diff --git a/cmd/prometheus/main.go b/cmd/prometheus/main.go
index 4559d51837..feca2430ac 100644
--- a/cmd/prometheus/main.go
+++ b/cmd/prometheus/main.go
@@ -270,6 +270,9 @@ func (c *flagConfig) setFeatureListOptions(logger *slog.Logger) error {
 			case "promql-delayed-name-removal":
 				c.promqlEnableDelayedNameRemoval = true
 				logger.Info("Experimental PromQL delayed name removal enabled.")
+			case "scrape-rules":
+				c.scrape.EnableScrapeRules = true
+				logger.Info("Experimental scrape-time recording rules enabled.")
 			case "":
 				continue
 			case "old-ui":
@@ -744,12 +747,30 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
+	opts := promql.EngineOpts{
+		Logger:                   logger.With("component", "query engine"),
+		Reg:                      prometheus.DefaultRegisterer,
+		MaxSamples:               cfg.queryMaxSamples,
+		Timeout:                  time.Duration(cfg.queryTimeout),
+		ActiveQueryTracker:       promql.NewActiveQueryTracker(localStoragePath, cfg.queryConcurrency, logger.With("component", "activeQueryTracker")),
+		LookbackDelta:            time.Duration(cfg.lookbackDelta),
+		NoStepSubqueryIntervalFn: noStepSubqueryInterval.Get,
+		// EnableAtModifier and EnableNegativeOffset have to be
+		// always on for regular PromQL as of Prometheus v2.33.
+		EnableAtModifier:         true,
+		EnableNegativeOffset:     true,
+		EnablePerStepStats:       cfg.enablePerStepStats,
+		EnableDelayedNameRemoval: cfg.promqlEnableDelayedNameRemoval,
+	}
+	queryEngine := promql.NewEngine(opts)
+
 	scrapeManager, err := scrape.NewManager(
 		&cfg.scrape,
 		logger.With("component", "scrape manager"),
 		logging.NewJSONFileLogger,
 		fanoutStorage,
 		prometheus.DefaultRegisterer,
+		queryEngine,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Error("failed to create a scrape manager", "err", err)
@@ -758,9 +779,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	var (
 		tracingManager = tracing.NewManager(logger)
-
-		queryEngine *promql.Engine
-		ruleManager *rules.Manager
+		ruleManager    *rules.Manager
 	)
 
 	if cfg.maxprocsEnable {
@@ -787,24 +806,6 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	if !agentMode {
-		opts := promql.EngineOpts{
-			Logger:                   logger.With("component", "query engine"),
-			Reg:                      prometheus.DefaultRegisterer,
-			MaxSamples:               cfg.queryMaxSamples,
-			Timeout:                  time.Duration(cfg.queryTimeout),
-			ActiveQueryTracker:       promql.NewActiveQueryTracker(localStoragePath, cfg.queryConcurrency, logger.With("component", "activeQueryTracker")),
-			LookbackDelta:            time.Duration(cfg.lookbackDelta),
-			NoStepSubqueryIntervalFn: noStepSubqueryInterval.Get,
-			// EnableAtModifier and EnableNegativeOffset have to be
-			// always on for regular PromQL as of Prometheus v2.33.
-			EnableAtModifier:         true,
-			EnableNegativeOffset:     true,
-			EnablePerStepStats:       cfg.enablePerStepStats,
-			EnableDelayedNameRemoval: cfg.promqlEnableDelayedNameRemoval,
-		}
-
-		queryEngine = promql.NewEngine(opts)
-
 		ruleManager = rules.NewManager(&rules.ManagerOptions{
 			Appendable:             fanoutStorage,
 			Queryable:              localStorage,
diff --git a/config/config.go b/config/config.go
index a395c3f53e..c1ed2d0658 100644
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/relabel"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/azuread"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/googleiam"
 )
@@ -732,6 +733,8 @@ type ScrapeConfig struct {
 	RelabelConfigs []*relabel.Config `yaml:"relabel_configs,omitempty"`
 	// List of metric relabel configurations.
 	MetricRelabelConfigs []*relabel.Config `yaml:"metric_relabel_configs,omitempty"`
+	// List of rules to execute at scrape time.
+	RuleConfigs []*ScrapeRuleConfig `yaml:"scrape_rule_configs,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // SetDirectory joins any relative file paths with dir.
@@ -858,6 +861,38 @@ func (c *ScrapeConfig) MarshalYAML() (interface{}, error) {
 	return discovery.MarshalYAMLWithInlineConfigs(c)
 }
 
+// ScrapeRuleConfig is the configuration for rules executed
+// at scrape time for each individual target.
+type ScrapeRuleConfig struct {
+	Expr   string `yaml:"expr"`
+	Record string `yaml:"record"`
+}
+
+func (a *ScrapeRuleConfig) Validate() error {
+	if a.Record == "" {
+		return errors.New("aggregation rule record must not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if a.Expr == "" {
+		return errors.New("aggregation rule expression must not be empty")
+	}
+
+	expr, err := parser.ParseExpr(a.Expr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid scrape rule expression: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	parser.Inspect(expr, func(node parser.Node, _ []parser.Node) error {
+		if _, ok := node.(*parser.MatrixSelector); ok {
+			err = errors.New("matrix selectors are not allowed in scrape rule expressions")
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return err
+}
+
 // StorageConfig configures runtime reloadable configuration options.
 type StorageConfig struct {
 	TSDBConfig      *TSDBConfig      `yaml:"tsdb,omitempty"`
diff --git a/config/config_test.go b/config/config_test.go
index faca7dda12..b79c91c8a5 100644
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package config
 import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -2566,3 +2567,40 @@ func TestGetScrapeConfigs_Loaded(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})
 }
+
+func TestScrapeRuleConfigs(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		ruleConfig ScrapeRuleConfig
+		err        error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid scrape rule config",
+			ruleConfig: ScrapeRuleConfig{
+				Expr:   "sum by (label) (metric)",
+				Record: "sum:metric:label",
+			},
+			err: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "matrix selector in record expression",
+			ruleConfig: ScrapeRuleConfig{
+				Expr:   "sum by (label) (rate(metric[2m]))",
+				Record: "sum:metric:label",
+			},
+			err: errors.New("matrix selectors are not allowed in scrape rule expressions"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := test.ruleConfig.Validate()
+			if test.err == nil {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				require.Equal(t, test.err.Error(), err.Error())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/docs/configuration/configuration.md b/docs/configuration/configuration.md
index 3550094ff2..25802f71dc 100644
--- a/docs/configuration/configuration.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/configuration.md
@@ -419,6 +419,11 @@ static_configs:
 relabel_configs:
   [ - <relabel_config> ... ]
 
+# List of rules that are executed on samples from each scrape.
+# Each rule is evaluated independently and is executed after relabel_configs and before metric_relabel_configs. 
+scrape_rule_configs:
+[ - <scrape_rule_config> ... ]
+
 # List of metric relabel configurations.
 metric_relabel_configs:
   [ - <relabel_config> ... ]
@@ -2607,6 +2612,28 @@ anchored on both ends. To un-anchor the regex, use `.*<regex>.*`.
 Care must be taken with `labeldrop` and `labelkeep` to ensure that metrics are
 still uniquely labeled once the labels are removed.
 
+### `<scrape_rule_configs>`
+
+Scrape rules are applied after target relabeling and before metric relabeling. They can be used to evaluate PromQL expressions against samples from individual scrapes.
+
+Rules are only evaluated in the context of single scrapes and do not take into account samples from different targets, nor samples that are already ingested in Prometheus.
+
+Metric relabelings can be applied to series generated by scrape rules.
+
+A potential use of scrape rules is to aggregate away expensive series before they are ingested in Prometheus.
+If the source series are not needed, they can be dropped using metric relabeling rules.
+
+### `<scrape_rule_config>`
+
+The syntax for a scrape rules is as follows:
+
+```yaml
+# The name of the time series to output to. Must be a valid metric name.
+record: <string>
+# The PromQL expression to evaluate.
+expr: <string>
+```
+
 ### `<metric_relabel_configs>`
 
 Metric relabeling is applied to samples as the last step before ingestion. It
diff --git a/scrape/manager.go b/scrape/manager.go
index 5ef5dccb99..cfcb8b284a 100644
--- a/scrape/manager.go
+++ b/scrape/manager.go
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
+
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	config_util "github.com/prometheus/common/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
@@ -37,7 +39,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewManager is the Manager constructor.
-func NewManager(o *Options, logger *slog.Logger, newScrapeFailureLogger func(string) (*logging.JSONFileLogger, error), app storage.Appendable, registerer prometheus.Registerer) (*Manager, error) {
+func NewManager(
+	o *Options,
+	logger *slog.Logger,
+	newScrapeFailureLogger func(string) (*logging.JSONFileLogger, error),
+	app storage.Appendable,
+	registerer prometheus.Registerer,
+	queryEngine *promql.Engine,
+) (*Manager, error) {
 	if o == nil {
 		o = &Options{}
 	}
@@ -61,6 +70,7 @@ func NewManager(o *Options, logger *slog.Logger, newScrapeFailureLogger func(str
 		triggerReload:          make(chan struct{}, 1),
 		metrics:                sm,
 		buffers:                pool.New(1e3, 100e6, 3, func(sz int) interface{} { return make([]byte, 0, sz) }),
+		queryEngine:            queryEngine,
 	}
 
 	m.metrics.setTargetMetadataCacheGatherer(m)
@@ -90,6 +100,9 @@ type Options struct {
 	// Optional HTTP client options to use when scraping.
 	HTTPClientOptions []config_util.HTTPClientOption
 
+	// EnableScrapeRules enables rule evaluation at scrape time.
+	EnableScrapeRules bool
+
 	// private option for testability.
 	skipOffsetting bool
 }
@@ -111,6 +124,7 @@ type Manager struct {
 	targetSets             map[string][]*targetgroup.Group
 	buffers                *pool.Pool
 
+	queryEngine   *promql.Engine
 	triggerReload chan struct{}
 
 	metrics *scrapeMetrics
@@ -182,7 +196,7 @@ func (m *Manager) reload() {
 				continue
 			}
 			m.metrics.targetScrapePools.Inc()
-			sp, err := newScrapePool(scrapeConfig, m.append, m.offsetSeed, m.logger.With("scrape_pool", setName), m.buffers, m.opts, m.metrics)
+			sp, err := newScrapePool(scrapeConfig, m.append, m.offsetSeed, m.logger.With("scrape_pool", setName), m.buffers, m.queryEngine, m.opts, m.metrics)
 			if err != nil {
 				m.metrics.targetScrapePoolsFailed.Inc()
 				m.logger.Error("error creating new scrape pool", "err", err, "scrape_pool", setName)
diff --git a/scrape/manager_test.go b/scrape/manager_test.go
index 96381fa736..a8ae37c673 100644
--- a/scrape/manager_test.go
+++ b/scrape/manager_test.go
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ scrape_configs:
 	)
 
 	opts := Options{}
-	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry)
+	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	newLoop := func(scrapeLoopOptions) loop {
 		ch <- struct{}{}
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ scrape_configs:
 func TestManagerTargetsUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 	opts := Options{}
 	testRegistry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
-	m, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry)
+	m, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	ts := make(chan map[string][]*targetgroup.Group)
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ global:
 
 	opts := Options{}
 	testRegistry := prometheus.NewRegistry()
-	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry)
+	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Load the first config.
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ scrape_configs:
 	}
 
 	opts := Options{}
-	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry)
+	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, testRegistry, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	reload(scrapeManager, cfg1)
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ func TestUnregisterMetrics(t *testing.T) {
 	// Check that all metrics can be unregistered, allowing a second manager to be created.
 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 		opts := Options{}
-		manager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, reg)
+		manager, err := NewManager(&opts, nil, nil, nil, reg, nil)
 		require.NotNil(t, manager)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		// Unregister all metrics.
@@ -1104,13 +1104,7 @@ func runManagers(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, opts *Options, app storage.A
 		sdMetrics,
 		discovery.Updatert(100*time.Millisecond),
 	)
-	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(
-		opts,
-		nil,
-		nil,
-		app,
-		prometheus.NewRegistry(),
-	)
+	scrapeManager, err := NewManager(opts, nil, nil, app, prometheus.NewRegistry(), nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	go discoveryManager.Run()
 	go scrapeManager.Run(discoveryManager.SyncCh())
diff --git a/scrape/rules.go b/scrape/rules.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45364c224d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/rules.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package scrape
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/config"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
+)
+
+type RuleEngine interface {
+	NewScrapeBatch() Batch
+	EvaluateRules(b Batch, ts time.Time, sampleMutator labelsMutator) ([]Sample, error)
+}
+
+// ruleEngine evaluates rules from individual targets at scrape time.
+type ruleEngine struct {
+	rules  []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig
+	engine *promql.Engine
+}
+
+// newRuleEngine creates a new RuleEngine.
+func newRuleEngine(
+	rules []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig,
+	queryEngine *promql.Engine,
+) RuleEngine {
+	if len(rules) == 0 {
+		return &nopRuleEngine{}
+	}
+
+	return &ruleEngine{
+		rules:  rules,
+		engine: queryEngine,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewScrapeBatch creates a new Batch which can be used to add samples from a single scrape.
+// Rules are always evaluated on a single Batch.
+func (r *ruleEngine) NewScrapeBatch() Batch {
+	return &batch{
+		samples: make([]Sample, 0),
+	}
+}
+
+// EvaluateRules executes rules on the given Batch and returns new Samples.
+func (r *ruleEngine) EvaluateRules(b Batch, ts time.Time, sampleMutator labelsMutator) ([]Sample, error) {
+	var (
+		result  []Sample
+		builder = labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+	)
+	for _, rule := range r.rules {
+		queryable := storage.QueryableFunc(func(_, _ int64) (storage.Querier, error) {
+			return b, nil
+		})
+
+		query, err := r.engine.NewInstantQuery(context.Background(), queryable, nil, rule.Expr, ts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		samples, err := query.Exec(context.Background()).Vector()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		for _, s := range samples {
+			builder.Reset()
+			metricNameSet := false
+			s.Metric.Range(func(lbl labels.Label) {
+				if lbl.Name == labels.MetricName {
+					metricNameSet = true
+					builder.Add(labels.MetricName, rule.Record)
+				} else {
+					builder.Add(lbl.Name, lbl.Value)
+				}
+			})
+			if !metricNameSet {
+				builder.Add(labels.MetricName, rule.Record)
+			}
+			builder.Sort()
+			result = append(result, Sample{
+				metric: sampleMutator(builder.Labels()),
+				t:      s.T,
+				f:      s.F,
+				fh:     s.H,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// Batch is used to collect floats from a single scrape.
+type Batch interface {
+	storage.Querier
+	AddFloatSample(labels.Labels, int64, float64)
+	AddHistogramSample(labels.Labels, int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram)
+}
+
+type batch struct {
+	samples []Sample
+}
+
+type Sample struct {
+	metric labels.Labels
+	t      int64
+	f      float64
+	fh     *histogram.FloatHistogram
+}
+
+func (b *batch) AddFloatSample(lbls labels.Labels, t int64, f float64) {
+	b.samples = append(b.samples, Sample{
+		metric: lbls,
+		t:      t,
+		f:      f,
+	})
+}
+
+func (b *batch) AddHistogramSample(lbls labels.Labels, t int64, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	b.samples = append(b.samples, Sample{
+		metric: lbls,
+		t:      t,
+		fh:     fh,
+	})
+}
+
+func (b *batch) Select(_ context.Context, _ bool, _ *storage.SelectHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) storage.SeriesSet {
+	var samples []Sample
+	for _, s := range b.samples {
+		match := true
+		for _, matcher := range matchers {
+			if !matcher.Matches(s.metric.Get(matcher.Name)) {
+				match = false
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if match {
+			samples = append(samples, s)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &seriesSet{
+		i:       -1,
+		samples: samples,
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *batch) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func (b *batch) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func (b *batch) Close() error { return nil }
+
+type seriesSet struct {
+	i       int
+	samples []Sample
+}
+
+func (s *seriesSet) Next() bool {
+	s.i++
+	return s.i != len(s.samples)
+}
+
+func (s *seriesSet) At() storage.Series {
+	sample := s.samples[s.i]
+	if sample.fh != nil {
+		return promql.NewStorageSeries(promql.Series{
+			Metric:     sample.metric,
+			Histograms: []promql.HPoint{{T: sample.t, H: sample.fh}},
+		})
+	}
+
+	return promql.NewStorageSeries(promql.Series{
+		Metric: sample.metric,
+		Floats: []promql.FPoint{{T: sample.t, F: sample.f}},
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *seriesSet) Err() error                        { return nil }
+func (s *seriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations { return nil }
+
+// nopRuleEngine does not produce any new floats when evaluating rules.
+type nopRuleEngine struct{}
+
+func (n nopRuleEngine) NewScrapeBatch() Batch { return &nopBatch{} }
+
+func (n nopRuleEngine) EvaluateRules(Batch, time.Time, labelsMutator) ([]Sample, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+type nopBatch struct{}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) AddFloatSample(labels.Labels, int64, float64) {}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) AddHistogramSample(labels.Labels, int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) Select(context.Context, bool, *storage.SelectHints, ...*labels.Matcher) storage.SeriesSet {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *nopBatch) Close() error { return nil }
diff --git a/scrape/rules_test.go b/scrape/rules_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba14535dfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/rules_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package scrape
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/config"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+)
+
+func TestRuleEngine(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	samples := []Sample{
+		{
+			metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "http_requests_total", "code", "200", "handler", "/"),
+			t:      now.UnixMilli(),
+			f:      10,
+		},
+		{
+			metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "http_requests_total", "code", "200", "handler", "/metrics"),
+			t:      now.UnixMilli(),
+			f:      6,
+		},
+	}
+	rules := []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+		{
+			Expr:   "sum by (code) (http_requests_total)",
+			Record: "code:http_requests_total:sum",
+		},
+	}
+
+	engine := promql.NewEngine(promql.EngineOpts{
+		MaxSamples:    50000000,
+		Timeout:       10 * time.Second,
+		LookbackDelta: 5 * time.Minute,
+	})
+	re := newRuleEngine(rules, engine)
+	b := re.NewScrapeBatch()
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		b.AddFloatSample(s.metric, s.t, s.f)
+	}
+
+	result, err := re.EvaluateRules(b, now, nopMutator)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Invalid sample count, got %d, want %d", len(result), 3)
+	}
+
+	expectedSamples := []Sample{
+		{
+			metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "code:http_requests_total:sum", "code", "200"),
+			t:      now.UnixMilli(),
+			f:      16,
+		},
+	}
+	require.ElementsMatch(t, expectedSamples, result)
+}
diff --git a/scrape/scrape.go b/scrape/scrape.go
index 2cd3d78d53..609d39caba 100644
--- a/scrape/scrape.go
+++ b/scrape/scrape.go
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 	"unsafe"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
+
 	"github.com/klauspost/compress/gzip"
 	config_util "github.com/prometheus/common/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
@@ -102,6 +104,8 @@ type scrapePool struct {
 
 	scrapeFailureLogger    FailureLogger
 	scrapeFailureLoggerMtx sync.RWMutex
+
+	enableScrapeRuleEval bool
 }
 
 type labelLimits struct {
@@ -137,7 +141,16 @@ const maxAheadTime = 10 * time.Minute
 // returning an empty label set is interpreted as "drop".
 type labelsMutator func(labels.Labels) labels.Labels
 
-func newScrapePool(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig, app storage.Appendable, offsetSeed uint64, logger *slog.Logger, buffers *pool.Pool, options *Options, metrics *scrapeMetrics) (*scrapePool, error) {
+func newScrapePool(
+	cfg *config.ScrapeConfig,
+	app storage.Appendable,
+	offsetSeed uint64,
+	logger *slog.Logger,
+	buffers *pool.Pool,
+	queryEngine *promql.Engine,
+	options *Options,
+	metrics *scrapeMetrics,
+) (*scrapePool, error) {
 	if logger == nil {
 		logger = promslog.NewNopLogger()
 	}
@@ -160,6 +173,7 @@ func newScrapePool(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig, app storage.Appendable, offsetSeed
 		logger:               logger,
 		metrics:              metrics,
 		httpOpts:             options.HTTPClientOptions,
+		enableScrapeRuleEval: options.EnableScrapeRules,
 	}
 	sp.newLoop = func(opts scrapeLoopOptions) loop {
 		// Update the targets retrieval function for metadata to a new scrape cache.
@@ -169,6 +183,13 @@ func newScrapePool(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig, app storage.Appendable, offsetSeed
 		}
 		opts.target.SetMetadataStore(cache)
 
+		var re RuleEngine
+		if sp.enableScrapeRuleEval {
+			re = newRuleEngine(cfg.RuleConfigs, queryEngine)
+		} else {
+			re = &nopRuleEngine{}
+		}
+
 		return newScrapeLoop(
 			ctx,
 			opts.scraper,
@@ -179,6 +200,7 @@ func newScrapePool(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig, app storage.Appendable, offsetSeed
 			},
 			func(l labels.Labels) labels.Labels { return mutateReportSampleLabels(l, opts.target) },
 			func(ctx context.Context) storage.Appender { return app.Appender(ctx) },
+			re,
 			cache,
 			sp.symbolTable,
 			offsetSeed,
@@ -893,6 +915,7 @@ type scrapeLoop struct {
 	l                        *slog.Logger
 	scrapeFailureLogger      FailureLogger
 	scrapeFailureLoggerMtx   sync.RWMutex
+	ruleEngine               RuleEngine
 	cache                    *scrapeCache
 	lastScrapeSize           int
 	buffers                  *pool.Pool
@@ -1200,13 +1223,15 @@ func (c *scrapeCache) LengthMetadata() int {
 	return len(c.metadata)
 }
 
-func newScrapeLoop(ctx context.Context,
+func newScrapeLoop(
+	ctx context.Context,
 	sc scraper,
 	l *slog.Logger,
 	buffers *pool.Pool,
 	sampleMutator labelsMutator,
 	reportSampleMutator labelsMutator,
 	appender func(ctx context.Context) storage.Appender,
+	re RuleEngine,
 	cache *scrapeCache,
 	symbolTable *labels.SymbolTable,
 	offsetSeed uint64,
@@ -1256,6 +1281,7 @@ func newScrapeLoop(ctx context.Context,
 	sl := &scrapeLoop{
 		scraper:                        sc,
 		buffers:                        buffers,
+		ruleEngine:                     re,
 		cache:                          cache,
 		appender:                       appender,
 		symbolTable:                    symbolTable,
@@ -1648,6 +1674,9 @@ func (sl *scrapeLoop) append(app storage.Appender, b []byte, contentType string,
 		sl.cache.iterDone(true)
 	}()
 
+	// Make a new batch for evaluating scrape rules
+	scrapeBatch := sl.ruleEngine.NewScrapeBatch()
+
 loop:
 	for {
 		var (
@@ -1700,15 +1729,11 @@ loop:
 			t = *parsedTimestamp
 		}
 
-		if sl.cache.getDropped(met) {
-			continue
-		}
-		ce, seriesCached, seriesAlreadyScraped := sl.cache.get(met)
 		var (
 			ref  storage.SeriesRef
 			hash uint64
 		)
-
+		ce, seriesCached, seriesAlreadyScraped := sl.cache.get(met)
 		if seriesCached {
 			ref = ce.ref
 			lset = ce.lset
@@ -1716,31 +1741,44 @@ loop:
 		} else {
 			p.Labels(&lset)
 			hash = lset.Hash()
-
-			// Hash label set as it is seen local to the target. Then add target labels
-			// and relabeling and store the final label set.
-			lset = sl.sampleMutator(lset)
-
-			// The label set may be set to empty to indicate dropping.
-			if lset.IsEmpty() {
-				sl.cache.addDropped(met)
-				continue
+		}
+		if isHistogram && sl.enableNativeHistogramIngestion {
+			if h != nil {
+				scrapeBatch.AddHistogramSample(lset, t, h.ToFloat(nil))
+			} else {
+				scrapeBatch.AddHistogramSample(lset, t, fh)
 			}
+		} else {
+			scrapeBatch.AddFloatSample(lset, t, val)
+		}
 
-			if !lset.Has(labels.MetricName) {
-				err = errNameLabelMandatory
-				break loop
-			}
-			if !lset.IsValid(sl.validationScheme) {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("invalid metric name or label names: %s", lset.String())
-				break loop
-			}
+		if sl.cache.getDropped(met) {
+			continue
+		}
 
-			// If any label limits is exceeded the scrape should fail.
-			if err = verifyLabelLimits(lset, sl.labelLimits); err != nil {
-				sl.metrics.targetScrapePoolExceededLabelLimits.Inc()
-				break loop
-			}
+		// Hash label set as it is seen local to the target. Then add target labels
+		// and relabeling and store the final label set.
+		lset = sl.sampleMutator(lset)
+
+		// The label set may be set to empty to indicate dropping.
+		if lset.IsEmpty() {
+			sl.cache.addDropped(met)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !lset.Has(labels.MetricName) {
+			err = errNameLabelMandatory
+			break loop
+		}
+		if !lset.IsValid(sl.validationScheme) {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("invalid metric name or label names: %s", lset.String())
+			break loop
+		}
+
+		// If any label limits is exceeded the scrape should fail.
+		if err = verifyLabelLimits(lset, sl.labelLimits); err != nil {
+			sl.metrics.targetScrapePoolExceededLabelLimits.Inc()
+			break loop
 		}
 
 		if seriesAlreadyScraped && parsedTimestamp == nil {
@@ -1802,8 +1840,8 @@ loop:
 		}
 
 		// Increment added even if there's an error so we correctly report the
-		// number of samples remaining after relabeling.
-		// We still report duplicated samples here since this number should be the exact number
+		// number of floats remaining after relabeling.
+		// We still report duplicated floats here since this number should be the exact number
 		// of time series exposed on a scrape after relabelling.
 		added++
 		exemplars = exemplars[:0] // Reset and reuse the exemplar slice.
@@ -1889,9 +1927,41 @@ loop:
 	if appErrs.numExemplarOutOfOrder > 0 {
 		sl.l.Warn("Error on ingesting out-of-order exemplars", "num_dropped", appErrs.numExemplarOutOfOrder)
 	}
-	if err == nil {
-		err = sl.updateStaleMarkers(app, defTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
 	}
+	if err = sl.updateStaleMarkers(app, defTime); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	ruleSamples, ruleErr := sl.ruleEngine.EvaluateRules(scrapeBatch, ts, sl.sampleMutator)
+	if ruleErr != nil {
+		err = ruleErr
+		return
+	}
+	var recordBuf []byte
+	for _, s := range ruleSamples {
+		recordBuf = recordBuf[:0]
+		added++
+		var (
+			ce *cacheEntry
+			ok bool
+		)
+		recordBytes := s.metric.Bytes(recordBuf)
+		ce, ok, _ = sl.cache.get(recordBytes)
+		if ok {
+			_, err = app.Append(ce.ref, s.metric, s.t, s.f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			var ref storage.SeriesRef
+			ref, err = app.Append(0, s.metric, s.t, s.f)
+			sl.cache.addRef(recordBytes, ref, s.metric, s.metric.Hash())
+			seriesAdded++
+		}
+	}
+
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/scrape/scrape_test.go b/scrape/scrape_test.go
index 6bb140cca8..0e09003d82 100644
--- a/scrape/scrape_test.go
+++ b/scrape/scrape_test.go
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ import (
 	"text/template"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
+
 	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/grafana/regexp"
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ func TestNewScrapePool(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		app   = &nopAppendable{}
 		cfg   = &config.ScrapeConfig{}
-		sp, _ = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+		sp, _ = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	)
 
 	a, ok := sp.appendable.(*nopAppendable)
@@ -339,7 +341,7 @@ func TestDroppedTargetsList(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		}
-		sp, _                  = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+		sp, _                  = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 		expectedLabelSetString = "{__address__=\"127.0.0.1:9090\", __scrape_interval__=\"0s\", __scrape_timeout__=\"0s\", job=\"dropMe\"}"
 		expectedLength         = 2
 	)
@@ -509,7 +511,7 @@ func TestScrapePoolReload(t *testing.T) {
 
 			mtx.Lock()
 			targetScraper := opts.scraper.(*targetScraper)
-			require.True(t, stopped[targetScraper.hash()], "Scrape loop for %v not stopped yet", targetScraper)
+			require.True(t, stopped[targetScraper.hash()], "Scrape loop for %f not stopped yet", targetScraper)
 			mtx.Unlock()
 		}
 		return l
@@ -778,7 +780,7 @@ func TestScrapePoolTargetLimit(t *testing.T) {
 func TestScrapePoolAppender(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.ScrapeConfig{}
 	app := &nopAppendable{}
-	sp, _ := newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, _ := newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 
 	loop := sp.newLoop(scrapeLoopOptions{
 		target: &Target{},
@@ -851,7 +853,7 @@ func TestScrapePoolRaces(t *testing.T) {
 	newConfig := func() *config.ScrapeConfig {
 		return &config.ScrapeConfig{ScrapeInterval: interval, ScrapeTimeout: timeout}
 	}
-	sp, _ := newScrapePool(newConfig(), &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, _ := newScrapePool(newConfig(), &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	tgts := []*targetgroup.Group{
 		{
 			Targets: []model.LabelSet{
@@ -937,35 +939,7 @@ func newBasicScrapeLoop(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, scraper scraper, app
 }
 
 func newBasicScrapeLoopWithFallback(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, scraper scraper, app func(ctx context.Context) storage.Appender, interval time.Duration, fallback string) *scrapeLoop {
-	return newScrapeLoop(ctx,
-		scraper,
-		nil, nil,
-		nopMutator,
-		nopMutator,
-		app,
-		nil,
-		labels.NewSymbolTable(),
-		0,
-		true,
-		false,
-		true,
-		0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax,
-		nil,
-		interval,
-		time.Hour,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		true,
-		nil,
-		false,
-		newTestScrapeMetrics(t),
-		false,
-		model.LegacyValidation,
-		fallback,
-	)
+	return newScrapeLoop(ctx, scraper, nil, nil, nopMutator, nopMutator, app, nopRuleEngine{}, nil, labels.NewSymbolTable(), 0, true, false, true, 0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax, nil, interval, time.Hour, false, false, false, false, false, true, nil, false, newTestScrapeMetrics(t), false, model.LegacyValidation, fallback)
 }
 
 func TestScrapeLoopStopBeforeRun(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1083,35 +1057,7 @@ func TestScrapeLoopRun(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	sl := newScrapeLoop(ctx,
-		scraper,
-		nil, nil,
-		nopMutator,
-		nopMutator,
-		app,
-		nil,
-		nil,
-		0,
-		true,
-		false,
-		true,
-		0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax,
-		nil,
-		time.Second,
-		time.Hour,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		nil,
-		false,
-		scrapeMetrics,
-		false,
-		model.LegacyValidation,
-		"",
-	)
+	sl := newScrapeLoop(ctx, scraper, nil, nil, nopMutator, nopMutator, app, nopRuleEngine{}, nil, nil, 0, true, false, true, 0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax, nil, time.Second, time.Hour, false, false, false, false, false, false, nil, false, scrapeMetrics, false, model.LegacyValidation, "")
 
 	// The loop must terminate during the initial offset if the context
 	// is canceled.
@@ -1230,35 +1176,7 @@ func TestScrapeLoopMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	defer close(signal)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	sl := newScrapeLoop(ctx,
-		scraper,
-		nil, nil,
-		nopMutator,
-		nopMutator,
-		func(_ context.Context) storage.Appender { return nopAppender{} },
-		cache,
-		labels.NewSymbolTable(),
-		0,
-		true,
-		false,
-		true,
-		0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax,
-		nil,
-		0,
-		0,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		false,
-		nil,
-		false,
-		scrapeMetrics,
-		false,
-		model.LegacyValidation,
-		"",
-	)
+	sl := newScrapeLoop(ctx, scraper, nil, nil, nopMutator, nopMutator, func(_ context.Context) storage.Appender { return nopAppender{} }, nopRuleEngine{}, cache, labels.NewSymbolTable(), 0, true, false, true, 0, 0, histogram.ExponentialSchemaMax, nil, 0, 0, false, false, false, false, false, false, nil, false, scrapeMetrics, false, model.LegacyValidation, "")
 	defer cancel()
 
 	slApp := sl.appender(ctx)
@@ -3382,7 +3300,7 @@ func TestReuseScrapeCache(t *testing.T) {
 			ScrapeInterval: model.Duration(5 * time.Second),
 			MetricsPath:    "/metrics",
 		}
-		sp, _ = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+		sp, _ = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 		t1    = &Target{
 			labels:       labels.FromStrings("labelNew", "nameNew", "labelNew1", "nameNew1", "labelNew2", "nameNew2"),
 			scrapeConfig: &config.ScrapeConfig{},
@@ -3567,7 +3485,7 @@ func TestReuseCacheRace(t *testing.T) {
 			MetricsPath:    "/metrics",
 		}
 		buffers = pool.New(1e3, 100e6, 3, func(sz int) interface{} { return make([]byte, 0, sz) })
-		sp, _   = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, buffers, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+		sp, _   = newScrapePool(cfg, app, 0, nil, buffers, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 		t1      = &Target{
 			labels:       labels.FromStrings("labelNew", "nameNew"),
 			scrapeConfig: &config.ScrapeConfig{},
@@ -3668,7 +3586,7 @@ func TestScrapeReportLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	ts, scrapedTwice := newScrapableServer("metric_a 44\nmetric_b 44\nmetric_c 44\nmetric_d 44\n")
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, s, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, s, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer sp.stop()
 
@@ -3724,7 +3642,7 @@ func TestScrapeUTF8(t *testing.T) {
 	ts, scrapedTwice := newScrapableServer("{\"with.dots\"} 42\n")
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, s, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, s, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer sp.stop()
 
@@ -3871,7 +3789,7 @@ func TestTargetScrapeIntervalAndTimeoutRelabel(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	sp, _ := newScrapePool(config, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, _ := newScrapePool(config, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	tgts := []*targetgroup.Group{
 		{
 			Targets: []model.LabelSet{{model.AddressLabel: "127.0.0.1:9090"}},
@@ -3953,7 +3871,7 @@ test_summary_count 199
 	ts, scrapedTwice := newScrapableServer(metricsText)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer sp.stop()
 
@@ -4297,7 +4215,7 @@ metric: <
 			foundLeValues[v] = true
 		}
 
-		require.Equal(t, len(expectedValues), len(foundLeValues), "unexpected number of label values, expected %v but found %v", expectedValues, foundLeValues)
+		require.Equal(t, len(expectedValues), len(foundLeValues), "unexpected number of label values, expected %f but found %f", expectedValues, foundLeValues)
 		for _, v := range expectedValues {
 			require.Contains(t, foundLeValues, v, "label value not found")
 		}
@@ -4455,7 +4373,7 @@ metric: <
 				}))
 				defer ts.Close()
 
-				sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, &Options{DiscoveryReloadInterval: model.Duration(10 * time.Millisecond), EnableNativeHistogramsIngestion: true}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+				sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{DiscoveryReloadInterval: model.Duration(10 * time.Millisecond), EnableNativeHistogramsIngestion: true}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				defer sp.stop()
 
@@ -4603,7 +4521,7 @@ func TestScrapeLoopCompression(t *testing.T) {
 				EnableCompression: tc.enableCompression,
 			}
 
-			sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+			sp, err := newScrapePool(config, simpleStorage, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			defer sp.stop()
 
@@ -4885,7 +4803,7 @@ scrape_configs:
 	s.DB.EnableNativeHistograms()
 	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
 
-	mng, err := NewManager(&Options{DiscoveryReloadInterval: model.Duration(10 * time.Millisecond), EnableNativeHistogramsIngestion: true}, nil, nil, s, reg)
+	mng, err := NewManager(&Options{DiscoveryReloadInterval: model.Duration(10 * time.Millisecond), EnableNativeHistogramsIngestion: true}, nil, nil, s, reg, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	cfg, err := config.Load(configStr, promslog.NewNopLogger())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -4928,7 +4846,7 @@ scrape_configs:
 		it := series.Iterator(nil)
 		for vt := it.Next(); vt != chunkenc.ValNone; vt = it.Next() {
 			if vt != chunkenc.ValHistogram {
-				// don't care about other samples
+				// don't care about other floats
 				continue
 			}
 			_, h := it.AtHistogram(nil)
@@ -4987,7 +4905,7 @@ func TestTargetScrapeConfigWithLabels(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+		sp, err := newScrapePool(cfg, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		t.Cleanup(sp.stop)
 
@@ -5138,7 +5056,7 @@ func TestScrapePoolScrapeAfterReload(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 
-	p, err := newScrapePool(cfg, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
+	p, err := newScrapePool(cfg, &nopAppendable{}, 0, nil, nil, nil, &Options{}, newTestScrapeMetrics(t))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	t.Cleanup(p.stop)
 
@@ -5153,3 +5071,224 @@ func TestScrapePoolScrapeAfterReload(t *testing.T) {
 
 	<-time.After(1 * time.Second)
 }
+
+func TestScrapeWithScrapeRules(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := time.Now()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		scrape          string
+		discoveryLabels []string
+		scrapeRules     []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig
+		relabelConfig   []*relabel.Config
+		expectedFloats  []floatSample
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "scrape rules without relabeling",
+			scrape: `
+metric{l1="1", l2="1"} 3
+metric{l1="1", l2="2"} 5`,
+			discoveryLabels: []string{"instance", "local"},
+			scrapeRules: []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+				{
+					Expr:   "sum by (l1) (metric)",
+					Record: "l1:metric:sum",
+				},
+			},
+			relabelConfig: nil,
+			expectedFloats: []floatSample{
+				{
+					metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric", "instance", "local", "l1", "1", "l2", "1"),
+					t:      ts.UnixMilli(),
+					f:      3,
+				},
+				{
+					metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric", "instance", "local", "l1", "1", "l2", "2"),
+					t:      ts.UnixMilli(),
+					f:      5,
+				},
+				{
+					metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "l1:metric:sum", "instance", "local", "l1", "1"),
+					t:      ts.UnixMilli(),
+					f:      8,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "scrape rules with relabeling on original series",
+			scrape: `
+metric{l1="1", l2="1"} 3
+metric{l1="1", l2="2"} 5`,
+			discoveryLabels: []string{"instance", "local"},
+			scrapeRules: []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+				{
+					Expr:   "sum by (l1) (metric)",
+					Record: "l1:metric:sum",
+				},
+			},
+			relabelConfig: []*relabel.Config{
+				{
+					SourceLabels: model.LabelNames{"__name__"},
+					Regex:        relabel.MustNewRegexp("metric"),
+					Action:       relabel.Drop,
+				},
+			},
+			expectedFloats: []floatSample{
+				{
+					metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "l1:metric:sum", "instance", "local", "l1", "1"),
+					t:      ts.UnixMilli(),
+					f:      8,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "scrape rules with relabeling on recorded series",
+			scrape: `
+metric{l1="1", l2="1"} 3
+metric{l1="1", l2="2"} 5`,
+			discoveryLabels: []string{"instance", "local"},
+			scrapeRules: []*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+				{
+					Expr:   "sum by (l1) (metric)",
+					Record: "l1:metric:sum",
+				},
+			},
+			relabelConfig: []*relabel.Config{
+				{
+					SourceLabels: model.LabelNames{"__name__"},
+					Regex:        relabel.MustNewRegexp("l1:metric:sum"),
+					Action:       relabel.Keep,
+				},
+				{
+					SourceLabels: model.LabelNames{"__name__"},
+					Regex:        relabel.MustNewRegexp("l1:metric:sum"),
+					Action:       relabel.Replace,
+					TargetLabel:  "__name__",
+					Replacement:  "relabeled_rule",
+				},
+			},
+			expectedFloats: []floatSample{
+				{
+					metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "relabeled_rule", "instance", "local", "l1", "1"),
+					t:      ts.UnixMilli(),
+					f:      8,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var (
+				app = &collectResultAppender{}
+				re  = newRuleEngine(test.scrapeRules, promql.NewEngine(
+					promql.EngineOpts{
+						MaxSamples: 500000,
+						Timeout:    30 * time.Second,
+					}),
+				)
+				target = &Target{
+					labels: labels.FromStrings(test.discoveryLabels...),
+				}
+			)
+			sl := newBasicScrapeLoop(t, context.Background(), nil, func(_ context.Context) storage.Appender { return app }, 0)
+			sl.sampleMutator = func(l labels.Labels) labels.Labels {
+				return mutateSampleLabels(l, target, false, test.relabelConfig)
+			}
+			sl.reportSampleMutator = func(l labels.Labels) labels.Labels {
+				return mutateReportSampleLabels(l, target)
+			}
+			sl.ruleEngine = re
+
+			slApp := sl.appender(context.Background())
+			_, _, _, err := sl.append(slApp, []byte(test.scrape), "text/plain", ts)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.NoError(t, slApp.Commit())
+			require.Len(t, app.resultFloats, len(test.expectedFloats))
+			for i := range app.resultFloats {
+				expected, actual := test.expectedFloats[i], app.resultFloats[i]
+				require.Equal(t, expected.metric.String(), actual.metric.String())
+				require.Equal(t, expected.t, actual.t)
+				require.Equal(t, expected.f, actual.f)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScrapeReportWithScrapeRules(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := time.Now()
+
+	scrapeRule := config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+		Expr:   "sum by (l1) (metric)",
+		Record: "l1:metric:sum",
+	}
+
+	scrape := `
+metric{l1="1", l2="1"} 3
+metric{l1="1", l2="2"} 5`
+
+	_, sl := simpleTestScrapeLoop(t)
+	sl.ruleEngine = newRuleEngine([]*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{&scrapeRule}, promql.NewEngine(
+		promql.EngineOpts{
+			MaxSamples: 500000,
+			Timeout:    30 * time.Second,
+		},
+	))
+
+	slApp := sl.appender(context.Background())
+	scraped, added, seriesAdded, err := sl.append(slApp, []byte(scrape), "text/plain", ts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, scraped)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, added)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, seriesAdded)
+
+	scraped, added, seriesAdded, err = sl.append(slApp, []byte(scrape), "text/plain", ts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, scraped)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, added)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, seriesAdded)
+}
+
+func TestScrapeReportWithScrapeRulesAndRelabeling(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := time.Now()
+
+	scrapeRule := config.ScrapeRuleConfig{
+		Expr:   "sum by (l1) (metric)",
+		Record: "l1:metric:sum",
+	}
+
+	scrape := `
+metric{l1="1", l2="1"} 3
+metric{l1="1", l2="2"} 5`
+
+	_, sl := simpleTestScrapeLoop(t)
+	sl.sampleMutator = func(l labels.Labels) labels.Labels {
+		return mutateSampleLabels(l, &Target{}, false, []*relabel.Config{
+			{
+				SourceLabels: model.LabelNames{"__name__"},
+				Regex:        relabel.MustNewRegexp("metric"),
+				Action:       relabel.Drop,
+			},
+		})
+	}
+	sl.ruleEngine = newRuleEngine([]*config.ScrapeRuleConfig{&scrapeRule}, promql.NewEngine(
+		promql.EngineOpts{
+			MaxSamples: 500000,
+			Timeout:    30 * time.Second,
+		},
+	))
+
+	slApp := sl.appender(context.Background())
+	scraped, added, seriesAdded, err := sl.append(slApp, []byte(scrape), "text/plain", ts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, scraped)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, added)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, seriesAdded)
+
+	scraped, added, seriesAdded, err = sl.append(slApp, []byte(scrape), "text/plain", ts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, scraped)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, added)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, seriesAdded)
+}