new interning format based on []string indeces

Co-authored-by: bwplotka <bwplotka@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Nicolás Pazos <npazosmendez@gmail.com>

prompb/custom.go

@@ -167,3 +167,134 @@ func (m *MinimizedTimeSeries) OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, e
 	}
 	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
 }
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) OptimizedMarshal(dst []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	siz := m.Size()
+	if cap(dst) < siz {
+		dst = make([]byte, siz)
+	}
+	dst = dst[:siz]
+
+	n, err := m.OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer(dst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return (dst)[:n], nil
+}
+
+// OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer is mostly a copy of the generated MarshalToSizedBuffer,
+// but calls OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer on the timeseries.
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	if len(m.Symbols) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Symbols) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			i -= len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			copy(dAtA[i:], m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])))
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x22
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Timeseries) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Timeseries) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Timeseries[iNdEx].OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0xa
+		}
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}
+
+// OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer is mostly a copy of the generated MarshalToSizedBuffer,
+// but marshals m.LabelSymbols in place without extra allocations.
+func (m *MinimizedTimeSeriesStr) OptimizedMarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	if len(m.Histograms) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Histograms) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Histograms[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintTypes(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x22
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Exemplars) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Exemplars) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Exemplars[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintTypes(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x1a
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Samples) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Samples) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Samples[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintTypes(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x12
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(m.LabelSymbols) > 0 {
+		// This is the trick: encode the varints in reverse order to make it easier
+		// to do it in place. Then reverse the whole thing.
+		var j10 int
+		start := i
+		for _, num := range m.LabelSymbols {
+			for num >= 1<<7 {
+				dAtA[i-1] = uint8(uint64(num)&0x7f | 0x80)
+				num >>= 7
+				i--
+				j10++
+			}
+			dAtA[i-1] = uint8(num)
+			i--
+			j10++
+		}
+		slices.Reverse(dAtA[i:start])
+		// --- end of trick
+
+		i = encodeVarintTypes(dAtA, i, uint64(j10))
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0xa
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}

prompb/remote.pb.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func (x ReadRequest_ResponseType) String() string {
 }
 
 func (ReadRequest_ResponseType) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{3, 0}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{5, 0}
 }
 
 type WriteRequest struct {
@@ -232,6 +232,116 @@ func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestLen) GetSymbols() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
+type MinimizedWriteRequestStr struct {
+	Timeseries           []MinimizedTimeSeriesStr `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=timeseries,proto3" json:"timeseries"`
+	Symbols              []string                 `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=symbols,proto3" json:"symbols,omitempty"`
+	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}                 `json:"-"`
+	XXX_unrecognized     []byte                   `json:"-"`
+	XXX_sizecache        int32                    `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) Reset()         { *m = MinimizedWriteRequestStr{} }
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
+func (*MinimizedWriteRequestStr) ProtoMessage()    {}
+func (*MinimizedWriteRequestStr) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{3}
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
+	return m.Unmarshal(b)
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if deterministic {
+		return xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStr.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
+	} else {
+		b = b[:cap(b)]
+		n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b[:n], nil
+	}
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
+	xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStr.Merge(m, src)
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) XXX_Size() int {
+	return m.Size()
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
+	xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStr.DiscardUnknown(m)
+}
+
+var xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStr proto.InternalMessageInfo
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) GetTimeseries() []MinimizedTimeSeriesStr {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Timeseries
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) GetSymbols() []string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Symbols
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed struct {
+	Timeseries           []MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=timeseries,proto3" json:"timeseries"`
+	Symbols              []string                      `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=symbols,proto3" json:"symbols,omitempty"`
+	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}                      `json:"-"`
+	XXX_unrecognized     []byte                        `json:"-"`
+	XXX_sizecache        int32                         `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) Reset()         { *m = MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed{} }
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
+func (*MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) ProtoMessage()    {}
+func (*MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{4}
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
+	return m.Unmarshal(b)
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if deterministic {
+		return xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
+	} else {
+		b = b[:cap(b)]
+		n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b[:n], nil
+	}
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
+	xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed.Merge(m, src)
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) XXX_Size() int {
+	return m.Size()
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
+	xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed.DiscardUnknown(m)
+}
+
+var xxx_messageInfo_MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed proto.InternalMessageInfo
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) GetTimeseries() []MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Timeseries
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) GetSymbols() []string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Symbols
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ReadRequest represents a remote read request.
 type ReadRequest struct {
 	Queries []*Query `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=queries,proto3" json:"queries,omitempty"`
@@ -250,7 +360,7 @@ func (m *ReadRequest) Reset()         { *m = ReadRequest{} }
 func (m *ReadRequest) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
 func (*ReadRequest) ProtoMessage()    {}
 func (*ReadRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{3}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{5}
 }
 func (m *ReadRequest) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	return m.Unmarshal(b)
@@ -306,7 +416,7 @@ func (m *ReadResponse) Reset()         { *m = ReadResponse{} }
 func (m *ReadResponse) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
 func (*ReadResponse) ProtoMessage()    {}
 func (*ReadResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{4}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{6}
 }
 func (m *ReadResponse) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	return m.Unmarshal(b)
@@ -356,7 +466,7 @@ func (m *Query) Reset()         { *m = Query{} }
 func (m *Query) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
 func (*Query) ProtoMessage()    {}
 func (*Query) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{5}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{7}
 }
 func (m *Query) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	return m.Unmarshal(b)
@@ -425,7 +535,7 @@ func (m *QueryResult) Reset()         { *m = QueryResult{} }
 func (m *QueryResult) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
 func (*QueryResult) ProtoMessage()    {}
 func (*QueryResult) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{6}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{8}
 }
 func (m *QueryResult) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	return m.Unmarshal(b)
@@ -478,7 +588,7 @@ func (m *ChunkedReadResponse) Reset()         { *m = ChunkedReadResponse{} }
 func (m *ChunkedReadResponse) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
 func (*ChunkedReadResponse) ProtoMessage()    {}
 func (*ChunkedReadResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{7}
+	return fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b, []int{9}
 }
 func (m *ChunkedReadResponse) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	return m.Unmarshal(b)
@@ -526,6 +636,8 @@ func init() {
 	proto.RegisterType((*WriteRequest)(nil), "prometheus.WriteRequest")
 	proto.RegisterType((*MinimizedWriteRequest)(nil), "prometheus.MinimizedWriteRequest")
 	proto.RegisterType((*MinimizedWriteRequestLen)(nil), "prometheus.MinimizedWriteRequestLen")
+	proto.RegisterType((*MinimizedWriteRequestStr)(nil), "prometheus.MinimizedWriteRequestStr")
+	proto.RegisterType((*MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed)(nil), "prometheus.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed")
 	proto.RegisterType((*ReadRequest)(nil), "prometheus.ReadRequest")
 	proto.RegisterType((*ReadResponse)(nil), "prometheus.ReadResponse")
 	proto.RegisterType((*Query)(nil), "prometheus.Query")
@@ -536,43 +648,45 @@ func init() {
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("remote.proto", fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b) }
 
 var fileDescriptor_eefc82927d57d89b = []byte{
-	// 568 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
+	// 608 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
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+	0xed, 0x2e, 0x6b, 0xef, 0x5a, 0xed, 0x07, 0xce, 0xab, 0xa7, 0xcc, 0xd9, 0x3f, 0x78, 0xf1, 0xe4,
-	0xac, 0xaf, 0xc2, 0xf6, 0x23, 0xcb, 0x4f, 0x7d, 0x48, 0x4b, 0x61, 0x5a, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x4a, 0xc0,
+	0xb1, 0xdd, 0x20, 0xe6, 0x6e, 0xea, 0x72, 0x47, 0x51, 0xf4, 0x0e, 0x54, 0x39, 0x8a, 0xe4, 0x58,
-	0xe4, 0xb4, 0x05, 0x1a, 0x06, 0xee, 0x32, 0x77, 0x3d, 0xe3, 0x6e, 0x61, 0xe0, 0xca, 0xcc, 0x23,
+	0x96, 0x07, 0x5a, 0xf9, 0xfd, 0x40, 0x59, 0x9f, 0x95, 0x3a, 0xf3, 0x33, 0x81, 0xb9, 0xac, 0x41,
-	0xa8, 0xf9, 0xb6, 0x70, 0x26, 0x18, 0xf3, 0x62, 0x9a, 0x75, 0x39, 0xd5, 0xc0, 0x1e, 0xe3, 0xd4,
+	0x6f, 0x01, 0x15, 0xd2, 0xe5, 0xd2, 0xc9, 0xe6, 0x2a, 0xdd, 0x20, 0x76, 0x82, 0x34, 0x87, 0x34,
-	0xcc, 0x09, 0x6c, 0xc1, 0xa4, 0x87, 0xb0, 0x31, 0xf1, 0x02, 0x91, 0xbf, 0xa7, 0xda, 0xd9, 0xfd,
+	0x35, 0xd6, 0xc8, 0x3a, 0xdd, 0xb2, 0x61, 0x09, 0xda, 0x84, 0x06, 0x86, 0xde, 0xb8, 0x76, 0x36,
-	0xb3, 0xb9, 0xfd, 0x14, 0x64, 0x39, 0xc7, 0xe8, 0x81, 0x2a, 0x5d, 0x8e, 0x3e, 0xfa, 0xff, 0xaf,
+	0xd3, 0x2e, 0x60, 0xe8, 0xa9, 0xca, 0x6d, 0xa8, 0x05, 0xae, 0xec, 0x0f, 0x90, 0x8b, 0xe2, 0x8b,
-	0x4f, 0x9e, 0x22, 0xe3, 0x12, 0xb6, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x49, 0xf0, 0x21, 0x7d, 0x1c, 0xa9, 0xab, 0x8f,
+	0x37, 0x54, 0xaa, 0x8e, 0xdb, 0xc3, 0x63, 0x2b, 0x17, 0xb0, 0x91, 0x92, 0x6e, 0xc2, 0xdc, 0xc0,
-	0x61, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0xcb, 0xd6, 0x92, 0xe5, 0x1d, 0xd9, 0xb2, 0x10, 0x16, 0xae, 0x37, 0x1d, 0x79,
+	0x0f, 0x65, 0xbe, 0xf3, 0xfa, 0xd6, 0xf2, 0xaf, 0xc3, 0x3d, 0x48, 0x9b, 0x2c, 0xd7, 0x98, 0x6d,
-	0x4b, 0x1b, 0xa0, 0xa6, 0x63, 0x34, 0xb3, 0xbc, 0xc0, 0xc5, 0xcb, 0xa2, 0x4f, 0x90, 0x95, 0x9e,
+	0xd0, 0x95, 0xc3, 0xd1, 0x7b, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x43, 0xa9, 0x5b, 0x64, 0x9e, 0xc2, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0x20,
-	0xa6, 0x95, 0x93, 0x9d, 0xab, 0xf9, 0x01, 0xf9, 0x3e, 0x3f, 0x20, 0x3f, 0xe7, 0x07, 0xe4, 0xdd,
+	0x09, 0xdf, 0xa6, 0x7f, 0x8e, 0x32, 0xd5, 0xfb, 0xb0, 0xd0, 0xcf, 0xcb, 0xce, 0x58, 0xe4, 0x35,
-	0x66, 0xea, 0x1b, 0x8d, 0xc7, 0x9b, 0xd9, 0xdf, 0xe5, 0xe1, 0xaf, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
+	0x35, 0xb2, 0x30, 0x16, 0xa9, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xd5, 0x57, 0xba, 0x0e, 0x7a, 0xba, 0x46, 0x43, 0xc7,
-	0xf1, 0x65, 0x72, 0x0c, 0x9c, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
+	0x0f, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0x2d, 0xe6, 0x04, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x51, 0x5a, 0xd9, 0x5b, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x5f, 0x23,
+	0x5f, 0xcf, 0xd7, 0xc8, 0xf7, 0xf3, 0x35, 0xf2, 0x7a, 0x3e, 0xcd, 0x8d, 0x7b, 0xbd, 0xf9, 0xec,
+	0x06, 0xbe, 0xfb, 0x23, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf6, 0xd2, 0x59, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 func (m *WriteRequest) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
@@ -726,6 +840,106 @@ func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestLen) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error
 	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
 }
 
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	dAtA = make([]byte, size)
+	n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return dAtA[:n], nil
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	return m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	if len(m.Symbols) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Symbols) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			i -= len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			copy(dAtA[i:], m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])))
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x22
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Timeseries) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Timeseries) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Timeseries[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0xa
+		}
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	dAtA = make([]byte, size)
+	n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return dAtA[:n], nil
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	return m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	if len(m.Symbols) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Symbols) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			i -= len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			copy(dAtA[i:], m.Symbols[iNdEx])
+			i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Symbols[iNdEx])))
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x22
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Timeseries) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Timeseries) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Timeseries[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintRemote(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0xa
+		}
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}
+
 func (m *ReadRequest) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
 	size := m.Size()
 	dAtA = make([]byte, size)
@@ -1055,6 +1269,54 @@ func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestLen) Size() (n int) {
 	return n
 }
 
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) Size() (n int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if len(m.Timeseries) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.Timeseries {
+			l = e.Size()
+			n += 1 + l + sovRemote(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Symbols) > 0 {
+		for _, s := range m.Symbols {
+			l = len(s)
+			n += 1 + l + sovRemote(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) Size() (n int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if len(m.Timeseries) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.Timeseries {
+			l = e.Size()
+			n += 1 + l + sovRemote(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Symbols) > 0 {
+		for _, s := range m.Symbols {
+			l = len(s)
+			n += 1 + l + sovRemote(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
 func (m *ReadRequest) Size() (n int) {
 	if m == nil {
 		return 0
@@ -1526,6 +1788,240 @@ func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestLen) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStr) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		preIndex := iNdEx
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		fieldNum := int32(wire >> 3)
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		if wireType == 4 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: MinimizedWriteRequestStr: wiretype end group for non-group")
+		}
+		if fieldNum <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: MinimizedWriteRequestStr: illegal tag %d (wire type %d)", fieldNum, wire)
+		}
+		switch fieldNum {
+		case 1:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Timeseries", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Timeseries = append(m.Timeseries, MinimizedTimeSeriesStr{})
+			if err := m.Timeseries[len(m.Timeseries)-1].Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 4:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Symbols", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Symbols = append(m.Symbols, string(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]))
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		default:
+			iNdEx = preIndex
+			skippy, err := skipRemote(dAtA[iNdEx:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if (skippy < 0) || (iNdEx+skippy) < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if (iNdEx + skippy) > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.XXX_unrecognized = append(m.XXX_unrecognized, dAtA[iNdEx:iNdEx+skippy]...)
+			iNdEx += skippy
+		}
+	}
+
+	if iNdEx > l {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+func (m *MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		preIndex := iNdEx
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		fieldNum := int32(wire >> 3)
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		if wireType == 4 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed: wiretype end group for non-group")
+		}
+		if fieldNum <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed: illegal tag %d (wire type %d)", fieldNum, wire)
+		}
+		switch fieldNum {
+		case 1:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Timeseries", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Timeseries = append(m.Timeseries, MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed{})
+			if err := m.Timeseries[len(m.Timeseries)-1].Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 4:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Symbols", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowRemote
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Symbols = append(m.Symbols, string(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]))
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		default:
+			iNdEx = preIndex
+			skippy, err := skipRemote(dAtA[iNdEx:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if (skippy < 0) || (iNdEx+skippy) < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthRemote
+			}
+			if (iNdEx + skippy) > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.XXX_unrecognized = append(m.XXX_unrecognized, dAtA[iNdEx:iNdEx+skippy]...)
+			iNdEx += skippy
+		}
+	}
+
+	if iNdEx > l {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 func (m *ReadRequest) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 	l := len(dAtA)
 	iNdEx := 0

prompb/remote.proto

@@ -51,6 +51,20 @@ message MinimizedWriteRequestLen {
   bytes symbols = 4;
 }
 
+message MinimizedWriteRequestStr {
+  repeated MinimizedTimeSeriesStr timeseries = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  reserved  2;
+  reserved  3;
+  repeated string symbols = 4;
+}
+
+message MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed {
+  repeated MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed timeseries = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  reserved  2;
+  reserved  3;
+  repeated string symbols = 4;
+}
+
 // ReadRequest represents a remote read request.
 message ReadRequest {
   repeated Query queries = 1;

prompb/types.proto

@@ -159,6 +159,31 @@ message MinimizedTimeSeriesLen {
   // TODO: add metadata
 }
 
+message MinimizedTimeSeriesStr {
+  // Sorted list of label name-value pair references, encoded as indices to a strings array.
+  // This list's len is always multiple of 2.
+  repeated uint32 label_symbols = 1;
+
+  // Sorted by time, oldest sample first.
+  repeated Sample samples = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Exemplar exemplars = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Histogram histograms = 4 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  // TODO: add metadata
+}
+
+
+message MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed {
+  // Sorted list of label name-value pair references, encoded as indices to a strings array.
+  // This list's len is always multiple of 2.
+  repeated fixed32 label_symbols = 1;
+
+  // Sorted by time, oldest sample first.
+  repeated Sample samples = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Exemplar exemplars = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Histogram histograms = 4 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  // TODO: add metadata
+}
+
 message Label {
   string name  = 1;
   string value = 2;

scripts/remotewrite11-bench/run.sh

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ declare -a INSTANCES
 INSTANCES+=('sender-v1;;receiver-v1;')
 INSTANCES+=('sender-v11-min32-optimized-varint;--remote-write-format 1;receiver-v11-min32-optimized-varint;--remote-write-format 1')
 INSTANCES+=('sender-v11-min-len;--remote-write-format 2;receiver-v11-min-len;--remote-write-format 2')
+INSTANCES+=('sender-v11-min-str;--remote-write-format 3;receiver-v11-min-str;--remote-write-format 3')
+INSTANCES+=('sender-v11-min-str-fixed;--remote-write-format 4;receiver-v11-min-str-fixed;--remote-write-format 4')
 
 # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 

storage/remote/codec.go

@@ -807,6 +807,17 @@ func labelsToUint32SliceLen(lbls labels.Labels, symbolTable *rwSymbolTable, buf
 	return result
 }
 
+func labelsToUint32SliceStr(lbls labels.Labels, symbolTable *rwSymbolTable, buf []uint32) []uint32 {
+	result := buf[:0]
+	lbls.Range(func(l labels.Label) {
+		off := symbolTable.RefStr(l.Name)
+		result = append(result, off)
+		off = symbolTable.RefStr(l.Value)
+		result = append(result, off)
+	})
+	return result
+}
+
 func Uint32LenRefToLabels(symbols []byte, minLabels []uint32) labels.Labels {
 	ls := labels.NewScratchBuilder(len(minLabels) / 2)
 
@@ -830,6 +841,23 @@ func Uint32LenRefToLabels(symbols []byte, minLabels []uint32) labels.Labels {
 	return ls.Labels()
 }
 
+func Uint32StrRefToLabels(symbols []string, minLabels []uint32) labels.Labels {
+	ls := labels.NewScratchBuilder(len(minLabels) / 2)
+
+	strIdx := 0
+	for strIdx < len(minLabels) {
+		// todo, check for overflow?
+		nameIdx := minLabels[strIdx]
+		strIdx++
+		valueIdx := minLabels[strIdx]
+		strIdx++
+
+		ls.Add(symbols[nameIdx], symbols[valueIdx])
+	}
+
+	return ls.Labels()
+}
+
 func yoloString(b []byte) string {
 	return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
 }
@@ -982,6 +1010,44 @@ func DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestLen(r io.Reader) (*prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestL
 	return &req, nil
 }
 
+func DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestStr(r io.Reader) (*prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStr, error) {
+	compressed, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	reqBuf, err := snappy.Decode(nil, compressed)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var req prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStr
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(reqBuf, &req); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &req, nil
+}
+
+func DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed(r io.Reader) (*prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed, error) {
+	compressed, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	reqBuf, err := snappy.Decode(nil, compressed)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var req prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(reqBuf, &req); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &req, nil
+}
+
 func MinimizedWriteRequestToWriteRequest(redReq *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequest) (*prompb.WriteRequest, error) {
 	req := &prompb.WriteRequest{
 		Timeseries: make([]prompb.TimeSeries, len(redReq.Timeseries)),

storage/remote/queue_manager.go

@@ -395,6 +395,8 @@ const (
 	Base1          RemoteWriteFormat = iota // original map based format
 	Min32Optimized                          // two 32bit varint plus marshalling optimization
 	MinLen                                  // symbols are now just offsets, and we encode lengths as varints in the large symbols string (which is also now a byte slice)
+	MinStrings                              // symbols are indices into an array of strings
+	MinStringsFix                           // symbols are indices into an array of strings. Indices are fixed length
 )
 
 // QueueManager manages a queue of samples to be sent to the Storage
@@ -1392,6 +1394,16 @@ func (s *shards) runShard(ctx context.Context, shardID int, queue *queue) {
 		pendingMinLenData[i].Samples = []prompb.Sample{{}}
 	}
 
+	pendingMinStrData := make([]prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStr, max)
+	for i := range pendingMinStrData {
+		pendingMinStrData[i].Samples = []prompb.Sample{{}}
+	}
+
+	pendingMinStrFixedData := make([]prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed, max)
+	for i := range pendingMinStrFixedData {
+		pendingMinStrFixedData[i].Samples = []prompb.Sample{{}}
+	}
+
 	timer := time.NewTimer(time.Duration(s.qm.cfg.BatchSendDeadline))
 	stop := func() {
 		if !timer.Stop() {
@@ -1441,6 +1453,16 @@ func (s *shards) runShard(ctx context.Context, shardID int, queue *queue) {
 				n := nPendingSamples + nPendingExemplars + nPendingHistograms
 				s.sendMinLenSamples(ctx, pendingMinLenData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsData(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, pBuf, &buf)
 				symbolTable.clear()
+			case MinStrings:
+				nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms := populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStr(&symbolTable, batch, pendingMinStrData, s.qm.sendExemplars, s.qm.sendNativeHistograms)
+				n := nPendingSamples + nPendingExemplars + nPendingHistograms
+				s.sendMinStrSamples(ctx, pendingMinStrData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsStrings(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, &pBufRaw, &buf)
+				symbolTable.clear()
+			case MinStringsFix:
+				nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms := populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed(&symbolTable, batch, pendingMinStrFixedData, s.qm.sendExemplars, s.qm.sendNativeHistograms)
+				n := nPendingSamples + nPendingExemplars + nPendingHistograms
+				s.sendMinStrFixedSamples(ctx, pendingMinStrFixedData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsStrings(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, pBuf, &buf)
+				symbolTable.clear()
 			}
 
 			queue.ReturnForReuse(batch)
@@ -1472,6 +1494,16 @@ func (s *shards) runShard(ctx context.Context, shardID int, queue *queue) {
 						"exemplars", nPendingExemplars, "shard", shardNum, "histograms", nPendingHistograms)
 					s.sendMinLenSamples(ctx, pendingMinLenData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsData(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, pBuf, &buf)
 					symbolTable.clear()
+				case MinStrings:
+					nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms := populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStr(&symbolTable, batch, pendingMinStrData, s.qm.sendExemplars, s.qm.sendNativeHistograms)
+					n := nPendingSamples + nPendingExemplars + nPendingHistograms
+					s.sendMinStrSamples(ctx, pendingMinStrData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsStrings(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, &pBufRaw, &buf)
+					symbolTable.clear()
+				case MinStringsFix:
+					nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms := populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed(&symbolTable, batch, pendingMinStrFixedData, s.qm.sendExemplars, s.qm.sendNativeHistograms)
+					n := nPendingSamples + nPendingExemplars + nPendingHistograms
+					s.sendMinStrFixedSamples(ctx, pendingMinStrFixedData[:n], symbolTable.LabelsStrings(), nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms, pBuf, &buf)
+					symbolTable.clear()
 				}
 			}
 			queue.ReturnForReuse(batch)
@@ -1556,6 +1588,30 @@ func (s *shards) sendMinLenSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.Minimiz
 	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, time.Since(begin))
 }
 
+func (s *shards) sendMinStrSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStr, labels []string, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *[]byte, buf *[]byte) {
+	begin := time.Now()
+	// Build the ReducedWriteRequest with no metadata.
+	// Failing to build the write request is non-recoverable, since it will
+	// only error if marshaling the proto to bytes fails.
+	req, highest, err := buildMinimizedWriteRequestStr(samples, labels, pBuf, buf)
+	if err == nil {
+		err = s.sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx, req, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, highest)
+	}
+	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, time.Since(begin))
+}
+
+func (s *shards) sendMinStrFixedSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed, labels []string, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) {
+	begin := time.Now()
+	// Build the ReducedWriteRequest with no metadata.
+	// Failing to build the write request is non-recoverable, since it will
+	// only error if marshaling the proto to bytes fails.
+	req, highest, err := buildMinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed(samples, labels, pBuf, buf)
+	if err == nil {
+		err = s.sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx, req, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, highest)
+	}
+	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, time.Since(begin))
+}
+
 func (s *shards) updateMetrics(ctx context.Context, err error, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, duration time.Duration) {
 	if err != nil {
 		level.Error(s.qm.logger).Log("msg", "non-recoverable error", "count", sampleCount, "exemplarCount", exemplarCount, "err", err)
@@ -1716,6 +1772,90 @@ func populateMinimizedTimeSeriesLen(symbolTable *rwSymbolTable, batch []timeSeri
 	return nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms
 }
 
+func populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStr(symbolTable *rwSymbolTable, batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStr, sendExemplars, sendNativeHistograms bool) (int, int, int) {
+	var nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms int
+	for nPending, d := range batch {
+		pendingData[nPending].Samples = pendingData[nPending].Samples[:0]
+		if sendExemplars {
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = pendingData[nPending].Exemplars[:0]
+		}
+		if sendNativeHistograms {
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = pendingData[nPending].Histograms[:0]
+		}
+
+		// Number of pending samples is limited by the fact that sendSamples (via sendSamplesWithBackoff)
+		// retries endlessly, so once we reach max samples, if we can never send to the endpoint we'll
+		// stop reading from the queue. This makes it safe to reference pendingSamples by index.
+		// pendingData[nPending].Labels = labelsToLabelsProto(d.seriesLabels, pendingData[nPending].Labels)
+
+		pendingData[nPending].LabelSymbols = labelsToUint32SliceStr(d.seriesLabels, symbolTable, pendingData[nPending].LabelSymbols)
+		switch d.sType {
+		case tSample:
+			pendingData[nPending].Samples = append(pendingData[nPending].Samples, prompb.Sample{
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingSamples++
+		case tExemplar:
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = append(pendingData[nPending].Exemplars, prompb.Exemplar{
+				Labels:    labelsToLabelsProto(d.exemplarLabels, nil),
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingExemplars++
+		case tHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, HistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.histogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		case tFloatHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.floatHistogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		}
+	}
+	return nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms
+}
+
+func populateMinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed(symbolTable *rwSymbolTable, batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed, sendExemplars, sendNativeHistograms bool) (int, int, int) {
+	var nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms int
+	for nPending, d := range batch {
+		pendingData[nPending].Samples = pendingData[nPending].Samples[:0]
+		if sendExemplars {
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = pendingData[nPending].Exemplars[:0]
+		}
+		if sendNativeHistograms {
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = pendingData[nPending].Histograms[:0]
+		}
+
+		// Number of pending samples is limited by the fact that sendSamples (via sendSamplesWithBackoff)
+		// retries endlessly, so once we reach max samples, if we can never send to the endpoint we'll
+		// stop reading from the queue. This makes it safe to reference pendingSamples by index.
+		// pendingData[nPending].Labels = labelsToLabelsProto(d.seriesLabels, pendingData[nPending].Labels)
+
+		pendingData[nPending].LabelSymbols = labelsToUint32SliceStr(d.seriesLabels, symbolTable, pendingData[nPending].LabelSymbols)
+		switch d.sType {
+		case tSample:
+			pendingData[nPending].Samples = append(pendingData[nPending].Samples, prompb.Sample{
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingSamples++
+		case tExemplar:
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = append(pendingData[nPending].Exemplars, prompb.Exemplar{
+				Labels:    labelsToLabelsProto(d.exemplarLabels, nil),
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingExemplars++
+		case tHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, HistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.histogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		case tFloatHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.floatHistogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		}
+	}
+	return nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms
+}
+
 func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, cfg config.QueueConfig, l log.Logger, attempt func(int) error, onRetry func()) error {
 	backoff := cfg.MinBackoff
 	sleepDuration := model.Duration(0)
@@ -1821,6 +1961,7 @@ type offLenPair struct {
 
 type rwSymbolTable struct {
 	symbols         []byte
+	strings         []string
 	symbolsMap      map[string]offLenPair
 	symbolsMapBytes map[string]uint32
 }
@@ -1859,15 +2000,30 @@ func (r *rwSymbolTable) RefLen(str string) uint32 {
 	return ref
 }
 
+func (r *rwSymbolTable) RefStr(str string) uint32 {
+	if ref, ok := r.symbolsMapBytes[str]; ok {
+		return ref
+	}
+	ref := uint32(len(r.strings))
+	r.strings = append(r.strings, str)
+	r.symbolsMapBytes[str] = ref
+	return ref
+}
+
 func (r *rwSymbolTable) LabelsString() string {
 	return *((*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&r.symbols)))
 }
 
+func (r *rwSymbolTable) LabelsStrings() []string {
+	return r.strings
+}
+
 func (r *rwSymbolTable) LabelsData() []byte {
 	return r.symbols
 }
 
 func (r *rwSymbolTable) clear() {
+	r.strings = r.strings[:0]
 	for k := range r.symbolsMap {
 		delete(r.symbolsMap, k)
 	}
@@ -1967,3 +2123,95 @@ func buildMinimizedWriteRequestLen(samples []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesLen, labe
 	}
 	return compressed, highest, nil
 }
+
+func buildMinimizedWriteRequestStr(samples []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStr, labels []string, pBuf *[]byte, buf *[]byte) ([]byte, int64, error) {
+	var highest int64
+	for _, ts := range samples {
+		// At the moment we only ever append a TimeSeries with a single sample or exemplar in it.
+		if len(ts.Samples) > 0 && ts.Samples[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Samples[0].Timestamp
+		}
+		if len(ts.Exemplars) > 0 && ts.Exemplars[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Exemplars[0].Timestamp
+		}
+		if len(ts.Histograms) > 0 && ts.Histograms[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Histograms[0].Timestamp
+		}
+	}
+
+	req := &prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStr{
+		Symbols:    labels,
+		Timeseries: samples,
+	}
+
+	if pBuf == nil {
+		pBuf = &[]byte{} // For convenience in tests. Not efficient.
+	}
+
+	data, err := req.OptimizedMarshal(*pBuf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	*pBuf = data
+
+	// snappy uses len() to see if it needs to allocate a new slice. Make the
+	// buffer as long as possible.
+	if buf != nil {
+		*buf = (*buf)[0:cap(*buf)]
+	} else {
+		buf = &[]byte{}
+	}
+
+	compressed := snappy.Encode(*buf, data)
+	if n := snappy.MaxEncodedLen(len(data)); n > len(*buf) {
+		// grow the buffer for the next time
+		*buf = make([]byte, n)
+	}
+	return compressed, highest, nil
+}
+
+func buildMinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed(samples []prompb.MinimizedTimeSeriesStrFixed, labels []string, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) ([]byte, int64, error) {
+	var highest int64
+	for _, ts := range samples {
+		// At the moment we only ever append a TimeSeries with a single sample or exemplar in it.
+		if len(ts.Samples) > 0 && ts.Samples[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Samples[0].Timestamp
+		}
+		if len(ts.Exemplars) > 0 && ts.Exemplars[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Exemplars[0].Timestamp
+		}
+		if len(ts.Histograms) > 0 && ts.Histograms[0].Timestamp > highest {
+			highest = ts.Histograms[0].Timestamp
+		}
+	}
+
+	req := &prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed{
+		Symbols:    labels,
+		Timeseries: samples,
+	}
+
+	if pBuf == nil {
+		pBuf = proto.NewBuffer(nil) // For convenience in tests. Not efficient.
+	} else {
+		pBuf.Reset()
+	}
+	err := pBuf.Marshal(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	// snappy uses len() to see if it needs to allocate a new slice. Make the
+	// buffer as long as possible.
+	if buf != nil {
+		*buf = (*buf)[0:cap(*buf)]
+	} else {
+		buf = &[]byte{}
+	}
+
+	compressed := snappy.Encode(*buf, pBuf.Bytes())
+	if n := snappy.MaxEncodedLen(len(pBuf.Bytes())); n > len(*buf) {
+		// grow the buffer for the next time
+		*buf = make([]byte, n)
+	}
+	return compressed, highest, nil
+}

storage/remote/write_handler.go

@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ func (h *writeHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	var req *prompb.WriteRequest
 	var reqMin *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequest
 	var reqMinLen *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestLen
+	var reqMinStr *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStr
+	var reqMinFixed *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed
 
 	// TODO: this should eventually be done via content negotiation/looking at the header
 	switch h.rwFormat {
@@ -84,6 +86,10 @@ func (h *writeHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		reqMin, err = DecodeMinimizedWriteRequest(r.Body)
 	case MinLen:
 		reqMinLen, err = DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestLen(r.Body)
+	case MinStrings:
+		reqMinStr, err = DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestStr(r.Body)
+	case MinStringsFix:
+		reqMinFixed, err = DecodeMinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed(r.Body)
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -100,6 +106,10 @@ func (h *writeHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		err = h.writeMin(r.Context(), reqMin)
 	case MinLen:
 		err = h.writeMinLen(r.Context(), reqMinLen)
+	case MinStrings:
+		err = h.writeMinStr(r.Context(), reqMinStr)
+	case MinStringsFix:
+		err = h.writeMinStrFixed(r.Context(), reqMinFixed)
 	}
 
 	switch {
@@ -370,3 +380,79 @@ func (h *writeHandler) writeMinLen(ctx context.Context, req *prompb.MinimizedWri
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (h *writeHandler) writeMinStr(ctx context.Context, req *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStr) (err error) {
+	outOfOrderExemplarErrs := 0
+
+	app := h.appendable.Appender(ctx)
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = app.Rollback()
+			return
+		}
+		err = app.Commit()
+	}()
+
+	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
+		ls := Uint32StrRefToLabels(req.Symbols, ts.LabelSymbols)
+
+		err := h.appendSamples(app, ts.Samples, ls)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for _, ep := range ts.Exemplars {
+			e := exemplarProtoToExemplar(ep)
+			h.appendExemplar(app, e, ls, &outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+		}
+
+		err = h.appendHistograms(app, ts.Histograms, ls)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if outOfOrderExemplarErrs > 0 {
+		_ = level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on ingesting out-of-order exemplars", "num_dropped", outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *writeHandler) writeMinStrFixed(ctx context.Context, req *prompb.MinimizedWriteRequestStrFixed) (err error) {
+	outOfOrderExemplarErrs := 0
+
+	app := h.appendable.Appender(ctx)
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = app.Rollback()
+			return
+		}
+		err = app.Commit()
+	}()
+
+	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
+		ls := Uint32StrRefToLabels(req.Symbols, ts.LabelSymbols)
+
+		err := h.appendSamples(app, ts.Samples, ls)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for _, ep := range ts.Exemplars {
+			e := exemplarProtoToExemplar(ep)
+			h.appendExemplar(app, e, ls, &outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+		}
+
+		err = h.appendHistograms(app, ts.Histograms, ls)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if outOfOrderExemplarErrs > 0 {
+		_ = level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on ingesting out-of-order exemplars", "num_dropped", outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}