tsdb: in tests use labels.FromStrings

Replacing code which assumes the internal structure of `Labels`.

Signed-off-by: Bryan Boreham <bjboreham@gmail.com>

tsdb/block_test.go

@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@ func TestLabelValuesWithMatchers(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var seriesEntries []storage.Series
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{
+		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings(
-			{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+			"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-			{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
+		), []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
 	}
 
 	blockDir := createBlock(t, tmpdir, seriesEntries)
@@ -357,13 +357,11 @@ func BenchmarkLabelValuesWithMatchers(b *testing.B) {
 	var seriesEntries []storage.Series
 	metricCount := 1000000
 	for i := 0; i < metricCount; i++ {
-		// Note these series are not created in sort order: 'value2' sorts after 'value10'.
+		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings(
-		// This makes a big difference to the benchmark timing.
+			"a_unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{
+			"b_tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)),
-			{Name: "a_unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"c_ninety", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)/9), // "0" for the first 90%, then "1"
-			{Name: "b_tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10))},
+		), []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
-			{Name: "c_ninety", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)/9)}, // "0" for the first 90%, then "1"
-		}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
 	}
 
 	blockDir := createBlock(b, tmpdir, seriesEntries)
@@ -397,23 +395,23 @@ func TestLabelNamesWithMatchers(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var seriesEntries []storage.Series
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{
+		seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings(
-			{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
+		), []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
 
 		if i%10 == 0 {
-			seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{
+			seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings(
-				{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+				"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-				{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+				"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-			}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
+			), []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
 		}
 
 		if i%20 == 0 {
-			seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{
+			seriesEntries = append(seriesEntries, storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings(
-				{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+				"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-				{Name: "twenties", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/20)},
+				"twenties", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/20),
-				{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+				"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-			}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
+			), []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{100, 0}}))
 		}
 
 	}

tsdb/blockwriter_test.go

@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ func TestBlockWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	// Add some series.
 	app := w.Appender(ctx)
 	ts1, v1 := int64(44), float64(7)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, ts1, v1)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), ts1, v1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	ts2, v2 := int64(55), float64(12)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "c", Value: "d"}}, ts2, v2)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("c", "d"), ts2, v2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	id, err := w.Flush(ctx)

tsdb/db_test.go

@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func TestDBAppenderAddRef(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Reference should already work before commit.
-	ref2, err := app1.Append(ref1, nil, 124, 1)
+	ref2, err := app1.Append(ref1, labels.EmptyLabels(), 124, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, ref1, ref2)
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ func TestDBAppenderAddRef(t *testing.T) {
 	app2 := db.Appender(ctx)
 
 	// first ref should already work in next transaction.
-	ref3, err := app2.Append(ref1, nil, 125, 0)
+	ref3, err := app2.Append(ref1, labels.EmptyLabels(), 125, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, ref1, ref3)
 
@@ -309,12 +309,12 @@ func TestDBAppenderAddRef(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ref1, ref4)
 
 	// Reference must be valid to add another sample.
-	ref5, err := app2.Append(ref2, nil, 143, 2)
+	ref5, err := app2.Append(ref2, labels.EmptyLabels(), 143, 2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, ref1, ref5)
 
 	// Missing labels & invalid refs should fail.
-	_, err = app2.Append(9999999, nil, 1, 1)
+	_, err = app2.Append(9999999, labels.EmptyLabels(), 1, 1)
 	require.Equal(t, ErrInvalidSample, errors.Cause(err))
 
 	require.NoError(t, app2.Commit())
@@ -347,8 +347,8 @@ func TestAppendEmptyLabelsIgnored(t *testing.T) {
 	ref1, err := app1.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 123, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	// Construct labels manually so there is an empty label.
+	// Add with empty label.
-	ref2, err := app1.Append(0, labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "a", Value: "b"}, labels.Label{Name: "c", Value: ""}}, 124, 0)
+	ref2, err := app1.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b", "c", ""), 124, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Should be the same series.
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ Outer:
 		smpls := make([]float64, numSamples)
 		for i := int64(0); i < numSamples; i++ {
 			smpls[i] = rand.Float64()
-			app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, i, smpls[i])
+			app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), i, smpls[i])
 		}
 
 		require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -456,12 +456,12 @@ func TestAmendDatapointCausesError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, 0)
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
 	app = db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, 1)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, 1)
 	require.Equal(t, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Rollback())
 }
@@ -474,12 +474,12 @@ func TestDuplicateNaNDatapointNoAmendError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, math.NaN())
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, math.NaN())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
 	app = db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, math.NaN())
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, math.NaN())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -491,12 +491,12 @@ func TestNonDuplicateNaNDatapointsCausesAmendError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, math.Float64frombits(0x7ff0000000000001))
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, math.Float64frombits(0x7ff0000000000001))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
 	app = db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, math.Float64frombits(0x7ff0000000000002))
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, math.Float64frombits(0x7ff0000000000002))
 	require.Equal(t, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp, err)
 }
 
@@ -522,9 +522,9 @@ func TestSkippingInvalidValuesInSameTxn(t *testing.T) {
 	// Append AmendedValue.
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, 1)
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 0, 2)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 0, 2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
@@ -540,9 +540,9 @@ func TestSkippingInvalidValuesInSameTxn(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Append Out of Order Value.
 	app = db.Appender(ctx)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 10, 3)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 10, 3)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 7, 5)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 7, 5)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ func TestDB_SnapshotWithDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	smpls := make([]float64, numSamples)
 	for i := int64(0); i < numSamples; i++ {
 		smpls[i] = rand.Float64()
-		app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, i, smpls[i])
+		app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), i, smpls[i])
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ func TestDB_e2e(t *testing.T) {
 		timeInterval  = int64(3)
 	)
 	// Create 8 series with 1000 data-points of different ranges and run queries.
-	lbls := []labels.Labels{
+	lbls := [][]labels.Label{
 		{
 			{Name: "a", Value: "b"},
 			{Name: "instance", Value: "localhost:9090"},
@@ -845,8 +845,9 @@ func TestDB_e2e(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, qry := range queries {
 		matched := labels.Slice{}
-		for _, ls := range lbls {
+		for _, l := range lbls {
 			s := labels.Selector(qry.ms)
+			ls := labels.New(l...)
 			if s.Matches(ls) {
 				matched = append(matched, ls)
 			}
@@ -899,7 +900,7 @@ func TestWALFlushedOnDBClose(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dirDb := db.Dir()
 
-	lbls := labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "labelname", Value: "labelvalue"}}
+	lbls := labels.FromStrings("labelname", "labelvalue")
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
@@ -981,10 +982,10 @@ func TestWALSegmentSizeOptions(t *testing.T) {
 
 			for i := int64(0); i < 155; i++ {
 				app := db.Appender(context.Background())
-				ref, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "wal" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), Value: "size"}}, i, rand.Float64())
+				ref, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("wal"+fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), "size"), i, rand.Float64())
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				for j := int64(1); j <= 78; j++ {
-					_, err := app.Append(ref, nil, i+j, rand.Float64())
+					_, err := app.Append(ref, labels.EmptyLabels(), i+j, rand.Float64())
 					require.NoError(t, err)
 				}
 				require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -1094,7 +1095,7 @@ func TestTombstoneClean(t *testing.T) {
 	smpls := make([]float64, numSamples)
 	for i := int64(0); i < numSamples; i++ {
 		smpls[i] = rand.Float64()
-		app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, i, smpls[i])
+		app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), i, smpls[i])
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -1188,7 +1189,7 @@ func TestTombstoneCleanResultEmptyBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	smpls := make([]float64, numSamples)
 	for i := int64(0); i < numSamples; i++ {
 		smpls[i] = rand.Float64()
-		app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, i, smpls[i])
+		app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), i, smpls[i])
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -2134,8 +2135,9 @@ func TestCorrectNumTombstones(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	blockRange := db.compactor.(*LeveledCompactor).ranges[0]
-	defaultLabel := labels.FromStrings("foo", "bar")
+	name, value := "foo", "bar"
-	defaultMatcher := labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, defaultLabel[0].Name, defaultLabel[0].Value)
+	defaultLabel := labels.FromStrings(name, value)
+	defaultMatcher := labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, name, value)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
@@ -2192,7 +2194,7 @@ func TestBlockRanges(t *testing.T) {
 	rangeToTriggerCompaction := db.compactor.(*LeveledCompactor).ranges[0]/2*3 + 1
 
 	app := db.Appender(ctx)
-	lbl := labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}
+	lbl := labels.FromStrings("a", "b")
 	_, err = app.Append(0, lbl, firstBlockMaxT-1, rand.Float64())
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("appending a sample with a timestamp covered by a previous block shouldn't be possible")
@@ -3042,7 +3044,7 @@ func TestOneCheckpointPerCompactCall(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Case 1: Lot's of uncompacted data in Head.
 
-	lbls := labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "foo_d", Value: "choco_bar"}}
+	lbls := labels.FromStrings("foo_d", "choco_bar")
 	// Append samples spanning 59 block ranges.
 	app := db.Appender(context.Background())
 	for i := int64(0); i < 60; i++ {
@@ -3199,7 +3201,7 @@ func testQuerierShouldNotPanicIfHeadChunkIsTruncatedWhileReadingQueriedChunks(t
 	// Generate the metrics we're going to append.
 	metrics := make([]labels.Labels, 0, numSeries)
 	for i := 0; i < numSeries; i++ {
-		metrics = append(metrics, labels.Labels{{Name: labels.MetricName, Value: fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i)}})
+		metrics = append(metrics, labels.FromStrings(labels.MetricName, fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i)))
 	}
 
 	// Push 1 sample every 15s for 2x the block duration period.
@@ -3335,7 +3337,7 @@ func testChunkQuerierShouldNotPanicIfHeadChunkIsTruncatedWhileReadingQueriedChun
 	// Generate the metrics we're going to append.
 	metrics := make([]labels.Labels, 0, numSeries)
 	for i := 0; i < numSeries; i++ {
-		metrics = append(metrics, labels.Labels{{Name: labels.MetricName, Value: fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i)}})
+		metrics = append(metrics, labels.FromStrings(labels.MetricName, fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i)))
 	}
 
 	// Push 1 sample every 15s for 2x the block duration period.

tsdb/exemplar_test.go

@@ -38,16 +38,9 @@ func TestValidateExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l := labels.Labels{
+	l := labels.FromStrings("service", "asdf")
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
-	}
 	e := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "qwerty"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "qwerty",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     1,
 	}
@@ -56,12 +49,7 @@ func TestValidateExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, es.AddExemplar(l, e))
 
 	e2 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "zxcvb"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "zxcvb",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     2,
 	}
@@ -80,12 +68,7 @@ func TestValidateExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, es.ValidateExemplar(l, e3), storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar)
 
 	e4 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("a", strings.Repeat("b", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength)),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "a",
-				Value: strings.Repeat("b", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength),
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     2,
 	}
@@ -97,16 +80,9 @@ func TestAddExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l := labels.Labels{
+	l := labels.FromStrings("service", "asdf")
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
-	}
 	e := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "qwerty"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "qwerty",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     1,
 	}
@@ -115,12 +91,7 @@ func TestAddExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, es.index[string(l.Bytes(nil))].newest, 0, "exemplar was not stored correctly")
 
 	e2 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "zxcvb"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "zxcvb",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     2,
 	}
@@ -140,12 +111,7 @@ func TestAddExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar, es.AddExemplar(l, e3))
 
 	e4 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("a", strings.Repeat("b", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength)),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "a",
-				Value: strings.Repeat("b", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength),
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     2,
 	}
@@ -160,19 +126,13 @@ func TestStorageOverflow(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l := labels.Labels{
+	lName, lValue := "service", "asdf"
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
+	l := labels.FromStrings(lName, lValue)
-	}
 
 	var eList []exemplar.Exemplar
 	for i := 0; i < len(es.exemplars)+1; i++ {
 		e := exemplar.Exemplar{
-			Labels: labels.Labels{
+			Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "a"),
-				labels.Label{
-					Name:  "traceID",
-					Value: "a",
-				},
-			},
 			Value:  float64(i+1) / 10,
 			Ts:     int64(101 + i),
 		}
@@ -181,7 +141,7 @@ func TestStorageOverflow(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	require.True(t, (es.exemplars[0].exemplar.Ts == 106), "exemplar was not stored correctly")
 
-	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l[0].Name, l[0].Value)
+	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lName, lValue)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "error creating label matcher for exemplar query")
 	ret, err := es.Select(100, 110, []*labels.Matcher{m})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -195,14 +155,10 @@ func TestSelectExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l := labels.Labels{{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"}}
+	lName, lValue := "service", "asdf"
+	l := labels.FromStrings(lName, lValue)
 	e := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "querty"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "qwerty",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     12,
 	}
@@ -211,7 +167,7 @@ func TestSelectExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err, "adding exemplar failed")
 	require.True(t, reflect.DeepEqual(es.exemplars[0].exemplar, e), "exemplar was not stored correctly")
 
-	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l[0].Name, l[0].Value)
+	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lName, lValue)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "error creating label matcher for exemplar query")
 	ret, err := es.Select(0, 100, []*labels.Matcher{m})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -226,23 +182,14 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_MultiSeries(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l1 := labels.Labels{
+	l1Name := "test_metric"
-		{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"},
+	l1 := labels.FromStrings(labels.MetricName, l1Name, "service", "asdf")
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
+	l2Name := "test_metric2"
-	}
+	l2 := labels.FromStrings(labels.MetricName, l2Name, "service", "qwer")
-	l2 := labels.Labels{
-		{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric2"},
-		{Name: "service", Value: "qwer"},
-	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < len(es.exemplars); i++ {
 		e1 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-			Labels: labels.Labels{
+			Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "a"),
-				labels.Label{
-					Name:  "traceID",
-					Value: "a",
-				},
-			},
 			Value:  float64(i+1) / 10,
 			Ts:     int64(101 + i),
 		}
@@ -250,12 +197,7 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_MultiSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		e2 := exemplar.Exemplar{
-			Labels: labels.Labels{
+			Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "b"),
-				labels.Label{
-					Name:  "traceID",
-					Value: "b",
-				},
-			},
 			Value:  float64(i+1) / 10,
 			Ts:     int64(101 + i),
 		}
@@ -263,14 +205,14 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_MultiSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 
-	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l2[0].Name, l2[0].Value)
+	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, labels.MetricName, l2Name)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "error creating label matcher for exemplar query")
 	ret, err := es.Select(100, 200, []*labels.Matcher{m})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.True(t, len(ret) == 1, "select should have returned samples for a single series only")
 	require.True(t, len(ret[0].Exemplars) == 3, "didn't get expected 8 exemplars, got %d", len(ret[0].Exemplars))
 
-	m, err = labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l1[0].Name, l1[0].Value)
+	m, err = labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, labels.MetricName, l1Name)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "error creating label matcher for exemplar query")
 	ret, err = es.Select(100, 200, []*labels.Matcher{m})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -284,18 +226,12 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_TimeRange(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l := labels.Labels{
+	lName, lValue := "service", "asdf"
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
+	l := labels.FromStrings(lName, lValue)
-	}
 
 	for i := 0; int64(i) < lenEs; i++ {
 		err := es.AddExemplar(l, exemplar.Exemplar{
-			Labels: labels.Labels{
+			Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", strconv.Itoa(i)),
-				labels.Label{
-					Name:  "traceID",
-					Value: strconv.Itoa(i),
-				},
-			},
 			Value:  0.1,
 			Ts:     int64(101 + i),
 		})
@@ -303,7 +239,7 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_TimeRange(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, es.index[string(l.Bytes(nil))].newest, i, "exemplar was not stored correctly")
 	}
 
-	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l[0].Name, l[0].Value)
+	m, err := labels.NewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lName, lValue)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "error creating label matcher for exemplar query")
 	ret, err := es.Select(102, 104, []*labels.Matcher{m})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -319,29 +255,23 @@ func TestSelectExemplar_DuplicateSeries(t *testing.T) {
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
 	e := exemplar.Exemplar{
-		Labels: labels.Labels{
+		Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", "qwerty"),
-			labels.Label{
-				Name:  "traceID",
-				Value: "qwerty",
-			},
-		},
 		Value:  0.1,
 		Ts:     12,
 	}
 
-	l := labels.Labels{
+	lName0, lValue0 := "service", "asdf"
-		{Name: "cluster", Value: "us-central1"},
+	lName1, lValue1 := "cluster", "us-central1"
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
+	l := labels.FromStrings(lName0, lValue0, lName1, lValue1)
-	}
 
 	// Lets just assume somehow the PromQL expression generated two separate lists of matchers,
 	// both of which can select this particular series.
 	m := [][]*labels.Matcher{
 		{
-			labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l[0].Name, l[0].Value),
+			labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lName0, lValue0),
 		},
 		{
-			labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, l[1].Name, l[1].Value),
+			labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lName1, lValue1),
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -359,13 +289,8 @@ func TestIndexOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
 
-	l1 := labels.Labels{
+	l1 := labels.FromStrings("service", "asdf")
-		{Name: "service", Value: "asdf"},
+	l2 := labels.FromStrings("service", "qwer")
-	}
-
-	l2 := labels.Labels{
-		{Name: "service", Value: "qwer"},
-	}
 
 	err = es.AddExemplar(l1, exemplar.Exemplar{Value: 1, Ts: 1})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -488,7 +413,7 @@ func TestResize(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkAddExemplar(b *testing.B) {
 	// We need to include these labels since we do length calculation
 	// before adding.
-	exLabels := labels.Labels{{Name: "traceID", Value: "89620921"}}
+	exLabels := labels.FromStrings("traceID", "89620921")
 
 	for _, n := range []int{10000, 100000, 1000000} {
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", n), func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -497,12 +422,12 @@ func BenchmarkAddExemplar(b *testing.B) {
 				exs, err := NewCircularExemplarStorage(int64(n), eMetrics)
 				require.NoError(b, err)
 				es := exs.(*CircularExemplarStorage)
-				l := labels.Labels{{Name: "service", Value: strconv.Itoa(0)}}
+				var l labels.Labels
 				b.StartTimer()
 
 				for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 					if i%100 == 0 {
-						l = labels.Labels{{Name: "service", Value: strconv.Itoa(i)}}
+						l = labels.FromStrings("service", strconv.Itoa(i))
 					}
 					err = es.AddExemplar(l, exemplar.Exemplar{Value: float64(i), Ts: int64(i), Labels: exLabels})
 					if err != nil {

tsdb/head_test.go

@@ -813,6 +813,7 @@ func TestHeadDeleteSimple(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	smplsAll := buildSmpls([]int64{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
 	lblDefault := labels.Label{Name: "a", Value: "b"}
+	lblsDefault := labels.FromStrings("a", "b")
 
 	cases := []struct {
 		dranges    tombstones.Intervals
@@ -860,7 +861,7 @@ func TestHeadDeleteSimple(t *testing.T) {
 
 				app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 				for _, smpl := range smplsAll {
-					_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{lblDefault}, smpl.t, smpl.v)
+					_, err := app.Append(0, lblsDefault, smpl.t, smpl.v)
 					require.NoError(t, err)
 
 				}
@@ -874,7 +875,7 @@ func TestHeadDeleteSimple(t *testing.T) {
 				// Add more samples.
 				app = head.Appender(context.Background())
 				for _, smpl := range c.addSamples {
-					_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{lblDefault}, smpl.t, smpl.v)
+					_, err := app.Append(0, lblsDefault, smpl.t, smpl.v)
 					require.NoError(t, err)
 
 				}
@@ -898,7 +899,7 @@ func TestHeadDeleteSimple(t *testing.T) {
 					actSeriesSet := q.Select(false, nil, labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, lblDefault.Name, lblDefault.Value))
 					require.NoError(t, q.Close())
 					expSeriesSet := newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-						storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{lblDefault}, func() []tsdbutil.Sample {
+						storage.NewListSeries(lblsDefault, func() []tsdbutil.Sample {
 							ss := make([]tsdbutil.Sample, 0, len(c.smplsExp))
 							for _, s := range c.smplsExp {
 								ss = append(ss, s)
@@ -946,7 +947,7 @@ func TestDeleteUntilCurMax(t *testing.T) {
 	smpls := make([]float64, numSamples)
 	for i := int64(0); i < numSamples; i++ {
 		smpls[i] = rand.Float64()
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, i, smpls[i])
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), i, smpls[i])
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -967,7 +968,7 @@ func TestDeleteUntilCurMax(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Add again and test for presence.
 	app = hb.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 11, 1)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 11, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	q, err = NewBlockQuerier(hb, 0, 100000)
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@ func TestDeletedSamplesAndSeriesStillInWALAfterCheckpoint(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for i := 0; i < numSamples; i++ {
 		app := hb.Appender(context.Background())
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, int64(i), 0)
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), int64(i), 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	}
@@ -1392,9 +1393,7 @@ func TestGCChunkAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, idx.Series(1, &lset, &chunks))
 
-	require.Equal(t, labels.Labels{{
+	require.Equal(t, labels.FromStrings("a", "1"), lset)
-		Name: "a", Value: "1",
-	}}, lset)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(chunks))
 
 	cr, err := h.chunksRange(0, 1500, nil)
@@ -1446,9 +1445,7 @@ func TestGCSeriesAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, idx.Series(1, &lset, &chunks))
 
-	require.Equal(t, labels.Labels{{
+	require.Equal(t, labels.FromStrings("a", "1"), lset)
-		Name: "a", Value: "1",
-	}}, lset)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(chunks))
 
 	cr, err := h.chunksRange(0, 2000, nil)
@@ -1724,7 +1721,7 @@ func TestNewWalSegmentOnTruncate(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	add := func(ts int64) {
 		app := h.Appender(context.Background())
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, ts, 0)
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), ts, 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	}
@@ -1760,9 +1757,9 @@ func TestAddDuplicateLabelName(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf(`label name "%s" is not unique: invalid sample`, labelName), err.Error())
 	}
 
-	add(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "c"}, {Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, "a")
+	add(labels.FromStrings("a", "c", "a", "b"), "a")
-	add(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "c"}, {Name: "a", Value: "c"}}, "a")
+	add(labels.FromStrings("a", "c", "a", "c"), "a")
-	add(labels.Labels{{Name: "__name__", Value: "up"}, {Name: "job", Value: "prometheus"}, {Name: "le", Value: "500"}, {Name: "le", Value: "400"}, {Name: "unit", Value: "s"}}, "le")
+	add(labels.FromStrings("__name__", "up", "job", "prometheus", "le", "500", "le", "400", "unit", "s"), "le")
 }
 
 func TestMemSeriesIsolation(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2144,7 +2141,7 @@ func testHeadSeriesChunkRace(t *testing.T) {
 	s2, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("foo2", "bar"), 5, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	for ts := int64(6); ts < 11; ts++ {
-		_, err = app.Append(s2, nil, ts, 0)
+		_, err = app.Append(s2, labels.EmptyLabels(), ts, 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -2191,7 +2188,7 @@ func TestHeadLabelNamesValuesWithMinMaxRange(t *testing.T) {
 
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 	for i, name := range expectedLabelNames {
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: name, Value: expectedLabelValues[i]}}, seriesTimestamps[i], 0)
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(name, expectedLabelValues[i]), seriesTimestamps[i], 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -2234,10 +2231,10 @@ func TestHeadLabelValuesWithMatchers(t *testing.T) {
 
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(
-			{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+			"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-			{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		}, 100, 0)
+		), 100, 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -2295,25 +2292,25 @@ func TestHeadLabelNamesWithMatchers(t *testing.T) {
 
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(
-			{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		}, 100, 0)
+		), 100, 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		if i%10 == 0 {
-			_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{
+			_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(
-				{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+				"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-				{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+				"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-			}, 100, 0)
+			), 100, 0)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 		}
 
 		if i%20 == 0 {
-			_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{
+			_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(
-				{Name: "tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10)},
+				"tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/10),
-				{Name: "twenties", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/20)},
+				"twenties", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/20),
-				{Name: "unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+				"unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-			}, 100, 0)
+			), 100, 0)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -2362,28 +2359,28 @@ func TestErrReuseAppender(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "test", Value: "test"}}, 0, 0)
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("test", "test"), 0, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	require.Error(t, app.Commit())
 	require.Error(t, app.Rollback())
 
 	app = head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "test", Value: "test"}}, 1, 0)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("test", "test"), 1, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Rollback())
 	require.Error(t, app.Rollback())
 	require.Error(t, app.Commit())
 
 	app = head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "test", Value: "test"}}, 2, 0)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("test", "test"), 2, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 	require.Error(t, app.Rollback())
 	require.Error(t, app.Commit())
 
 	app = head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "test", Value: "test"}}, 3, 0)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("test", "test"), 3, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Rollback())
 	require.Error(t, app.Commit())
@@ -2395,11 +2392,11 @@ func TestHeadMintAfterTruncation(t *testing.T) {
 	head, _ := newTestHead(t, chunkRange, false)
 
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 100, 100)
+	_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 100, 100)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 4000, 200)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 4000, 200)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 8000, 300)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 8000, 300)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 
@@ -2433,7 +2430,7 @@ func TestHeadExemplars(t *testing.T) {
 	// It is perfectly valid to add Exemplars before the current start time -
 	// histogram buckets that haven't been update in a while could still be
 	// exported exemplars from an hour ago.
-	ref, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}, 100, 100)
+	ref, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("a", "b"), 100, 100)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = app.AppendExemplar(ref, l, exemplar.Exemplar{
 		Labels: l,
@@ -2455,13 +2452,11 @@ func BenchmarkHeadLabelValuesWithMatchers(b *testing.B) {
 
 	metricCount := 1000000
 	for i := 0; i < metricCount; i++ {
-		// Note these series are not created in sort order: 'value2' sorts after 'value10'.
+		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings(
-		// This makes a big difference to the benchmark timing.
+			"a_unique", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i),
-		_, err := app.Append(0, labels.Labels{
+			"b_tens", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)),
-			{Name: "a_unique", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)},
+			"c_ninety", fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)/9), // "0" for the first 90%, then "1"
-			{Name: "b_tens", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10))},
+		), 100, 0)
-			{Name: "c_ninety", Value: fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i/(metricCount/10)/9)}, // "0" for the first 90%, then "1"
-		}, 100, 0)
 		require.NoError(b, err)
 	}
 	require.NoError(b, app.Commit())
@@ -2779,7 +2774,7 @@ func TestChunkSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 		e := ex{
 			seriesLabels: lbls,
 			e: exemplar.Exemplar{
-				Labels: labels.Labels{{Name: "traceID", Value: fmt.Sprintf("%d", rand.Int())}},
+				Labels: labels.FromStrings("traceID", fmt.Sprintf("%d", rand.Int())),
 				Value:  rand.Float64(),
 				Ts:     ts,
 			},
@@ -2851,7 +2846,7 @@ func TestChunkSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 		// Add some initial samples with >=1 m-map chunk.
 		app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 		for i := 1; i <= numSeries; i++ {
-			lbls := labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "foo", Value: fmt.Sprintf("bar%d", i)}}
+			lbls := labels.FromStrings("foo", fmt.Sprintf("bar%d", i))
 			lblStr := lbls.String()
 			// Should m-map at least 1 chunk.
 			for ts := int64(1); ts <= 200; ts++ {
@@ -2912,7 +2907,7 @@ func TestChunkSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 		// Add more samples.
 		app := head.Appender(context.Background())
 		for i := 1; i <= numSeries; i++ {
-			lbls := labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "foo", Value: fmt.Sprintf("bar%d", i)}}
+			lbls := labels.FromStrings("foo", fmt.Sprintf("bar%d", i))
 			lblStr := lbls.String()
 			// Should m-map at least 1 chunk.
 			for ts := int64(201); ts <= 400; ts++ {
@@ -3009,7 +3004,7 @@ func TestSnapshotError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Add a sample.
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
-	lbls := labels.Labels{labels.Label{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}}
+	lbls := labels.FromStrings("foo", "bar")
 	_, err := app.Append(0, lbls, 99, 99)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -3078,11 +3073,11 @@ func TestChunkSnapshotReplayBug(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		seriesRec := record.RefSeries{
 			Ref: ref,
-			Labels: labels.Labels{
+			Labels: labels.FromStrings(
-				{Name: "__name__", Value: "request_duration"},
+				"__name__", "request_duration",
-				{Name: "status_code", Value: "200"},
+				"status_code", "200",
-				{Name: "foo", Value: fmt.Sprintf("baz%d", rand.Int())},
+				"foo", fmt.Sprintf("baz%d", rand.Int()),
-			},
+			),
 		}
 		// Add a sample so that the series is not garbage collected.
 		samplesRec := record.RefSample{Ref: ref, T: 1000, V: 1000}
@@ -3149,7 +3144,7 @@ func TestChunkSnapshotTakenAfterIncompleteSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Add some samples for the snapshot.
 	app := head.Appender(context.Background())
-	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.Labels{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}}, 10, 10)
+	_, err = app.Append(0, labels.FromStrings("foo", "bar"), 10, 10)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
 

tsdb/querier_test.go

@@ -275,24 +275,24 @@ func TestBlockQuerier(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: math.MaxInt64,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, "a", ".*")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}, sample{5, 1}, sample{6, 7}, sample{7, 2}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 1}, sample{6, 7}, sample{7, 2}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -302,18 +302,18 @@ func TestBlockQuerier(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: 6,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "a")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -326,19 +326,19 @@ func TestBlockQuerier(t *testing.T) {
 			hints: &storage.SelectHints{Start: 2, End: 6, DisableTrimming: true},
 			ms:    []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "a")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}},
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}},
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
@@ -352,18 +352,18 @@ func TestBlockQuerier(t *testing.T) {
 			hints: &storage.SelectHints{Start: 5, End: 6, DisableTrimming: true},
 			ms:    []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "a")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -411,24 +411,24 @@ func TestBlockQuerier_AgainstHeadWithOpenChunks(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: math.MaxInt64,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, "a", ".*")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}, sample{5, 1}, sample{6, 7}, sample{7, 2}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 2}, sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 1}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}, sample{5, 1}, sample{6, 7}, sample{7, 2}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -438,18 +438,18 @@ func TestBlockQuerier_AgainstHeadWithOpenChunks(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: 6,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "a")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 3}, sample{3, 4}, sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 3}, sample{5, 3}, sample{6, 6}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -552,24 +552,24 @@ func TestBlockQuerierDelete(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: math.MaxInt64,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, "a", ".*")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}, sample{5, 1}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}, sample{7, 4}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{1, 3}, sample{2, 2}, sample{3, 6}}, []tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 1}},
 				),
 			}),
@@ -579,18 +579,18 @@ func TestBlockQuerierDelete(t *testing.T) {
 			maxt: 6,
 			ms:   []*labels.Matcher{labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "a")},
 			exp: newMockSeriesSet([]storage.Series{
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListSeries(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}},
 				),
 			}),
 			expChks: newMockChunkSeriesSet([]storage.ChunkSeries{
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 2}, sample{6, 3}},
 				),
-				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.Labels{{Name: "a", Value: "a"}, {Name: "b", Value: "b"}},
+				storage.NewListChunkSeriesFromSamples(labels.FromStrings("a", "a", "b", "b"),
 					[]tsdbutil.Sample{sample{5, 3}},
 				),
 			}),

tsdb/repair_test.go

@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ func TestRepairBadIndexVersion(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.NoError(t, p.Err())
 	require.Equal(t, []labels.Labels{
-		{{Name: "a", Value: "1"}, {Name: "b", Value: "1"}},
+		labels.FromStrings("a", "1", "b", "1"),
-		{{Name: "a", Value: "2"}, {Name: "b", Value: "1"}},
+		labels.FromStrings("a", "2", "b", "1"),
 	}, res)
 
 	meta, _, err := readMetaFile(tmpDbDir)