tsdb/{index,compact}: allow using custom postings encoding format (#13242)

* tsdb/{index,compact}: allow using custom postings encoding format

We would like to experiment with a different postings encoding format in
Thanos so in this change I am proposing adding another argument to
`NewWriter` which would allow users to change the format if needed.
Also, wire the leveled compactor so that it would be possible to change
the format there too.

Signed-off-by: Giedrius Statkevičius <giedrius.statkevicius@vinted.com>

* tsdb/compact: use a struct for leveled compactor options

As discussed on Slack, let's use a struct for the options in leveled
compactor.

Signed-off-by: Giedrius Statkevičius <giedrius.statkevicius@vinted.com>

* tsdb: make changes after Bryan's review

- Make changes less intrusive
- Turn the postings encoder type into a function
- Add NewWriterWithEncoder()

Signed-off-by: Giedrius Statkevičius <giedrius.statkevicius@vinted.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Giedrius Statkevičius <giedrius.statkevicius@vinted.com>

tsdb/compact.go

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ type LeveledCompactor struct {
 	ctx                      context.Context
 	maxBlockChunkSegmentSize int64
 	mergeFunc                storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc
+	postingsEncoder          index.PostingsEncoder
 }
 
 type CompactorMetrics struct {
@@ -144,12 +145,30 @@ func newCompactorMetrics(r prometheus.Registerer) *CompactorMetrics {
 	return m
 }
 
-// NewLeveledCompactor returns a LeveledCompactor.
-func NewLeveledCompactor(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Registerer, l log.Logger, ranges []int64, pool chunkenc.Pool, mergeFunc storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc) (*LeveledCompactor, error) {
-	return NewLeveledCompactorWithChunkSize(ctx, r, l, ranges, pool, chunks.DefaultChunkSegmentSize, mergeFunc)
+type LeveledCompactorOptions struct {
+	// PE specifies the postings encoder. It is called when compactor is writing out the postings for a label name/value pair during compaction.
+	// If it is nil then the default encoder is used. At the moment that is the "raw" encoder. See index.EncodePostingsRaw for more.
+	PE index.PostingsEncoder
+	// MaxBlockChunkSegmentSize is the max block chunk segment size. If it is 0 then the default chunks.DefaultChunkSegmentSize is used.
+	MaxBlockChunkSegmentSize int64
+	// MergeFunc is used for merging series together in vertical compaction. By default storage.NewCompactingChunkSeriesMerger(storage.ChainedSeriesMerge) is used.
+	MergeFunc storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc
 }
 
 func NewLeveledCompactorWithChunkSize(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Registerer, l log.Logger, ranges []int64, pool chunkenc.Pool, maxBlockChunkSegmentSize int64, mergeFunc storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc) (*LeveledCompactor, error) {
+	return NewLeveledCompactorWithOptions(ctx, r, l, ranges, pool, LeveledCompactorOptions{
+		MaxBlockChunkSegmentSize: maxBlockChunkSegmentSize,
+		MergeFunc:                mergeFunc,
+	})
+}
+
+func NewLeveledCompactor(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Registerer, l log.Logger, ranges []int64, pool chunkenc.Pool, mergeFunc storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc) (*LeveledCompactor, error) {
+	return NewLeveledCompactorWithOptions(ctx, r, l, ranges, pool, LeveledCompactorOptions{
+		MergeFunc: mergeFunc,
+	})
+}
+
+func NewLeveledCompactorWithOptions(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Registerer, l log.Logger, ranges []int64, pool chunkenc.Pool, opts LeveledCompactorOptions) (*LeveledCompactor, error) {
 	if len(ranges) == 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("at least one range must be provided")
 	}
@@ -159,9 +178,18 @@ func NewLeveledCompactorWithChunkSize(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Register
 	if l == nil {
 		l = log.NewNopLogger()
 	}
-	if mergeFunc == nil {
+	var mergeFunc storage.VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc
+	if opts.MergeFunc == nil {
 		mergeFunc = storage.NewCompactingChunkSeriesMerger(storage.ChainedSeriesMerge)
 	}
+	var maxBlockChunkSegmentSize int64
+	if opts.MaxBlockChunkSegmentSize == 0 {
+		maxBlockChunkSegmentSize = chunks.DefaultChunkSegmentSize
+	}
+	var pe index.PostingsEncoder
+	if opts.PE == nil {
+		pe = index.EncodePostingsRaw
+	}
 	return &LeveledCompactor{
 		ranges:                   ranges,
 		chunkPool:                pool,
@@ -170,6 +198,7 @@ func NewLeveledCompactorWithChunkSize(ctx context.Context, r prometheus.Register
 		ctx:                      ctx,
 		maxBlockChunkSegmentSize: maxBlockChunkSegmentSize,
 		mergeFunc:                mergeFunc,
+		postingsEncoder:          pe,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -599,7 +628,7 @@ func (c *LeveledCompactor) write(dest string, meta *BlockMeta, blockPopulator Bl
 		}
 	}
 
-	indexw, err := index.NewWriter(c.ctx, filepath.Join(tmp, indexFilename))
+	indexw, err := index.NewWriterWithEncoder(c.ctx, filepath.Join(tmp, indexFilename), c.postingsEncoder)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("open index writer: %w", err)
 	}

tsdb/db.go

@@ -442,8 +442,7 @@ func (db *DBReadOnly) FlushWAL(dir string) (returnErr error) {
 		nil,
 		db.logger,
 		ExponentialBlockRanges(DefaultOptions().MinBlockDuration, 3, 5),
-		chunkenc.NewPool(),
-		nil,
+		chunkenc.NewPool(), nil,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create leveled compactor: %w", err)

tsdb/index/index.go

@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ type symbolCacheEntry struct {
 	lastValue      string
 }
 
+type PostingsEncoder func(*encoding.Encbuf, []uint32) error
+
 // Writer implements the IndexWriter interface for the standard
 // serialization format.
 type Writer struct {
@@ -148,6 +150,8 @@ type Writer struct {
 	crc32 hash.Hash
 
 	Version int
+
+	postingsEncoder PostingsEncoder
 }
 
 // TOC represents index Table Of Content that states where each section of index starts.
@@ -186,7 +190,8 @@ func NewTOCFromByteSlice(bs ByteSlice) (*TOC, error) {
 }
 
 // NewWriter returns a new Writer to the given filename. It serializes data in format version 2.
-func NewWriter(ctx context.Context, fn string) (*Writer, error) {
+// It uses the given encoder to encode each postings list.
+func NewWriterWithEncoder(ctx context.Context, fn string, encoder PostingsEncoder) (*Writer, error) {
 	dir := filepath.Dir(fn)
 
 	df, err := fileutil.OpenDir(dir)
@@ -229,9 +234,10 @@ func NewWriter(ctx context.Context, fn string) (*Writer, error) {
 		buf1: encoding.Encbuf{B: make([]byte, 0, 1<<22)},
 		buf2: encoding.Encbuf{B: make([]byte, 0, 1<<22)},
 
-		symbolCache: make(map[string]symbolCacheEntry, 1<<8),
-		labelNames:  make(map[string]uint64, 1<<8),
-		crc32:       newCRC32(),
+		symbolCache:     make(map[string]symbolCacheEntry, 1<<8),
+		labelNames:      make(map[string]uint64, 1<<8),
+		crc32:           newCRC32(),
+		postingsEncoder: encoder,
 	}
 	if err := iw.writeMeta(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -239,6 +245,12 @@ func NewWriter(ctx context.Context, fn string) (*Writer, error) {
 	return iw, nil
 }
 
+// NewWriter creates a new index writer using the default encoder. See
+// NewWriterWithEncoder.
+func NewWriter(ctx context.Context, fn string) (*Writer, error) {
+	return NewWriterWithEncoder(ctx, fn, EncodePostingsRaw)
+}
+
 func (w *Writer) write(bufs ...[]byte) error {
 	return w.f.Write(bufs...)
 }
@@ -941,6 +953,20 @@ func (w *Writer) writePostingsToTmpFiles() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// EncodePostingsRaw uses the "basic" postings list encoding format with no compression:
+// <BE uint32 len X><BE uint32 0><BE uint32 1>...<BE uint32 X-1>.
+func EncodePostingsRaw(e *encoding.Encbuf, offs []uint32) error {
+	e.PutBE32int(len(offs))
+
+	for _, off := range offs {
+		if off > (1<<32)-1 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("series offset %d exceeds 4 bytes", off)
+		}
+		e.PutBE32(off)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (w *Writer) writePosting(name, value string, offs []uint32) error {
 	// Align beginning to 4 bytes for more efficient postings list scans.
 	if err := w.fP.AddPadding(4); err != nil {
@@ -959,13 +985,8 @@ func (w *Writer) writePosting(name, value string, offs []uint32) error {
 	w.cntPO++
 
 	w.buf1.Reset()
-	w.buf1.PutBE32int(len(offs))
-
-	for _, off := range offs {
-		if off > (1<<32)-1 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("series offset %d exceeds 4 bytes", off)
-		}
-		w.buf1.PutBE32(off)
+	if err := w.postingsEncoder(&w.buf1, offs); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	w.buf2.Reset()