another info"} 0 1 2
+
+# Try to include all data labels from a non-existent info metric.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__="non_existent"})
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+
+# Try to include a certain data label from a non-existent info metric.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__="non_existent", data=~".+"})
+
+# Include data labels from build_info.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__="build_info"})
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value", build_data="build"} 0 1 2
+
+# Include data labels from build_info and target_info.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__=~".+_info"})
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value", build_data="build", data="info", another_data="another info"} 0 1 2
+
+# Info metrics themselves are ignored when it comes to enriching with info metric data labels.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(build_info, {__name__=~".+_info", build_data=~".+"})
+  build_info{instance="a", job="1", build_data="build"} 1 1 1
+
+clear
+
+# Overlapping target_info series.
+load 5m
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="info", another_data="another info"} 1 1 _
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="updated info", another_data="another info"} _ _ 1
+
+# Conflicting info series are resolved through picking the latest sample.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value", another_data="another info"} 0 1 _
+  metric{data="updated info", instance="a", job="1", label="value", another_data="another info"} _ _ 2
+
+clear
+
+# Non-overlapping target_info series.
+load 5m
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="info"} 1 1 stale
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="updated info"} _ _ 1
+
+# Include info metric data labels from a metric which data labels change over time.
+eval range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 _
+  metric{data="updated info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} _ _ 2
+
+clear
+
+# Info series selector matches histogram series, info metrics should be float type.
+load 5m
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 1 2
+  histogram{instance="a", job="1"} {{schema:1 sum:3 count:22 buckets:[5 10 7]}}
+
+eval_fail range from 0m to 10m step 5m info(metric, {__name__="histogram"})
+
+clear
+
+# Series with skipped scrape.
+load 1m
+  metric{instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 _ 2 3 4
+  target_info{instance="a", job="1", data="info"} 1 _ 1 1 1
+
+# Lookback works also for the info series.
+eval range from 1m to 4m step 1m info(metric)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 2 3 4
+
+# @ operator works also with info.
+# Note that we pick the timestamp missing a sample, lookback should pick previous sample.
+eval range from 1m to 4m step 1m info(metric @ 60)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 0 0 0
+
+# offset operator works also with info.
+eval range from 1m to 4m step 1m info(metric offset 1m)
+  metric{data="info", instance="a", job="1", label="value"} 0 0 2 3
+`, engine)
+}
--- a/promql/parser/ast.go
+++ b/promql/parser/ast.go
@ -208,6 +208,10 @@ type VectorSelector struct {
 	UnexpandedSeriesSet storage.SeriesSet
 	Series              []storage.Series

+	// BypassEmptyMatcherCheck is true when the VectorSelector isn't required to have at least one matcher matching the empty string.
+	// This is the case when VectorSelector is used to represent the info function's second argument.
+	BypassEmptyMatcherCheck bool
+
 	PosRange posrange.PositionRange
 }

--- a/promql/parser/functions.go
+++ b/promql/parser/functions.go
@ -224,6 +224,13 @@ var Functions = map[string]*Function{
 		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeMatrix},
 		ReturnType: ValueTypeVector,
 	},
+	"info": {
+		Name:         "info",
+		ArgTypes:     []ValueType{ValueTypeVector, ValueTypeVector},
+		ReturnType:   ValueTypeVector,
+		Experimental: true,
+		Variadic:     1,
+	},
 	"irate": {
 		Name:       "irate",
 		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeMatrix},
--- a/promql/parser/lex.go
+++ b/promql/parser/lex.go
@ -68,6 +68,12 @@ func (i ItemType) IsAggregatorWithParam() bool {
 	return i == TOPK || i == BOTTOMK || i == COUNT_VALUES || i == QUANTILE || i == LIMITK || i == LIMIT_RATIO
 }

+// IsExperimentalAggregator defines the experimental aggregation functions that are controlled
+// with EnableExperimentalFunctions.
+func (i ItemType) IsExperimentalAggregator() bool {
+	return i == LIMITK || i == LIMIT_RATIO
+}
+
 // IsKeyword returns true if the Item corresponds to a keyword.
 // Returns false otherwise.
 func (i ItemType) IsKeyword() bool { return i > keywordsStart && i < keywordsEnd }
--- a/promql/parser/parse.go
+++ b/promql/parser/parse.go
@ -447,8 +447,8 @@ func (p *parser) newAggregateExpr(op Item, modifier, args Node) (ret *AggregateE

 	desiredArgs := 1
 	if ret.Op.IsAggregatorWithParam() {
-		if !EnableExperimentalFunctions && (ret.Op == LIMITK || ret.Op == LIMIT_RATIO) {
-			p.addParseErrf(ret.PositionRange(), "limitk() and limit_ratio() are experimental and must be enabled with --enable-feature=promql-experimental-functions")
+		if !EnableExperimentalFunctions && ret.Op.IsExperimentalAggregator() {
+			p.addParseErrf(ret.PositionRange(), "%s() is experimental and must be enabled with --enable-feature=promql-experimental-functions", ret.Op)
 			return
 		}
 		desiredArgs = 2
@ -784,6 +784,19 @@ func (p *parser) checkAST(node Node) (typ ValueType) {
 			}
 		}

+		if n.Func.Name == "info" && len(n.Args) > 1 {
+			// Check the type is correct first
+			if n.Args[1].Type() != ValueTypeVector {
+				p.addParseErrf(node.PositionRange(), "expected type %s in %s, got %s", DocumentedType(ValueTypeVector), fmt.Sprintf("call to function %q", n.Func.Name), DocumentedType(n.Args[1].Type()))
+			}
+			// Check the vector selector in the input doesn't contain a metric name
+			if n.Args[1].(*VectorSelector).Name != "" {
+				p.addParseErrf(n.Args[1].PositionRange(), "expected label selectors only, got vector selector instead")
+			}
+			// Set Vector Selector flag to bypass empty matcher check
+			n.Args[1].(*VectorSelector).BypassEmptyMatcherCheck = true
+		}
+
 		for i, arg := range n.Args {
 			if i >= len(n.Func.ArgTypes) {
 				if n.Func.Variadic == 0 {
@ -830,17 +843,19 @@ func (p *parser) checkAST(node Node) (typ ValueType) {
 			// metric name is a non-empty matcher.
 			break
 		}
-		// A Vector selector must contain at least one non-empty matcher to prevent
-		// implicit selection of all metrics (e.g. by a typo).
-		notEmpty := false
-		for _, lm := range n.LabelMatchers {
-			if lm != nil && !lm.Matches("") {
-				notEmpty = true
-				break
+		if !n.BypassEmptyMatcherCheck {
+			// A Vector selector must contain at least one non-empty matcher to prevent
+			// implicit selection of all metrics (e.g. by a typo).
+			notEmpty := false
+			for _, lm := range n.LabelMatchers {
+				if lm != nil && !lm.Matches("") {
+					notEmpty = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !notEmpty {
+				p.addParseErrf(n.PositionRange(), "vector selector must contain at least one non-empty matcher")
 			}
-		}
-		if !notEmpty {
-			p.addParseErrf(n.PositionRange(), "vector selector must contain at least one non-empty matcher")
 		}

 	case *NumberLiteral, *StringLiteral:
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more