Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into merge239

Signed-off-by: Ganesh Vernekar <ganeshvern@gmail.com>

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Feature request
-about: Suggest an idea for this project.
-title: ''
-labels: ''
-assignees: ''
----
-
-<!--
-
-    Please do *NOT* ask support questions in Github issues.
-
-    If your issue is not a feature request or bug report use our
-    community support.
-
-    https://prometheus.io/community/
-
-    There is also commercial support available.
-
-    https://prometheus.io/support-training/
-
--->
-## Proposal
-**Use case. Why is this important?**
-
-*“Nice to have” is not a good use case. :)*

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+description: Suggest an idea for this project.
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: >-
+        Please do *NOT* ask support questions in Github issues.
+
+
+        If your issue is not a feature request or bug report use
+        our [community support](https://prometheus.io/community/).
+
+
+        There is also [commercial
+        support](https://prometheus.io/support-training/) available.
+  - type: textarea
+    attributes:
+      label: Proposal
+      description: Use case. Why is this important?
+      placeholder: “Nice to have” is not a good use case. :)
+    validations:
+      required: true

.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: buf.build
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   pull_request:
     paths:
       - ".github/workflows/buf-lint.yml"
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@v1.7.0
+      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@v1.9.0
       - uses: bufbuild/buf-lint-action@v1
         with:
           input: 'prompb'

.github/workflows/buf.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: buf.build
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   push:
     branches:
       - main
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@v1.7.0
+      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@v1.9.0
       - uses: bufbuild/buf-lint-action@v1
         with:
           input: 'prompb'

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: CI
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   pull_request:
   push:
 jobs:
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install libsnmp-dev
         if: github.repository == 'prometheus/snmp_exporter'
       - name: Lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3.2.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3.3.0
         with:
           version: v1.49.0
   fuzzing:
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           node-version-file: "web/ui/.nvmrc"
           registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3.0.8
+      - uses: actions/cache@v3.0.11
         with:
           path: ~/.npm
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-node-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 name: "CodeQL"
 
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   workflow_call:
   schedule:
     - cron: "26 14 * * 1"

.github/workflows/funcbench.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   repository_dispatch:
     types: [funcbench_start]
 name: Funcbench Workflow

.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: CIFuzz
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   workflow_call:
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:

.github/workflows/lock.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: 'Lock Threads'
 
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   schedule:
     - cron: '13 23 * * *'
   workflow_dispatch:

.github/workflows/prombench.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   repository_dispatch:
     types: [prombench_start, prombench_restart, prombench_stop]
 name: Prombench Workflow

.github/workflows/repo_sync.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: Sync repo files
-on:
+on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
   schedule:
     - cron: '44 17 * * *'
 jobs:

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 2.40.1 / 2022-11-09
+
+* [BUGFIX] TSDB: Fix alignment for atomic int64 for 32 bit architecture. #11547
+* [BUGFIX] Scrape: Fix accept headers. #11552
+
+## 2.40.0 / 2022-11-08
+
+This release introduces an experimental, native way of representing and storing histograms.
+
+It can be enabled in Prometheus via `--enable-feature=native-histograms` to accept native histograms.
+Enabling native histograms will also switch the preferred exposition format to protobuf.
+
+To instrument your application with native histograms, use the `main` branch of `client_golang` (this will change for the final release when v1.14.0 of client_golang will be out), and set the `NativeHistogramBucketFactor` in your `HistogramOpts` (`1.1` is a good starting point).
+Your existing histograms won't switch to native histograms until `NativeHistogramBucketFactor` is set.
+
+* [FEATURE] Add **experimental** support for native histograms. Enable with the flag `--enable-feature=native-histograms`. #11447
+* [FEATURE] SD: Add service discovery for OVHcloud. #10802
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Kubernetes SD: Use protobuf encoding. #11353
+* [ENHANCEMENT] TSDB: Use golang.org/x/exp/slices for improved sorting speed. #11054 #11318 #11380
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Consul SD: Add enterprise admin partitions. Adds `__meta_consul_partition` label. Adds `partition` config in `consul_sd_config`. #11482
+* [BUGFIX] API: Fix API error codes for `/api/v1/labels` and `/api/v1/series`. #11356 
+
 ## 2.39.2 / 2022-11-09
 
 * [BUGFIX] TSDB: Fix alignment for atomic int64 for 32 bit architecture. #11547

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-# Prometheus
+<h1 align="center" style="border-bottom: none">
+    <a href="//prometheus.io" target="_blank"><img alt="Prometheus" src="/documentation/images/prometheus-logo.svg"></a><br>Prometheus
+</h1>
+
+<p align="center">Visit <a href="//prometheus.io" target="_blank">prometheus.io</a> for the full documentation,
+examples and guides.</p>
+
+<div align="center">
 
 [![CircleCI](https://circleci.com/gh/prometheus/prometheus/tree/main.svg?style=shield)][circleci]
 [![Docker Repository on Quay](https://quay.io/repository/prometheus/prometheus/status)][quay]
@@ -8,8 +15,7 @@
 [![Gitpod ready-to-code](https://img.shields.io/badge/Gitpod-ready--to--code-blue?logo=gitpod)](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
 [![Fuzzing Status](https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/prometheus.svg)](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?sort=-opened&can=1&q=proj:prometheus)
 
-Visit [prometheus.io](https://prometheus.io) for the full documentation,
-examples and guides.
+</div>
 
 Prometheus, a [Cloud Native Computing Foundation](https://cncf.io/) project, is a systems and service monitoring system. It collects metrics
 from configured targets at given intervals, evaluates rule expressions,

RELEASE.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Release cadence of first pre-releases being cut is 6 weeks.
 | v2.37 LTS      | 2022-06-29                                 | Julien Pivotto (GitHub: @roidelapluie)      |
 | v2.38          | 2022-08-10                                 | Julius Volz (GitHub: @juliusv)              |
 | v2.39          | 2022-09-21                                 | Ganesh Vernekar (GitHub: @codesome)         |
-| v2.40          | 2022-11-02                                 | **searching for volunteer**                 |
+| v2.40          | 2022-11-02                                 | Ganesh Vernekar (GitHub: @codesome)         |
 | v2.41          | 2022-12-14                                 | **searching for volunteer**                 |
 
 If you are interested in volunteering please create a pull request against the [prometheus/prometheus](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus) repository and propose yourself for the release series of your choice.

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.39.2
+2.40.1

cmd/prometheus/main.go

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ import (
 	promlogflag "github.com/prometheus/common/promlog/flag"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/version"
 	toolkit_web "github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit/web"
-	toolkit_webflag "github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit/web/kingpinflag"
 	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 	"go.uber.org/automaxprocs/maxprocs"
 	"gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2"
@@ -57,6 +56,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/legacymanager"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/metadata"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/relabel"
@@ -194,6 +194,10 @@ func (c *flagConfig) setFeatureListOptions(logger log.Logger) error {
 			case "no-default-scrape-port":
 				c.scrape.NoDefaultPort = true
 				level.Info(logger).Log("msg", "No default port will be appended to scrape targets' addresses.")
+			case "native-histograms":
+				c.tsdb.EnableNativeHistograms = true
+				c.scrape.EnableProtobufNegotiation = true
+				level.Info(logger).Log("msg", "Experimental native histogram support enabled.")
 			case "":
 				continue
 			case "promql-at-modifier", "promql-negative-offset":
@@ -203,6 +207,12 @@ func (c *flagConfig) setFeatureListOptions(logger log.Logger) error {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	if c.tsdb.EnableNativeHistograms && c.tsdb.EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown {
+		c.tsdb.EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown = false
+		level.Warn(logger).Log("msg", "memory-snapshot-on-shutdown has been disabled automatically because memory-snapshot-on-shutdown and native-histograms cannot be enabled at the same time.")
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -240,7 +250,10 @@ func main() {
 	a.Flag("web.listen-address", "Address to listen on for UI, API, and telemetry.").
 		Default("0.0.0.0:9090").StringVar(&cfg.web.ListenAddress)
 
-	webConfig := toolkit_webflag.AddFlags(a)
+	webConfig := a.Flag(
+		"web.config.file",
+		"[EXPERIMENTAL] Path to configuration file that can enable TLS or authentication.",
+	).Default("").String()
 
 	a.Flag("web.read-timeout",
 		"Maximum duration before timing out read of the request, and closing idle connections.").
@@ -395,7 +408,7 @@ func main() {
 	a.Flag("scrape.discovery-reload-interval", "Interval used by scrape manager to throttle target groups updates.").
 		Hidden().Default("5s").SetValue(&cfg.scrape.DiscoveryReloadInterval)
 
-	a.Flag("enable-feature", "Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: agent, exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-at-modifier, promql-negative-offset, promql-per-step-stats, remote-write-receiver (DEPRECATED), extra-scrape-metrics, new-service-discovery-manager, auto-gomaxprocs, no-default-scrape-port. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details.").
+	a.Flag("enable-feature", "Comma separated feature names to enable. Valid options: agent, exemplar-storage, expand-external-labels, memory-snapshot-on-shutdown, promql-at-modifier, promql-negative-offset, promql-per-step-stats, remote-write-receiver (DEPRECATED), extra-scrape-metrics, new-service-discovery-manager, auto-gomaxprocs, no-default-scrape-port, native-histograms. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/feature_flags/ for more details.").
 		Default("").StringsVar(&cfg.featureList)
 
 	promlogflag.AddFlags(a, &cfg.promlogConfig)
@@ -1380,6 +1393,10 @@ func (n notReadyAppender) AppendExemplar(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels,
 	return 0, tsdb.ErrNotReady
 }
 
+func (n notReadyAppender) AppendHistogram(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
+	return 0, tsdb.ErrNotReady
+}
+
 func (n notReadyAppender) UpdateMetadata(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, m metadata.Metadata) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
 	return 0, tsdb.ErrNotReady
 }
@@ -1510,6 +1527,7 @@ type tsdbOptions struct {
 	EnableExemplarStorage          bool
 	MaxExemplars                   int64
 	EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown bool
+	EnableNativeHistograms         bool
 }
 
 func (opts tsdbOptions) ToTSDBOptions() tsdb.Options {
@@ -1528,6 +1546,7 @@ func (opts tsdbOptions) ToTSDBOptions() tsdb.Options {
 		EnableExemplarStorage:          opts.EnableExemplarStorage,
 		MaxExemplars:                   opts.MaxExemplars,
 		EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown: opts.EnableMemorySnapshotOnShutdown,
+		EnableNativeHistograms:         opts.EnableNativeHistograms,
 		OutOfOrderTimeWindow:           opts.OutOfOrderTimeWindow,
 	}
 }

cmd/promtool/backfill_test.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
 type backfillSample struct {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func queryAllSeries(t testing.TB, q storage.Querier, expectedMinTime, expectedMa
 		series := ss.At()
 		it := series.Iterator()
 		require.NoError(t, it.Err())
-		for it.Next() {
+		for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 			ts, v := it.At()
 			samples = append(samples, backfillSample{Timestamp: ts, Value: v, Labels: series.Labels()})
 		}

cmd/promtool/rules_test.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
 type mockQueryRangeAPI struct {
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func TestBackfillRuleIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 						require.Equal(t, 3, len(series.Labels()))
 					}
 					it := series.Iterator()
-					for it.Next() {
+					for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 						samplesCount++
 						ts, v := it.At()
 						if v == testValue {

cmd/promtool/tsdb.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/index"
 
 	"github.com/alecthomas/units"
@@ -644,7 +645,7 @@ func dumpSamples(path string, mint, maxt int64) (err error) {
 		series := ss.At()
 		lbs := series.Labels()
 		it := series.Iterator()
-		for it.Next() {
+		for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 			ts, val := it.At()
 			fmt.Printf("%s %g %d\n", lbs, val, ts)
 		}

cmd/promtool/unittest.go

@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ func query(ctx context.Context, qs string, t time.Time, engine *promql.Engine, q
 		return v, nil
 	case promql.Scalar:
 		return promql.Vector{promql.Sample{
-			Point:  promql.Point(v),
+			Point:  promql.Point{T: v.T, V: v.V},
 			Metric: labels.Labels{},
 		}}, nil
 	default:

config/config.go

@@ -776,12 +776,13 @@ func CheckTargetAddress(address model.LabelValue) error {
 
 // RemoteWriteConfig is the configuration for writing to remote storage.
 type RemoteWriteConfig struct {
-	URL                 *config.URL       `yaml:"url"`
-	RemoteTimeout       model.Duration    `yaml:"remote_timeout,omitempty"`
-	Headers             map[string]string `yaml:"headers,omitempty"`
-	WriteRelabelConfigs []*relabel.Config `yaml:"write_relabel_configs,omitempty"`
-	Name                string            `yaml:"name,omitempty"`
-	SendExemplars       bool              `yaml:"send_exemplars,omitempty"`
+	URL                  *config.URL       `yaml:"url"`
+	RemoteTimeout        model.Duration    `yaml:"remote_timeout,omitempty"`
+	Headers              map[string]string `yaml:"headers,omitempty"`
+	WriteRelabelConfigs  []*relabel.Config `yaml:"write_relabel_configs,omitempty"`
+	Name                 string            `yaml:"name,omitempty"`
+	SendExemplars        bool              `yaml:"send_exemplars,omitempty"`
+	SendNativeHistograms bool              `yaml:"send_native_histograms,omitempty"`
 
 	// We cannot do proper Go type embedding below as the parser will then parse
 	// values arbitrarily into the overflow maps of further-down types.

config/config_test.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/moby"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/nomad"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/openstack"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/ovhcloud"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/puppetdb"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/scaleway"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
@@ -940,6 +941,35 @@ var expectedConf = &Config{
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			JobName: "ovhcloud",
+
+			HonorTimestamps:  true,
+			ScrapeInterval:   model.Duration(15 * time.Second),
+			ScrapeTimeout:    DefaultGlobalConfig.ScrapeTimeout,
+			HTTPClientConfig: config.DefaultHTTPClientConfig,
+			MetricsPath:      DefaultScrapeConfig.MetricsPath,
+			Scheme:           DefaultScrapeConfig.Scheme,
+
+			ServiceDiscoveryConfigs: discovery.Configs{
+				&ovhcloud.SDConfig{
+					Endpoint:          "ovh-eu",
+					ApplicationKey:    "testAppKey",
+					ApplicationSecret: "testAppSecret",
+					ConsumerKey:       "testConsumerKey",
+					RefreshInterval:   model.Duration(60 * time.Second),
+					Service:           "vps",
+				},
+				&ovhcloud.SDConfig{
+					Endpoint:          "ovh-eu",
+					ApplicationKey:    "testAppKey",
+					ApplicationSecret: "testAppSecret",
+					ConsumerKey:       "testConsumerKey",
+					RefreshInterval:   model.Duration(60 * time.Second),
+					Service:           "dedicated_server",
+				},
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			JobName: "scaleway",
 
@@ -1175,7 +1205,7 @@ func TestElideSecrets(t *testing.T) {
 	yamlConfig := string(config)
 
 	matches := secretRe.FindAllStringIndex(yamlConfig, -1)
-	require.Equal(t, 18, len(matches), "wrong number of secret matches found")
+	require.Equal(t, 22, len(matches), "wrong number of secret matches found")
 	require.NotContains(t, yamlConfig, "mysecret",
 		"yaml marshal reveals authentication credentials.")
 }
@@ -1618,6 +1648,14 @@ var expectedErrors = []struct {
 		filename: "ionos_datacenter.bad.yml",
 		errMsg:   "datacenter id can't be empty",
 	},
+	{
+		filename: "ovhcloud_no_secret.bad.yml",
+		errMsg:   "application secret can not be empty",
+	},
+	{
+		filename: "ovhcloud_bad_service.bad.yml",
+		errMsg:   "unknown service: fakeservice",
+	},
 }
 
 func TestBadConfigs(t *testing.T) {

config/testdata/conf.good.yml

@@ -349,6 +349,21 @@ scrape_configs:
     eureka_sd_configs:
       - server: "http://eureka.example.com:8761/eureka"
 
+  - job_name: ovhcloud
+    ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+      - service: vps
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: testAppKey
+        application_secret: testAppSecret
+        consumer_key: testConsumerKey
+        refresh_interval: 1m
+      - service: dedicated_server
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: testAppKey
+        application_secret: testAppSecret
+        consumer_key: testConsumerKey
+        refresh_interval: 1m
+
   - job_name: scaleway
     scaleway_sd_configs:
       - role: instance

config/testdata/ovhcloud_bad_service.bad.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+scrape_configs:
+  - ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+      - service: fakeservice
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: testAppKey
+        application_secret: testAppSecret
+        consumer_key: testConsumerKey
+        refresh_interval: 1m

config/testdata/ovhcloud_no_secret.bad.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+scrape_configs:
+  - ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+      - service: dedicated_server
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: testAppKey
+        consumer_key: testConsumerKey
+        refresh_interval: 1m

discovery/consul/consul.go

@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ const (
 	datacenterLabel = model.MetaLabelPrefix + "consul_dc"
 	// namespaceLabel is the name of the label containing the namespace (Consul Enterprise only).
 	namespaceLabel = model.MetaLabelPrefix + "consul_namespace"
+	// partitionLabel is the name of the label containing the Admin Partition (Consul Enterprise only).
+	partitionLabel = model.MetaLabelPrefix + "consul_partition"
 	// taggedAddressesLabel is the prefix for the labels mapping to a target's tagged addresses.
 	taggedAddressesLabel = model.MetaLabelPrefix + "consul_tagged_address_"
 	// serviceIDLabel is the name of the label containing the service ID.
@@ -112,6 +114,7 @@ type SDConfig struct {
 	Token        config.Secret `yaml:"token,omitempty"`
 	Datacenter   string        `yaml:"datacenter,omitempty"`
 	Namespace    string        `yaml:"namespace,omitempty"`
+	Partition    string        `yaml:"partition,omitempty"`
 	TagSeparator string        `yaml:"tag_separator,omitempty"`
 	Scheme       string        `yaml:"scheme,omitempty"`
 	Username     string        `yaml:"username,omitempty"`
@@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ type Discovery struct {
 	client           *consul.Client
 	clientDatacenter string
 	clientNamespace  string
+	clientPartition  string
 	tagSeparator     string
 	watchedServices  []string // Set of services which will be discovered.
 	watchedTags      []string // Tags used to filter instances of a service.
@@ -210,6 +214,7 @@ func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) (*Discovery, error) {
 		Scheme:     conf.Scheme,
 		Datacenter: conf.Datacenter,
 		Namespace:  conf.Namespace,
+		Partition:  conf.Partition,
 		Token:      string(conf.Token),
 		HttpClient: wrapper,
 	}
@@ -227,6 +232,7 @@ func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) (*Discovery, error) {
 		refreshInterval:  time.Duration(conf.RefreshInterval),
 		clientDatacenter: conf.Datacenter,
 		clientNamespace:  conf.Namespace,
+		clientPartition:  conf.Partition,
 		finalizer:        wrapper.CloseIdleConnections,
 		logger:           logger,
 	}
@@ -547,6 +553,7 @@ func (srv *consulService) watch(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- []*targetgroup.Gr
 			addressLabel:        model.LabelValue(serviceNode.Node.Address),
 			nodeLabel:           model.LabelValue(serviceNode.Node.Node),
 			namespaceLabel:      model.LabelValue(serviceNode.Service.Namespace),
+			partitionLabel:      model.LabelValue(serviceNode.Service.Partition),
 			tagsLabel:           model.LabelValue(tags),
 			serviceAddressLabel: model.LabelValue(serviceNode.Service.Address),
 			servicePortLabel:    model.LabelValue(strconv.Itoa(serviceNode.Service.Port)),

discovery/install/install.go

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/moby"         // register moby
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/nomad"        // register nomad
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/openstack"    // register openstack
+	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/ovhcloud"     // register ovhcloud
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/puppetdb"     // register puppetdb
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/scaleway"     // register scaleway
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/triton"       // register triton

discovery/kubernetes/kubernetes.go

@@ -336,6 +336,7 @@ func New(l log.Logger, conf *SDConfig) (*Discovery, error) {
 	}
 
 	kcfg.UserAgent = userAgent
+	kcfg.ContentType = "application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf"
 
 	c, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(kcfg)
 	if err != nil {

discovery/ovhcloud/dedicated_server.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/go-kit/log/level"
+	"github.com/ovh/go-ovh/ovh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/refresh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
+)
+
+const (
+	dedicatedServerAPIPath     = "/dedicated/server"
+	dedicatedServerLabelPrefix = metaLabelPrefix + "dedicated_server_"
+)
+
+// dedicatedServer struct from API. Also contains IP addresses that are fetched
+// independently.
+type dedicatedServer struct {
+	State           string `json:"state"`
+	ips             []netip.Addr
+	CommercialRange string `json:"commercialRange"`
+	LinkSpeed       int    `json:"linkSpeed"`
+	Rack            string `json:"rack"`
+	NoIntervention  bool   `json:"noIntervention"`
+	Os              string `json:"os"`
+	SupportLevel    string `json:"supportLevel"`
+	ServerID        int64  `json:"serverId"`
+	Reverse         string `json:"reverse"`
+	Datacenter      string `json:"datacenter"`
+	Name            string `json:"name"`
+}
+
+type dedicatedServerDiscovery struct {
+	*refresh.Discovery
+	config *SDConfig
+	logger log.Logger
+}
+
+func newDedicatedServerDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) *dedicatedServerDiscovery {
+	return &dedicatedServerDiscovery{config: conf, logger: logger}
+}
+
+func getDedicatedServerList(client *ovh.Client) ([]string, error) {
+	var dedicatedListName []string
+	err := client.Get(dedicatedServerAPIPath, &dedicatedListName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return dedicatedListName, nil
+}
+
+func getDedicatedServerDetails(client *ovh.Client, serverName string) (*dedicatedServer, error) {
+	var dedicatedServerDetails dedicatedServer
+	err := client.Get(path.Join(dedicatedServerAPIPath, url.QueryEscape(serverName)), &dedicatedServerDetails)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var ips []string
+	err = client.Get(path.Join(dedicatedServerAPIPath, url.QueryEscape(serverName), "ips"), &ips)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	parsedIPs, err := parseIPList(ips)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dedicatedServerDetails.ips = parsedIPs
+	return &dedicatedServerDetails, nil
+}
+
+func (d *dedicatedServerDiscovery) getService() string {
+	return "dedicated_server"
+}
+
+func (d *dedicatedServerDiscovery) getSource() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s", d.config.Name(), d.getService())
+}
+
+func (d *dedicatedServerDiscovery) refresh(ctx context.Context) ([]*targetgroup.Group, error) {
+	client, err := createClient(d.config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var dedicatedServerDetailedList []dedicatedServer
+	dedicatedServerList, err := getDedicatedServerList(client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, dedicatedServerName := range dedicatedServerList {
+		dedicatedServer, err := getDedicatedServerDetails(client, dedicatedServerName)
+		if err != nil {
+			err := level.Warn(d.logger).Log("msg", fmt.Sprintf("%s: Could not get details of %s", d.getSource(), dedicatedServerName), "err", err.Error())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		dedicatedServerDetailedList = append(dedicatedServerDetailedList, *dedicatedServer)
+	}
+	var targets []model.LabelSet
+
+	for _, server := range dedicatedServerDetailedList {
+		var ipv4, ipv6 string
+		for _, ip := range server.ips {
+			if ip.Is4() {
+				ipv4 = ip.String()
+			}
+			if ip.Is6() {
+				ipv6 = ip.String()
+			}
+		}
+		defaultIP := ipv4
+		if defaultIP == "" {
+			defaultIP = ipv6
+		}
+		labels := model.LabelSet{
+			model.AddressLabel:                              model.LabelValue(defaultIP),
+			model.InstanceLabel:                             model.LabelValue(server.Name),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "state":            model.LabelValue(server.State),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "commercial_range": model.LabelValue(server.CommercialRange),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "link_speed":       model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.LinkSpeed)),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "rack":             model.LabelValue(server.Rack),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "no_intervention":  model.LabelValue(strconv.FormatBool(server.NoIntervention)),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "os":               model.LabelValue(server.Os),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "support_level":    model.LabelValue(server.SupportLevel),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "server_id":        model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.ServerID)),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "reverse":          model.LabelValue(server.Reverse),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "datacenter":       model.LabelValue(server.Datacenter),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "name":             model.LabelValue(server.Name),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "ipv4":             model.LabelValue(ipv4),
+			dedicatedServerLabelPrefix + "ipv6":             model.LabelValue(ipv6),
+		}
+		targets = append(targets, labels)
+	}
+
+	return []*targetgroup.Group{{Source: d.getSource(), Targets: targets}}, nil
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/dedicated_server_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+)
+
+func TestOvhcloudDedicatedServerRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg SDConfig
+
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(MockDedicatedAPI))
+	defer mock.Close()
+	cfgString := fmt.Sprintf(`
+---
+service: dedicated_server
+endpoint: %s
+application_key: %s
+application_secret: %s
+consumer_key: %s`, mock.URL, ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest, ovhcloudApplicationSecretTest, ovhcloudConsumerKeyTest)
+
+	require.NoError(t, yaml.UnmarshalStrict([]byte(cfgString), &cfg))
+	d, err := newRefresher(&cfg, log.NewNopLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	targetGroups, err := d.refresh(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(targetGroups))
+	targetGroup := targetGroups[0]
+	require.NotNil(t, targetGroup)
+	require.NotNil(t, targetGroup.Targets)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(targetGroup.Targets))
+
+	for i, lbls := range []model.LabelSet{
+		{
+			"__address__": "1.2.3.4",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_commercial_range": "Advance-1 Gen 2",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_datacenter":       "gra3",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_ipv4":             "1.2.3.4",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_ipv6":             "",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_link_speed":       "123",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_name":             "abcde",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_no_intervention":  "false",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_os":               "debian11_64",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_rack":             "TESTRACK",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_reverse":          "abcde-rev",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_server_id":        "1234",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_state":            "test",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_support_level":    "pro",
+			"instance": "abcde",
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("item %d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, lbls, targetGroup.Targets[i])
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func MockDedicatedAPI(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Header.Get("X-Ovh-Application") != ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest {
+		http.Error(w, "bad application key", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/dedicated/server" {
+		dedicatedServersList, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServersList)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/dedicated/server/abcde" {
+		dedicatedServer, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers_details.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServer)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/dedicated/server/abcde/ips" {
+		dedicatedServerIPs, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers_abcde_ips.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServerIPs)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/ovhcloud.go

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/ovh/go-ovh/ovh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/config"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/refresh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
+)
+
+// metaLabelPrefix is the meta prefix used for all meta labels in this discovery.
+const metaLabelPrefix = model.MetaLabelPrefix + "ovhcloud_"
+
+type refresher interface {
+	refresh(context.Context) ([]*targetgroup.Group, error)
+}
+
+var DefaultSDConfig = SDConfig{
+	Endpoint:        "ovh-eu",
+	RefreshInterval: model.Duration(60 * time.Second),
+}
+
+// SDConfig defines the Service Discovery struct used for configuration.
+type SDConfig struct {
+	Endpoint          string         `yaml:"endpoint"`
+	ApplicationKey    string         `yaml:"application_key"`
+	ApplicationSecret config.Secret  `yaml:"application_secret"`
+	ConsumerKey       config.Secret  `yaml:"consumer_key"`
+	RefreshInterval   model.Duration `yaml:"refresh_interval"`
+	Service           string         `yaml:"service"`
+}
+
+// Name implements the Discoverer interface.
+func (c SDConfig) Name() string {
+	return "ovhcloud"
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML implements the yaml.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (c *SDConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	*c = DefaultSDConfig
+	type plain SDConfig
+	err := unmarshal((*plain)(c))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if c.Endpoint == "" {
+		return errors.New("endpoint can not be empty")
+	}
+	if c.ApplicationKey == "" {
+		return errors.New("application key can not be empty")
+	}
+	if c.ApplicationSecret == "" {
+		return errors.New("application secret can not be empty")
+	}
+	if c.ConsumerKey == "" {
+		return errors.New("consumer key can not be empty")
+	}
+	switch c.Service {
+	case "dedicated_server", "vps":
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown service: %v", c.Service)
+	}
+}
+
+// CreateClient creates a new ovh client configured with given credentials.
+func createClient(config *SDConfig) (*ovh.Client, error) {
+	return ovh.NewClient(config.Endpoint, config.ApplicationKey, string(config.ApplicationSecret), string(config.ConsumerKey))
+}
+
+// NewDiscoverer returns a Discoverer for the Config.
+func (c *SDConfig) NewDiscoverer(options discovery.DiscovererOptions) (discovery.Discoverer, error) {
+	return NewDiscovery(c, options.Logger)
+}
+
+func init() {
+	discovery.RegisterConfig(&SDConfig{})
+}
+
+// ParseIPList parses ip list as they can have different formats.
+func parseIPList(ipList []string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+	var ipAddresses []netip.Addr
+	for _, ip := range ipList {
+		ipAddr, err := netip.ParseAddr(ip)
+		if err != nil {
+			ipPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(ip)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list")
+			}
+			if ipPrefix.IsValid() {
+				netmask := ipPrefix.Bits()
+				if netmask != 32 {
+					continue
+				}
+				ipAddr = ipPrefix.Addr()
+			}
+		}
+		if ipAddr.IsValid() && !ipAddr.IsUnspecified() {
+			ipAddresses = append(ipAddresses, ipAddr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(ipAddresses) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list")
+	}
+	return ipAddresses, nil
+}
+
+func newRefresher(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) (refresher, error) {
+	switch conf.Service {
+	case "vps":
+		return newVpsDiscovery(conf, logger), nil
+	case "dedicated_server":
+		return newDedicatedServerDiscovery(conf, logger), nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown OVHcloud discovery service '%s'", conf.Service)
+}
+
+// NewDiscovery returns a new OVHcloud Discoverer which periodically refreshes its targets.
+func NewDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) (*refresh.Discovery, error) {
+	r, err := newRefresher(conf, logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return refresh.NewDiscovery(
+		logger,
+		"ovhcloud",
+		time.Duration(conf.RefreshInterval),
+		r.refresh,
+	), nil
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/ovhcloud_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/testutil"
+)
+
+var (
+	ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest    = "TDPKJdwZwAQPwKX2"
+	ovhcloudApplicationSecretTest = config.Secret("9ufkBmLaTQ9nz5yMUlg79taH0GNnzDjk")
+	ovhcloudConsumerKeyTest       = config.Secret("5mBuy6SUQcRw2ZUxg0cG68BoDKpED4KY")
+)
+
+const (
+	mockURL = "https://localhost:1234"
+)
+
+func getMockConf(service string) (SDConfig, error) {
+	confString := fmt.Sprintf(`
+endpoint: %s
+application_key: %s
+application_secret: %s
+consumer_key: %s
+refresh_interval: 1m
+service: %s
+`, mockURL, ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest, ovhcloudApplicationSecretTest, ovhcloudConsumerKeyTest, service)
+
+	return getMockConfFromString(confString)
+}
+
+func getMockConfFromString(confString string) (SDConfig, error) {
+	var conf SDConfig
+	err := yaml.UnmarshalStrict([]byte(confString), &conf)
+	return conf, err
+}
+
+func TestErrorInitClient(t *testing.T) {
+	confString := fmt.Sprintf(`
+endpoint: %s
+
+`, mockURL)
+
+	conf, _ := getMockConfFromString(confString)
+
+	_, err := createClient(&conf)
+
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "missing application key")
+}
+
+func TestParseIPs(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []string
+		want  error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "Parse IPv4 failed.",
+			input: []string{"A.b"},
+			want:  errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse unspecified failed.",
+			input: []string{"0.0.0.0"},
+			want:  errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse void IP failed.",
+			input: []string{""},
+			want:  errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse IPv6 ok.",
+			input: []string{"2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001"},
+			want:  nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse IPv6 failed.",
+			input: []string{"bbb:cccc:1111"},
+			want:  errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse IPv4 bad mask.",
+			input: []string{"192.0.2.1/23"},
+			want:  errors.New("could not parse IP addresses from list"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Parse IPv4 ok.",
+			input: []string{"192.0.2.1/32"},
+			want:  nil,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := parseIPList(tc.input)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.want, err)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDiscoverer(t *testing.T) {
+	conf, _ := getMockConf("vps")
+	logger := testutil.NewLogger(t)
+	_, err := conf.NewDiscoverer(discovery.DiscovererOptions{
+		Logger: logger,
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[
+  "abcde"
+]

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers_abcde_ips.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[
+  "1.2.3.4/32",
+  "2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/64"
+]

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/dedicated_server/dedicated_servers_details.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "ip": "1.2.3.4",
+  "newUpgradeSystem": true,
+  "commercialRange": "Advance-1 Gen 2",
+  "rack": "TESTRACK",
+  "rescueMail": null,
+  "supportLevel": "pro",
+  "bootId": 1,
+  "linkSpeed": 123,
+  "professionalUse": false,
+  "monitoring": true,
+  "noIntervention": false,
+  "name": "abcde",
+  "rootDevice": null,
+  "state": "test",
+  "datacenter": "gra3",
+  "os": "debian11_64",
+  "reverse": "abcde-rev",
+  "serverId": 1234
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/vps/vps.json

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[
+  "abc"
+]

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/vps/vps_abc_ips.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[
+  "192.0.2.1/32",
+  "2001:0db1:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/64"
+]

discovery/ovhcloud/testdata/vps/vps_details.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "offerType": "ssd",
+  "monitoringIpBlocks": [],
+  "displayName": "abc",
+  "zone": "zone",
+  "cluster": "cluster_test",
+  "slaMonitoring": false,
+  "name": "abc",
+  "vcore": 1,
+  "state": "running",
+  "keymap": null,
+  "netbootMode": "local",
+  "model": {
+    "name": "vps-value-1-2-40",
+    "availableOptions": [],
+    "maximumAdditionnalIp": 16,
+    "offer": "VPS abc",
+    "disk": 40,
+    "version": "2019v1",
+    "vcore": 1,
+    "memory": 2048,
+    "datacenter": []
+  },
+  "memoryLimit": 2048
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/vps.go

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/go-kit/log/level"
+	"github.com/ovh/go-ovh/ovh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/refresh"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
+)
+
+const (
+	vpsAPIPath     = "/vps"
+	vpsLabelPrefix = metaLabelPrefix + "vps_"
+)
+
+// Model struct from API.
+type vpsModel struct {
+	MaximumAdditionalIP int      `json:"maximumAdditionnalIp"`
+	Offer               string   `json:"offer"`
+	Datacenter          []string `json:"datacenter"`
+	Vcore               int      `json:"vcore"`
+	Version             string   `json:"version"`
+	Name                string   `json:"name"`
+	Disk                int      `json:"disk"`
+	Memory              int      `json:"memory"`
+}
+
+// VPS struct from API. Also contains IP addresses that are fetched
+// independently.
+type virtualPrivateServer struct {
+	ips                []netip.Addr
+	Keymap             []string `json:"keymap"`
+	Zone               string   `json:"zone"`
+	Model              vpsModel `json:"model"`
+	DisplayName        string   `json:"displayName"`
+	MonitoringIPBlocks []string `json:"monitoringIpBlocks"`
+	Cluster            string   `json:"cluster"`
+	State              string   `json:"state"`
+	Name               string   `json:"name"`
+	NetbootMode        string   `json:"netbootMode"`
+	MemoryLimit        int      `json:"memoryLimit"`
+	OfferType          string   `json:"offerType"`
+	Vcore              int      `json:"vcore"`
+}
+
+type vpsDiscovery struct {
+	*refresh.Discovery
+	config *SDConfig
+	logger log.Logger
+}
+
+func newVpsDiscovery(conf *SDConfig, logger log.Logger) *vpsDiscovery {
+	return &vpsDiscovery{config: conf, logger: logger}
+}
+
+func getVpsDetails(client *ovh.Client, vpsName string) (*virtualPrivateServer, error) {
+	var vpsDetails virtualPrivateServer
+	vpsNamePath := path.Join(vpsAPIPath, url.QueryEscape(vpsName))
+
+	err := client.Get(vpsNamePath, &vpsDetails)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var ips []string
+	err = client.Get(path.Join(vpsNamePath, "ips"), &ips)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	parsedIPs, err := parseIPList(ips)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	vpsDetails.ips = parsedIPs
+
+	return &vpsDetails, nil
+}
+
+func getVpsList(client *ovh.Client) ([]string, error) {
+	var vpsListName []string
+
+	err := client.Get(vpsAPIPath, &vpsListName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return vpsListName, nil
+}
+
+func (d *vpsDiscovery) getService() string {
+	return "vps"
+}
+
+func (d *vpsDiscovery) getSource() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s", d.config.Name(), d.getService())
+}
+
+func (d *vpsDiscovery) refresh(ctx context.Context) ([]*targetgroup.Group, error) {
+	client, err := createClient(d.config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var vpsDetailedList []virtualPrivateServer
+	vpsList, err := getVpsList(client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, vpsName := range vpsList {
+		vpsDetailed, err := getVpsDetails(client, vpsName)
+		if err != nil {
+			err := level.Warn(d.logger).Log("msg", fmt.Sprintf("%s: Could not get details of %s", d.getSource(), vpsName), "err", err.Error())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		vpsDetailedList = append(vpsDetailedList, *vpsDetailed)
+	}
+
+	var targets []model.LabelSet
+	for _, server := range vpsDetailedList {
+		var ipv4, ipv6 string
+		for _, ip := range server.ips {
+			if ip.Is4() {
+				ipv4 = ip.String()
+			}
+			if ip.Is6() {
+				ipv6 = ip.String()
+			}
+		}
+		defaultIP := ipv4
+		if defaultIP == "" {
+			defaultIP = ipv6
+		}
+		labels := model.LabelSet{
+			model.AddressLabel:                       model.LabelValue(defaultIP),
+			model.InstanceLabel:                      model.LabelValue(server.Name),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "offer":                 model.LabelValue(server.Model.Offer),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "datacenter":            model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%+v", server.Model.Datacenter)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "model_vcore":           model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.Model.Vcore)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "maximum_additional_ip": model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.Model.MaximumAdditionalIP)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "version":               model.LabelValue(server.Model.Version),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "model_name":            model.LabelValue(server.Model.Name),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "disk":                  model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.Model.Disk)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "memory":                model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.Model.Memory)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "zone":                  model.LabelValue(server.Zone),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "display_name":          model.LabelValue(server.DisplayName),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "cluster":               model.LabelValue(server.Cluster),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "state":                 model.LabelValue(server.State),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "name":                  model.LabelValue(server.Name),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "netboot_mode":          model.LabelValue(server.NetbootMode),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "memory_limit":          model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.MemoryLimit)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "offer_type":            model.LabelValue(server.OfferType),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "vcore":                 model.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d", server.Vcore)),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "ipv4":                  model.LabelValue(ipv4),
+			vpsLabelPrefix + "ipv6":                  model.LabelValue(ipv6),
+		}
+
+		targets = append(targets, labels)
+	}
+
+	return []*targetgroup.Group{{Source: d.getSource(), Targets: targets}}, nil
+}

discovery/ovhcloud/vps_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ovhcloud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	yaml "gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestOvhCloudVpsRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg SDConfig
+
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(MockVpsAPI))
+	defer mock.Close()
+	cfgString := fmt.Sprintf(`
+---
+service: vps
+endpoint: %s
+application_key: %s
+application_secret: %s
+consumer_key: %s`, mock.URL, ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest, ovhcloudApplicationSecretTest, ovhcloudConsumerKeyTest)
+
+	require.NoError(t, yaml.UnmarshalStrict([]byte(cfgString), &cfg))
+
+	d, err := newRefresher(&cfg, log.NewNopLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	targetGroups, err := d.refresh(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(targetGroups))
+	targetGroup := targetGroups[0]
+	require.NotNil(t, targetGroup)
+	require.NotNil(t, targetGroup.Targets)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(targetGroup.Targets))
+	for i, lbls := range []model.LabelSet{
+		{
+			"__address__":                               "192.0.2.1",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_ipv4":                  "192.0.2.1",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_ipv6":                  "",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_cluster":               "cluster_test",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_datacenter":            "[]",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_disk":                  "40",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_display_name":          "abc",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_maximum_additional_ip": "16",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_memory":                "2048",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_memory_limit":          "2048",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_model_name":            "vps-value-1-2-40",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_name":                  "abc",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_netboot_mode":          "local",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_offer":                 "VPS abc",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_offer_type":            "ssd",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_state":                 "running",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_vcore":                 "1",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_model_vcore":           "1",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_version":               "2019v1",
+			"__meta_ovhcloud_vps_zone":                  "zone",
+			"instance":                                  "abc",
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("item %d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, lbls, targetGroup.Targets[i])
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func MockVpsAPI(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Header.Get("X-Ovh-Application") != ovhcloudApplicationKeyTest {
+		http.Error(w, "bad application key", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/vps" {
+		dedicatedServersList, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/vps/vps.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServersList)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/vps/abc" {
+		dedicatedServer, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/vps/vps_details.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServer)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if string(r.URL.Path) == "/vps/abc/ips" {
+		dedicatedServerIPs, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/vps/vps_abc_ips.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		_, err = w.Write(dedicatedServerIPs)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}

discovery/refresh/refresh.go

@@ -114,7 +114,10 @@ func (d *Discovery) Run(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- []*targetgroup.Group) {
 
 func (d *Discovery) refresh(ctx context.Context) ([]*targetgroup.Group, error) {
 	now := time.Now()
-	defer d.duration.Observe(time.Since(now).Seconds())
+	defer func() {
+		d.duration.Observe(time.Since(now).Seconds())
+	}()
+
 	tgs, err := d.refreshf(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		d.failures.Inc()

docs/configuration/configuration.md

@@ -294,6 +294,10 @@ nomad_sd_configs:
 openstack_sd_configs:
   [ - <openstack_sd_config> ... ]
 
+# List of OVHcloud service discovery configurations.
+ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+  [ - <ovhcloud_sd_config> ... ]
+
 # List of PuppetDB service discovery configurations.
 puppetdb_sd_configs:
   [ - <puppetdb_sd_config> ... ]
@@ -458,7 +462,7 @@ subscription_id: <string>
 # Optional client secret. Only required with authentication_method OAuth.
 [ client_secret: <secret> ]
 
-# Optional resource group name. Limits discovery to this resource group. 
+# Optional resource group name. Limits discovery to this resource group.
 [ resource_group: <string> ]
 
 # Refresh interval to re-read the instance list.
@@ -518,6 +522,7 @@ The following meta labels are available on targets during [relabeling](#relabel_
 * `__meta_consul_address`: the address of the target
 * `__meta_consul_dc`: the datacenter name for the target
 * `__meta_consul_health`: the health status of the service
+* `__meta_consul_partition`: the admin partition name where the service is registered 
 * `__meta_consul_metadata_<key>`: each node metadata key value of the target
 * `__meta_consul_node`: the node name defined for the target
 * `__meta_consul_service_address`: the service address of the target
@@ -536,6 +541,8 @@ The following meta labels are available on targets during [relabeling](#relabel_
 [ datacenter: <string> ]
 # Namespaces are only supported in Consul Enterprise.
 [ namespace: <string> ]
+# Admin Partitions are only supported in Consul Enterprise.
+[ partition: <string> ]
 [ scheme: <string> | default = "http" ]
 # The username and password fields are deprecated in favor of the basic_auth configuration.
 [ username: <string> ]
@@ -1173,6 +1180,66 @@ tls_config:
   [ <tls_config> ]
 ```
 
+### `<ovhcloud_sd_config>`
+
+OVHcloud SD configurations allow retrieving scrape targets from OVHcloud's [dedicated servers](https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/bare-metal/) and [VPS](https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/vps/) using
+their [API](https://api.ovh.com/).
+Prometheus will periodically check the REST endpoint and create a target for every discovered server.
+The role will try to use the public IPv4 address as default address, if there's none it will try to use the IPv6 one. This may be changed with relabeling.
+For OVHcloud's [public cloud instances](https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/public-cloud/) you can use the [openstack_sd_config](#openstack_sd_config).
+
+#### VPS
+
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_cluster`: the cluster of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_datacenter`: the datacenter of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_disk`: the disk of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_display_name`: the display name of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_ipv4`: the IPv4 of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_ipv6`: the IPv6 of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_keymap`: the KVM keyboard layout of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_maximum_additional_ip`: the maximum additional IPs of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_memory_limit`: the memory limit of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_memory`: the memory of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_monitoring_ip_blocks`: the monitoring IP blocks of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_name`: the name of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_netboot_mode`: the netboot mode of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_offer_type`: the offer type of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_offer`: the offer of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_state`: the state of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_vcore`: the number of virtual cores of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_version`: the version of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_vps_zone`: the zone of the server
+
+#### Dedicated servers
+
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_commercial_range`: the commercial range of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_datacenter`: the datacenter of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_ipv4`: the IPv4 of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_ipv6`: the IPv6 of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_link_speed`: the link speed of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_name`: the name of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_os`: the operating system of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_rack`: the rack of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_reverse`: the reverse DNS name of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_server_id`: the ID of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_state`: the state of the server
+* `__meta_ovhcloud_dedicated_server_support_level`: the support level of the server
+
+See below for the configuration options for OVHcloud discovery:
+
+```yaml
+# Access key to use. https://api.ovh.com
+application_key: <string>
+application_secret: <secret>
+consumer_key: <secret>
+# Service of the targets to retrieve. Must be `vps` or `dedicated_server`.
+service: <string>
+# API endpoint. https://github.com/ovh/go-ovh#supported-apis
+[ endpoint: <string> | default = "ovh-eu" ]
+# Refresh interval to re-read the resources list.
+[ refresh_interval: <duration> | default = 60s ]
+```
+
 ### `<puppetdb_sd_config>`
 
 PuppetDB SD configurations allow retrieving scrape targets from
@@ -1505,8 +1572,8 @@ Example response body:
 ```
 
 The endpoint is queried periodically at the specified refresh interval.
-The `prometheus_sd_http_failures_total` counter metric tracks the number of 
-refresh failures. 
+The `prometheus_sd_http_failures_total` counter metric tracks the number of
+refresh failures.
 
 Each target has a meta label `__meta_url` during the
 [relabeling phase](#relabel_config). Its value is set to the
@@ -1568,7 +1635,7 @@ following meta labels are available on all targets during
 [relabeling](#relabel_config):
 
 * `__meta_ionos_server_availability_zone`: the availability zone of the server
-* `__meta_ionos_server_boot_cdrom_id`: the ID of the CD-ROM the server is booted 
+* `__meta_ionos_server_boot_cdrom_id`: the ID of the CD-ROM the server is booted
   from
 * `__meta_ionos_server_boot_image_id`: the ID of the boot image or snapshot the
   server is booted from
@@ -1871,8 +1938,8 @@ namespaces:
 
 # Optional metadata to attach to discovered targets. If omitted, no additional metadata is attached.
 attach_metadata:
-# Attaches node metadata to discovered targets. Valid for roles: pod, endpoints, endpointslice. 
-# When set to true, Prometheus must have permissions to get Nodes. 
+# Attaches node metadata to discovered targets. Valid for roles: pod, endpoints, endpointslice.
+# When set to true, Prometheus must have permissions to get Nodes.
   [ node: <boolean> | default = false ]
 ```
 
@@ -2266,7 +2333,7 @@ tls_config:
 ### `<serverset_sd_config>`
 
 Serverset SD configurations allow retrieving scrape targets from [Serversets]
-(https://github.com/twitter/finagle/tree/master/finagle-serversets) which are
+(https://github.com/twitter/finagle/tree/develop/finagle-serversets) which are
 stored in [Zookeeper](https://zookeeper.apache.org/). Serversets are commonly
 used by [Finagle](https://twitter.github.io/finagle/) and
 [Aurora](https://aurora.apache.org/).
@@ -2962,6 +3029,10 @@ nomad_sd_configs:
 openstack_sd_configs:
   [ - <openstack_sd_config> ... ]
 
+# List of OVHcloud service discovery configurations.
+ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+  [ - <ovhcloud_sd_config> ... ]
+
 # List of PuppetDB service discovery configurations.
 puppetdb_sd_configs:
   [ - <puppetdb_sd_config> ... ]
@@ -3028,6 +3099,9 @@ write_relabel_configs:
 # Enables sending of exemplars over remote write. Note that exemplar storage itself must be enabled for exemplars to be scraped in the first place.
 [ send_exemplars: <boolean> | default = false ]
 
+# Enables sending of native histograms, also known as sparse histograms, over remote write.
+[ send_native_histograms: <boolean> | default = false ]
+
 # Sets the `Authorization` header on every remote write request with the
 # configured username and password.
 # password and password_file are mutually exclusive.
@@ -3198,18 +3272,18 @@ with this feature.
 
 ### `<tsdb>`
 
-`tsdb` lets you config the runtime reloadable configuration of the TSDB.
+`tsdb` lets you configure the runtime-reloadable configuration settings of the TSDB.
 
-NOTE: Out of order ingestion is an experimental feature, but you do not need any additional flag to enable it. Setting `out_of_order_time_window` to a positive duration enables it.
+NOTE: Out-of-order ingestion is an experimental feature, but you do not need any additional flag to enable it. Setting `out_of_order_time_window` to a positive duration enables it.
 
 ```yaml
 # Configures how old an out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample can be w.r.t. the TSDB max time.
-# An out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample is ingested into TSDB as long as the timestamp
+# An out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample is ingested into the TSDB as long as the timestamp
 # of the sample is >= TSDB.MaxTime-out_of_order_time_window.
 #
 # When out_of_order_time_window is >0, the errors out-of-order and out-of-bounds are
 # combined into a single error called 'too-old'; a sample is either (a) ingestible
-# into TSDB, i.e. it is an in-order sample or an out-of-order/out-of-bound sample
+# into the TSDB, i.e. it is an in-order sample or an out-of-order/out-of-bounds sample
 # that is within the out-of-order window, or (b) too-old, i.e. not in-order
 # and before the out-of-order window.
 [ out_of_order_time_window: <duration> | default = 0s ]

docs/configuration/recording_rules.md

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ Rule files use YAML.
 The rule files can be reloaded at runtime by sending `SIGHUP` to the Prometheus
 process. The changes are only applied if all rule files are well-formatted.
 
+_Note about native histograms (experimental feature): Rules evaluating to
+native histograms do not yet work as expected. Instead of a native histogram,
+the sample stored is just a floating point value of zero._
+
 ## Syntax-checking rules
 
 To quickly check whether a rule file is syntactically correct without starting

docs/feature_flags.md

@@ -103,3 +103,26 @@ When enabled, the default ports for HTTP (`:80`) or HTTPS (`:443`) will _not_ be
 the address used to scrape a target (the value of the `__address_` label), contrary to the default behavior.
 In addition, if a default HTTP or HTTPS port has already been added either in a static configuration or
 by a service discovery mechanism and the respective scheme is specified (`http` or `https`), that port will be removed.
+
+## Native Histograms
+
+`--enable-feature=native-histograms`
+
+When enabled, Prometheus will ingest native histograms (formerly also known as
+sparse histograms or high-res histograms). Native histograms are still highly
+experimental. Expect breaking changes to happen (including those rendering the
+TSDB unreadable).
+
+Native histograms are currently only supported in the traditional Prometheus
+protobuf exposition format. This feature flag therefore also enables a new (and
+also experimental) protobuf parser, through which _all_ metrics are ingested
+(i.e. not only native histograms). Prometheus will try to negotiate the
+protobuf format first. The instrumented target needs to support the protobuf
+format, too, _and_ it needs to expose native histograms. The protobuf format
+allows to expose conventional and native histograms side by side. With this
+feature flag disabled, Prometheus will continue to parse the conventional
+histogram (albeit via the text format). With this flag enabled, Prometheus will
+still ingest those conventional histograms that do not come with a
+corresponding native histogram. However, if a native histogram is present,
+Prometheus will ignore the corresponding conventional histogram, with the
+notable exception of exemplars, which are always ingested.

docs/federation.md

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ sort_rank: 6
 Federation allows a Prometheus server to scrape selected time series from
 another Prometheus server.
 
+_Note about native histograms (experimental feature): Federation does not
+support native histograms yet._
+
 ## Use cases
 
 There are different use cases for federation. Commonly, it is used to either

docs/querying/api.md

@@ -447,6 +447,12 @@ sample values. JSON does not support special float values such as `NaN`, `Inf`,
 and `-Inf`, so sample values are transferred as quoted JSON strings rather than
 raw numbers.
 
+The keys `"histogram"` and `"histograms"` only show up if the experimental
+native histograms are present in the response. Their placeholder `<histogram>`
+is explained in detail in its own section below. Any one object will only have
+the `"value"`/`"values"` key or the `"histogram"`/`"histograms"` key, but not
+both.
+
 ### Range vectors
 
 Range vectors are returned as result type `matrix`. The corresponding
@@ -456,7 +462,8 @@ Range vectors are returned as result type `matrix`. The corresponding
 [
   {
     "metric": { "<label_name>": "<label_value>", ... },
-    "values": [ [ <unix_time>, "<sample_value>" ], ... ]
+    "values": [ [ <unix_time>, "<sample_value>" ], ... ],
+    "histograms": [ [ <unix_time>, <histogram> ], ... ]
   },
   ...
 ]
@@ -471,7 +478,8 @@ Instant vectors are returned as result type `vector`. The corresponding
 [
   {
     "metric": { "<label_name>": "<label_value>", ... },
-    "value": [ <unix_time>, "<sample_value>" ]
+    "value": [ <unix_time>, "<sample_value>" ],
+    "histogram": [ <unix_time>, <histogram> ]
   },
   ...
 ]
@@ -495,6 +503,33 @@ String results are returned as result type `string`. The corresponding
 [ <unix_time>, "<string_value>" ]
 ```
 
+### Native histograms
+
+The `<histogram>` placeholder used above is formatted as follows.
+
+_Note that native histograms are an experimental feature, and the format below
+might still change._
+
+```
+{
+  "count": "<count_of_observations>",
+  "sum": "<sum_of_observations>",
+  "buckets": [ [ <boundary_rule>, "<left_boundary>", "<right_boundary>", "<count_in_bucket>" ], ... ]
+}
+```
+
+The `<boundary_rule>` placeholder is an integer between 0 and 3 with the
+following meaning:
+
+* 0: “open left” (left boundary is exclusive, right boundary in inclusive)
+* 1: “open right” (left boundary is inclusive, right boundary in exclusive)
+* 2: “open both” (both boundaries are exclusive)
+* 3: “closed both” (both boundaries are inclusive)
+
+Note that with the currently implemented bucket schemas, positive buckets are
+“open left”, negative buckets are “open right”, and the zero bucket (with a
+negative left boundary and a positive right boundary) is “closed both”.
+
 ## Targets
 
 The following endpoint returns an overview of the current state of the

docs/querying/basics.md

@@ -32,6 +32,16 @@ expression), only some of these types are legal as the result from a
 user-specified expression. For example, an expression that returns an instant
 vector is the only type that can be directly graphed.
 
+_Notes about the experimental native histograms:_
+
+* Ingesting native histograms has to be enabled via a [feature
+  flag](../feature_flags/#native-histograms).
+* Once native histograms have been ingested into the TSDB (and even after
+  disabling the feature flag again), both instant vectors and range vectors may
+  now contain samples that aren't simple floating point numbers (float samples)
+  but complete histograms (histogram samples). A vector may contain a mix of
+  float samples and histogram samples.
+
 ## Literals
 
 ### String literals

docs/querying/functions.md

@@ -11,6 +11,22 @@ instant-vector)`. This means that there is one argument `v` which is an instant
 vector, which if not provided it will default to the value of the expression
 `vector(time())`.
 
+_Notes about the experimental native histograms:_
+
+* Ingesting native histograms has to be enabled via a [feature
+  flag](../feature_flags/#native-histograms). As long as no native histograms
+  have been ingested into the TSDB, all functions will behave as usual.
+* Functions that do not explicitly mention native histograms in their
+  documentation (see below) effectively treat a native histogram as a float
+  sample of value 0. (This is confusing and will change before native
+  histograms become a stable feature.)
+* Functions that do already act on native histograms might still change their
+  behavior in the future.
+* If a function requires the same bucket layout between multiple native
+  histograms it acts on, it will automatically convert them
+  appropriately. (With the currently supported bucket schemas, that's always
+  possible.)
+
 ## `abs()`
 
 `abs(v instant-vector)` returns the input vector with all sample values converted to
@@ -19,8 +35,8 @@ their absolute value.
 ## `absent()`
 
 `absent(v instant-vector)` returns an empty vector if the vector passed to it
-has any elements and a 1-element vector with the value 1 if the vector passed to
-it has no elements.
+has any elements (floats or native histograms) and a 1-element vector with the
+value 1 if the vector passed to it has no elements.
 
 This is useful for alerting on when no time series exist for a given metric name
 and label combination.
@@ -42,8 +58,8 @@ of the 1-element output vector from the input vector.
 ## `absent_over_time()`
 
 `absent_over_time(v range-vector)` returns an empty vector if the range vector
-passed to it has any elements and a 1-element vector with the value 1 if the
-range vector passed to it has no elements.
+passed to it has any elements (floats or native histograms) and a 1-element
+vector with the value 1 if the range vector passed to it has no elements.
 
 This is useful for alerting on when no time series exist for a given metric name
 and label combination for a certain amount of time.
@@ -130,7 +146,14 @@ between now and 2 hours ago:
 delta(cpu_temp_celsius{host="zeus"}[2h])
 ```
 
-`delta` should only be used with gauges.
+`delta` acts on native histograms by calculating a new histogram where each
+compononent (sum and count of observations, buckets) is the difference between
+the respective component in the first and last native histogram in
+`v`. However, each element in `v` that contains a mix of float and native
+histogram samples within the range, will be missing from the result vector.
+
+`delta` should only be used with gauges and native histograms where the
+components behave like gauges (so-called gauge histograms).
 
 ## `deriv()`
 
@@ -154,53 +177,148 @@ Special cases are:
 `floor(v instant-vector)` rounds the sample values of all elements in `v` down
 to the nearest integer.
 
+## `histogram_count()` and `histogram_sum()`
+
+_Both functions only act on native histograms, which are an experimental
+feature. The behavior of these functions may change in future versions of
+Prometheus, including their removal from PromQL._
+
+`histogram_count(v instant-vector)` returns the count of observations stored in
+a native histogram. Samples that are not native histograms are ignored and do
+not show up in the returned vector.
+
+Similarly, `histogram_sum(v instant-vector)` returns the sum of observations
+stored in a native histogram.
+
+Use `histogram_count` in the following way to calculate a rate of observations
+(in this case corresponding to “requests per second”) from a native histogram:
+
+    histogram_count(rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m]))
+
+The additional use of `histogram_sum` enables the calculation of the average of
+observed values (in this case corresponding to “average request duration”):
+
+      histogram_sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m]))
+	/
+      histogram_count(rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m]))
+
+## `histogram_fraction()`
+
+_This function only acts on native histograms, which are an experimental
+feature. The behavior of this function may change in future versions of
+Prometheus, including its removal from PromQL._
+
+For a native histogram, `histogram_fraction(lower scalar, upper scalar, v
+instant-vector)` returns the estimated fraction of observations between the
+provided lower and upper values. Samples that are not native histograms are
+ignored and do not show up in the returned vector.
+
+For example, the following expression calculates the fraction of HTTP requests
+over the last hour that took 200ms or less:
+    
+    histogram_fraction(0, 0.2, rate(http_request_duration_seconds[1h]))
+
+The error of the estimation depends on the resolution of the underlying native
+histogram and how closely the provided boundaries are aligned with the bucket
+boundaries in the histogram.
+
+`+Inf` and `-Inf` are valid boundary values. For example, if the histogram in
+the expression above included negative observations (which shouldn't be the
+case for request durations), the appropriate lower boundary to include all
+observations less than or equal 0.2 would be `-Inf` rather than `0`.
+
+Whether the provided boundaries are inclusive or exclusive is only relevant if
+the provided boundaries are precisely aligned with bucket boundaries in the
+underlying native histogram. In this case, the behavior depends on the schema
+definition of the histogram. The currently supported schemas all feature
+inclusive upper boundaries and exclusive lower boundaries for positive values
+(and vice versa for negative values). Without a precise alignment of
+boundaries, the function uses linear interpolation to estimate the
+fraction. With the resulting uncertainty, it becomes irrelevant if the
+boundaries are inclusive or exclusive.
+
 ## `histogram_quantile()`
 
-`histogram_quantile(φ scalar, b instant-vector)` calculates the φ-quantile (0 ≤ φ
-≤ 1) from the buckets `b` of a
-[histogram](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram). (See
-[histograms and summaries](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms) for
-a detailed explanation of φ-quantiles and the usage of the histogram metric type
-in general.) The samples in `b` are the counts of observations in each bucket.
-Each sample must have a label `le` where the label value denotes the inclusive
-upper bound of the bucket. (Samples without such a label are silently ignored.)
-The [histogram metric type](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram)
-automatically provides time series with the `_bucket` suffix and the appropriate
-labels.
+`histogram_quantile(φ scalar, b instant-vector)` calculates the φ-quantile (0 ≤
+φ ≤ 1) from a [conventional
+histogram](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram) or from
+a native histogram. (See [histograms and
+summaries](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms) for a detailed
+explanation of φ-quantiles and the usage of the (conventional) histogram metric
+type in general.)
+
+_Note that native histograms are an experimental feature. The behavior of this
+function when dealing with native histograms may change in future versions of
+Prometheus._
+
+The conventional float samples in `b` are considered the counts of observations
+in each bucket of one or more conventional histograms. Each float sample must
+have a label `le` where the label value denotes the inclusive upper bound of
+the bucket. (Float samples without such a label are silently ignored.) The
+other labels and the metric name are used to identify the buckets belonging to
+each conventional histogram. The [histogram metric
+type](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram)
+automatically provides time series with the `_bucket` suffix and the
+appropriate labels.
+
+The native histogram samples in `b` are treated each individually as a separate
+histogram to calculate the quantile from.
+
+As long as no naming collisions arise, `b` may contain a mix of conventional
+and native histograms.
 
 Use the `rate()` function to specify the time window for the quantile
 calculation.
 
-Example: A histogram metric is called `http_request_duration_seconds`. To
-calculate the 90th percentile of request durations over the last 10m, use the
-following expression:
+Example: A histogram metric is called `http_request_duration_seconds` (and
+therefore the metric name for the buckets of a conventional histogram is
+`http_request_duration_seconds_bucket`). To calculate the 90th percentile of request
+durations over the last 10m, use the following expression in case
+`http_request_duration_seconds` is a conventional histogram:
 
     histogram_quantile(0.9, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[10m]))
 
+For a native histogram, use the following expression instead:
+
+    histogram_quantile(0.9, rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m]))
+
 The quantile is calculated for each label combination in
 `http_request_duration_seconds`. To aggregate, use the `sum()` aggregator
 around the `rate()` function. Since the `le` label is required by
-`histogram_quantile()`, it has to be included in the `by` clause. The following
-expression aggregates the 90th percentile by `job`:
+`histogram_quantile()` to deal with conventional histograms, it has to be
+included in the `by` clause. The following expression aggregates the 90th
+percentile by `job` for conventional histograms:
 
     histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by (job, le) (rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[10m])))
+	
+When aggregating native histograms, the expression simplifies to:
 
-To aggregate everything, specify only the `le` label:
+    histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by (job) (rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m])))
+
+To aggregate all conventional histograms, specify only the `le` label:
 
     histogram_quantile(0.9, sum by (le) (rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[10m])))
 
-The `histogram_quantile()` function interpolates quantile values by
-assuming a linear distribution within a bucket. The highest bucket
-must have an upper bound of `+Inf`. (Otherwise, `NaN` is returned.) If
-a quantile is located in the highest bucket, the upper bound of the
-second highest bucket is returned. A lower limit of the lowest bucket
-is assumed to be 0 if the upper bound of that bucket is greater than
-0. In that case, the usual linear interpolation is applied within that
-bucket. Otherwise, the upper bound of the lowest bucket is returned
-for quantiles located in the lowest bucket.
+With native histograms, aggregating everything works as usual without any `by` clause:
+
+    histogram_quantile(0.9, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds[10m])))
+
+The `histogram_quantile()` function interpolates quantile values by
+assuming a linear distribution within a bucket. 
+
+If `b` has 0 observations, `NaN` is returned. For φ < 0, `-Inf` is
+returned. For φ > 1, `+Inf` is returned. For φ = `NaN`, `NaN` is returned.
+
+The following is only relevant for conventional histograms: If `b` contains
+fewer than two buckets, `NaN` is returned. The highest bucket must have an
+upper bound of `+Inf`. (Otherwise, `NaN` is returned.) If a quantile is located
+in the highest bucket, the upper bound of the second highest bucket is
+returned. A lower limit of the lowest bucket is assumed to be 0 if the upper
+bound of that bucket is greater than
+0. In that case, the usual linear interpolation is applied within that
+bucket. Otherwise, the upper bound of the lowest bucket is returned for
+quantiles located in the lowest bucket. 
 
-If `b` has 0 observations, `NaN` is returned. If `b` contains fewer than two buckets,
-`NaN` is returned. For φ < 0, `-Inf` is returned. For φ > 1, `+Inf` is returned. For φ = `NaN`, `NaN` is returned.
 
 ## `holt_winters()`
 
@@ -242,11 +360,17 @@ over the last 5 minutes, per time series in the range vector:
 increase(http_requests_total{job="api-server"}[5m])
 ```
 
-`increase` should only be used with counters. It is syntactic sugar
-for `rate(v)` multiplied by the number of seconds under the specified
-time range window, and should be used primarily for human readability.
-Use `rate` in recording rules so that increases are tracked consistently
-on a per-second basis.
+`increase` acts on native histograms by calculating a new histogram where each
+compononent (sum and count of observations, buckets) is the increase between
+the respective component in the first and last native histogram in
+`v`. However, each element in `v` that contains a mix of float and native
+histogram samples within the range, will be missing from the result vector.
+
+`increase` should only be used with counters and native histograms where the
+components behave like counters. It is syntactic sugar for `rate(v)` multiplied
+by the number of seconds under the specified time range window, and should be
+used primarily for human readability.  Use `rate` in recording rules so that
+increases are tracked consistently on a per-second basis.
 
 ## `irate()`
 
@@ -358,8 +482,15 @@ over the last 5 minutes, per time series in the range vector:
 rate(http_requests_total{job="api-server"}[5m])
 ```
 
-`rate` should only be used with counters. It is best suited for alerting,
-and for graphing of slow-moving counters.
+`rate` acts on native histograms by calculating a new histogram where each
+compononent (sum and count of observations, buckets) is the rate of increase
+between the respective component in the first and last native histogram in
+`v`. However, each element in `v` that contains a mix of float and native
+histogram samples within the range, will be missing from the result vector.
+
+`rate` should only be used with counters and native histograms where the
+components behave like counters. It is best suited for alerting, and for
+graphing of slow-moving counters.
 
 Note that when combining `rate()` with an aggregation operator (e.g. `sum()`)
 or a function aggregating over time (any function ending in `_over_time`),

docs/querying/operators.md

@@ -306,3 +306,31 @@ highest to lowest.
 Operators on the same precedence level are left-associative. For example,
 `2 * 3 % 2` is equivalent to `(2 * 3) % 2`. However `^` is right associative,
 so `2 ^ 3 ^ 2` is equivalent to `2 ^ (3 ^ 2)`.
+
+## Operators for native histograms
+
+Native histograms are an experimental feature. Ingesting native histograms has
+to be enabled via a [feature flag](../feature_flags/#native-histograms). Once
+native histograms have been ingested, they can be queried (even after the
+feature flag has been disabled again). However, the operator support for native
+histograms is still very limited.
+
+Logical/set binary operators work as expected even if histogram samples are
+involved. They only check for the existence of a vector element and don't
+change their behavior depending on the sample type of an element (float or
+histogram).
+
+The binary `+` operator between two native histograms and the `sum` aggregation
+operator to aggregate native histograms are fully supported. Even if the
+histograms involved have different bucket layouts, the buckets are
+automatically converted appropriately so that the operation can be
+performed. (With the currently supported bucket schemas, that's always
+possible.) If either operator has to sum up a mix of histogram samples and
+float samples, the corresponding vector element is removed from the output
+vector entirely.
+
+All other operators do not behave in a meaningful way. They either treat the
+histogram sample as if it were a float sample of value 0, or (in case of
+arithmetic operations between a scalar and a vector) they leave the histogram
+sample unchanged. This behavior will change to a meaningful one before native
+histograms are a stable feature.

documentation/examples/prometheus-kubernetes.yml

@@ -57,11 +57,6 @@ scrape_configs:
         regex: default;kubernetes;https
 
   # Scrape config for nodes (kubelet).
-  #
-  # Rather than connecting directly to the node, the scrape is proxied though the
-  # Kubernetes apiserver.  This means it will work if Prometheus is running out of
-  # cluster, or can't connect to nodes for some other reason (e.g. because of
-  # firewalling).
   - job_name: "kubernetes-nodes"
 
     # Default to scraping over https. If required, just disable this or change to

documentation/examples/prometheus-ovhcloud.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# An example scrape configuration for running Prometheus with Ovhcloud.
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: 'ovhcloud'
+    ovhcloud_sd_configs:
+      - service: vps
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: XXX
+        application_secret: XXX
+        consumer_key: XXX
+        refresh_interval: 1m
+      - service: dedicated_server
+        endpoint: ovh-eu
+        application_key: XXX
+        application_secret: XXX
+        consumer_key: XXX
+        refresh_interval: 1m

documentation/examples/remote_storage/example_write_adapter/server.go

@@ -49,6 +49,11 @@ func main() {
 				}
 				fmt.Printf("\tExemplar:  %+v %f %d\n", m, e.Value, e.Timestamp)
 			}
+
+			for _, hp := range ts.Histograms {
+				h := remote.HistogramProtoToHistogram(hp)
+				fmt.Printf("\tHistogram:  %s\n", h.String())
+			}
 		}
 	})
 

documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4
 	github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.10.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.1
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.37.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1
 	gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6
 )
 
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20220304095617-2e8d9baf4ac2 // indirect
 	github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.2-0.20181231171920-c182affec369 // indirect
 	github.com/mwitkow/go-conntrack v0.0.0-20190716064945-2f068394615f // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ require (
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.38.0
+	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.37.1-0.20221011120840-430bdc9dd099
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20220808172628-8227340efae7 // indirect
 )
 

documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.sum

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190717042225-c3de453c63f4/go.mod h1:ybxpYRF
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d/go.mod h1:rBZYJk541a8SKzHPHnH3zbiI+7dagKZ0cgpgrD7Fyho=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20211218093645-b94a6e3cc137 h1:s6gZFSlWYmbqAuRjVTiNNhvNRfY2Wxp9nhfyel4rklc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20211218093645-b94a6e3cc137/go.mod h1:OMCwj8VM1Kc9e19TLln2VL61YJF0x1XFtfdL4JdbSyE=
-github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.3.10 h1:FR+drcQStOe+32sYyJYyZ7FIdgoGGBnwLl+flodp8Uo=
+github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.3.3 h1:a9F4rlj7EWWrbj7BYw8J8+x+ZZkJeqzNyRk8hdPF+ro=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.38.35/go.mod h1:hcU610XS61/+aQV88ixoOzUoG7v3b31pl2zKMmprdro=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.72 h1:i7J5XT7pjBjtl1OrdIhiQHzsG89wkZCcM1HhyK++3DI=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.72/go.mod h1:y4AeaBuwd2Lk+GepC1E9v0qOiTws0MIWAX4oIKwKHZo=
@@ -103,19 +103,19 @@ github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 h1:AnCroh3fv4ZBgVIf1Iwtovgjaw/GiKJo8M8yD
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 h1:xRy4A+RhZaiKjJ1bPfwQ8sedCA+YS2YcCHW6ec7JMi0=
 github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v0.25.0 h1:C3Oae7y0fUVQGSsBrb3zliAjdX+riCSEh4lNMejFNI4=
-github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 h1:PPwGk2jz7EePpoHN/+ClbZu8SPxiqlu12wZP/3sWmnc=
+github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2 h1:+/TMaTYc4QFitKJxsQ7Yye35DkWvkdLcvGKqM+x0Ufc=
 github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20220304095617-2e8d9baf4ac2 h1:uirlL/j72L93RhV4+mkWhjv0cov2I0MIgPOG9rMDr1k=
 github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20220304095617-2e8d9baf4ac2/go.mod h1:M5qHK+eWfAv8VR/265dIuEpL3fNfeC21tXXp9itM24A=
-github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.14.0 h1:Y64GIJ8hYTu+tuGekwO4G4ardXoiCivX9wv1iP/kihk=
+github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.13.1 h1:r5cPdVFUy+pFF7nt+0ArLD9hm+E39OewJkvNdjKXcL4=
 github.com/hashicorp/cronexpr v1.1.1 h1:NJZDd87hGXjoZBdvyCF9mX4DCq5Wy7+A/w+A7q0wn6c=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 h1:035FKYIWjmULyFRBKPs8TBQoi0x6d9G4xc9neXJWAZQ=
-github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v0.14.1 h1:nQcJDQwIAGnmoUWp8ubocEX40cCml/17YkF6csQLReU=
-github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix v1.3.0 h1:8exGP7ego3OmkfksihtSouGMZ+hQrhxx+FVELeXpVPE=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v0.12.2 h1:F1fdYblUEsxKiailtkhCCG2g4bipEgaHiDc8vffNpD4=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix v1.2.0 h1:l6UW37iCXwZkZoAbEYnptSHVE/cQ5bOTPYG5W3vf9+8=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.1 h1:sUiuQAnLlbvmExtFQs72iFW/HXeUn8Z1aJLQ4LJJbTQ=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v1.0.2 h1:jzhAVGtqPKbwpyCPELlgNWhE1znq+qwJtW5Oi2viEzc=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 h1:YDjusn29QI/Das2iO9M0BHnIbxPeyuCHsjMW+lJfyTc=
-github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20220809212729-939d643fec2c h1:lV5A4cLQr1Bh1xGSSQ2R0fDRK4GZnfXxYia4Q7aaTXc=
-github.com/hashicorp/serf v0.9.7 h1:hkdgbqizGQHuU5IPqYM1JdSMV8nKfpuOnZYXssk9muY=
+github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20220629141207-c2428e1673ec h1:jAF71e0KoaY2LJlRsRxxGz6MNQOG5gTBIc+rklxfNO0=
+github.com/hashicorp/serf v0.9.6 h1:uuEX1kLR6aoda1TBttmJQKDLZE1Ob7KN0NPdE7EtCDc=
 github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go v1.35.2 h1:eEDtmDiI2plZ2UQmj4YpiYse5XbtpXOUBpAdIOLxzgE=
 github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.12 h1:b6R2BslTbIEToALKP7LxUvijTsNI9TAe80pLWN2g/HU=
 github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.10.0 h1:8xDpt8KO3lzrzf/ss+l8r42AGUZvoITu5824berK7SE=
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxv
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.3/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1 h1:Fmg33tUaq4/8ym9TJN1x7sLJnHVwhP33CNkpYV/7rwI=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0 h1:WgNl7dwNpEZ6jJ9k1snq4pZsg7DOEN8hP9Xw0Tsjwk0=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0/go.mod h1:640gp4NfQd8pI5XOwp5fnNeVWj67G7CFk/SaSQn7NBk=
 github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.2-0.20181231171920-c182aff
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.2-0.20181231171920-c182affec369/go.mod h1:BSXmuO+STAnVfrANrmjBb36TMTDstsz7MSK+HVaYKv4=
 github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.50 h1:DQUfb9uc6smULcREF09Uc+/Gd46YWqJd5DbpPE9xkcA=
 github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0 h1:lukF9ziXFxDFPkA1vsr5zpc1XuPDn/wFntq5mG+4E0Y=
-github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 h1:jeMsZIYE/09sWLaz43PL7Gy6RuMjD2eJVyuac5Z2hdY=
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.3 h1:OVowDSCllw/YjdLkam3/sm7wEtOy59d8ndGgCcyj8cs=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd h1:TRLaZ9cD/w8PVh93nsPXa1VrQ6jlwL5oN8l14QlcNfg=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5Fsn
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.12.1/go.mod h1:3Z9XVyYiZYEO+YQWt3RD2R3jrbd179Rt297l4aS6nDY=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.0 h1:b71QUfeo5M8gq2+evJdTPfZhYMAU0uKPkyPJ7TPsloU=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.0/go.mod h1:vTeo+zgvILHsnnj/39Ou/1fPN5nJFOEMgftOUOmlvYQ=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.1 h1:3gMjIY2+/hzmqhtUC/aQNYldJA6DtH3CgQvwS+02K1c=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.1/go.mod h1:vTeo+zgvILHsnnj/39Ou/1fPN5nJFOEMgftOUOmlvYQ=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0 h1:uq5h0d+GuxiXLJLNABMgp2qUWDPiLvgCzz2dUR+/W/M=
@@ -205,8 +205,10 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.7.3/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1xBZuNvfVA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.8.0 h1:ODq8ZFEaYeCaZOJlZZdJA2AbQR98dSHSM1KW/You5mo=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.8.0/go.mod h1:z7EfXMXOkbkqb9IINtpCn86r/to3BnA0uaxHdg830/4=
-github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.38.0 h1:YSiJ5gDZmXnOntPRyHn1wb/6I1Frasj9dw57XowIqeA=
-github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.38.0/go.mod h1:2zHO5FtRhM+iu995gwKIb99EXxjeZEuXpKUTIRq4YI0=
+github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.37.1-0.20221011120840-430bdc9dd099 h1:ISpgxhFfSrMztQTw0Za6xDDC3Fwe4kciR8Pwv3Sz9yE=
+github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.37.1-0.20221011120840-430bdc9dd099/go.mod h1:dfkjkdCd3FhLE0BiBIKwwwkZiDQnTnDThE1Zex1UwbA=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.6.1/go.mod h1:xXDCJY+GAPziupqXw64V24skbSoqbTEfhy4qGm1nDQc=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.8.1 h1:geMPLpDpQOgVyCg5z5GoRwLHepNdb71NXb67XFkP+Eg=
 github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.9 h1:0roa6gXKgyta64uqh52AQG3wzZXH21unn+ltzQSXML0=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.2.0/go.mod h1:LxeOpSwHxABJmUn/MG1IvRgCAasNZTLOkJPxbbu5VWo=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2/go.mod h1:tLMulIdttU9McNUspp0xgXVQah82FyeX6MwdIuYE2rE=
@@ -216,13 +218,15 @@ github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 h1:iy+VFUOCP1a+8yFto/drg2CJ5u0yRoB7fZw3DKv/JXA=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.1/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0 h1:pSgiaMZlXftHpm5L7V1+rVB+AZJydKsMxsQBIJw4PKk=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1 h1:w7B6lhMri9wdJUVmEZPGGhZzrYTPvgJArz7wNPgYKsk=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
 github.com/vultr/govultr/v2 v2.17.2 h1:gej/rwr91Puc/tgh+j33p/BLR16UrIPnSr+AIwYWZQs=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtn
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12 h1:VveCTK38A2rkS8ZqFY25HIDFscX5X9OoEhJd3quQmXU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.1.13-0.20220908144252-ce397412b6a4 h1:glzimF7qHZuKVEiMbE7UqBu44MyTjt5u6j3Jz+rfMRM=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -329,7 +333,7 @@ google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.6/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 h1:FZR1q0exgwxzPzp/aF+VccGrSfxfPpkBqjIIEq3ru6c=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220808204814-fd01256a5276 h1:7PEE9xCtufpGJzrqweakEEnTh7YFELmnKm/ee+5jmfQ=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220802133213-ce4fa296bf78 h1:QntLWYqZeuBtJkth3m/6DLznnI0AHJr+AgJXvVh/izw=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.48.0 h1:rQOsyJ/8+ufEDJd/Gdsz7HG220Mh9HAhFHRGnIjda0w=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
@@ -347,8 +351,9 @@ gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 h1:73M5CoZyi3ZLMOyDlQh031Cx6N9NDJ2Vvfl76EDAgDc=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.66.6 h1:LATuAqN/shcYAOkv3wl2L4rkaKqkcgTBQjOyYDvcPKI=
+gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.66.4 h1:SsAcf+mM7mRZo2nJNGt8mZCjG8ZRaNGMURJw7BsIST4=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=

documentation/images/prometheus-logo.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
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+
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+   viewBox="0 0 115.333 114"
+   enable-background="new 0 0 115.333 114"
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+   sodipodi:docname="prometheus_logo_orange.svg"
+   inkscape:version="0.92.1 r15371"><metadata
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go.mod

@@ -7,81 +7,87 @@ require (
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest v0.11.28
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal v0.9.21
 	github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20211218093645-b94a6e3cc137
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.102
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.131
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.2
 	github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0
 	github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20200911182023-62edffca9245
-	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.84.1
-	github.com/docker/docker v20.10.18+incompatible
+	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.89.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v20.10.21+incompatible
 	github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.1.0
 	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.10.3
-	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.6.8
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.5.4
+	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.8.0
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0
 	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1
 	github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.1
 	github.com/go-openapi/strfmt v0.21.3
 	github.com/go-zookeeper/zk v1.0.3
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20220829040838-70bd9ae97f40
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20221102093814-76f304f74e5e
 	github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v1.0.0
-	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20220304095617-2e8d9baf4ac2
+	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20221005093135-b4c2bcb0a4b6
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.15.2
-	github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20220921012004-ddeeb1040edf
+	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.15.3
+	github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20221102143410-8a95f1239005
 	github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go v1.35.3
 	github.com/ionos-cloud/sdk-go/v6 v6.1.3
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
-	github.com/kolo/xmlrpc v0.0.0-20220919000247-3377102c83bd
-	github.com/linode/linodego v1.9.1
+	github.com/kolo/xmlrpc v0.0.0-20220921171641-a4b6fa1dd06b
+	github.com/linode/linodego v1.9.3
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.50
 	github.com/mwitkow/go-conntrack v0.0.0-20190716064945-2f068394615f
 	github.com/oklog/run v1.1.0
 	github.com/oklog/ulid v1.3.1
+	github.com/ovh/go-ovh v1.3.0
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/prometheus/alertmanager v0.24.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.0
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.13.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.3.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.37.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common/assets v0.2.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4 v0.1.0
-	github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit v0.7.1
+	github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit v0.8.1
 	github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.9
 	github.com/shurcooL/httpfs v0.0.0-20190707220628-8d4bc4ba7749
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1
 	github.com/vultr/govultr/v2 v2.17.2
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.10.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.10.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.4
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.11.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.11.1
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.1
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.2.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220920203100-d0c6ba3f52d9
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20220909003341-f21342109be1
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220907140024-f12130a52804
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220919091848-fb04ddd9f9c8
-	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220920022843-2ce7c2934d45
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12
-	google.golang.org/api v0.96.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220920201722-2b89144ce006
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.49.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.2.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.102.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20221027153422-115e99e71e1c
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.50.1
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1
 	gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	k8s.io/api v0.25.1
-	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.1
-	k8s.io/client-go v0.25.1
+	k8s.io/api v0.25.3
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.3
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.25.3
 	k8s.io/klog v1.0.0
 	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.80.0
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.7.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.4.0 // indirect
+)
+
+require (
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.12.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest v14.2.0+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/date v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/to v0.4.0 // indirect
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/distribution v2.7.1+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.8.0 // indirect
 	github.com/evanphx/json-patch v4.12.0+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0 // indirect
@@ -123,12 +129,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gnostic v0.5.7-v3refs // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.11.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/cronexpr v1.1.1 // indirect
@@ -163,13 +169,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
 	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver v1.10.2 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/retry v1.10.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/retry v1.11.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.33.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.19.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.1.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.1.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -16,35 +16,20 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0/go.mod h1:O5N8zS7uWy9vkA9vayVHs65eM1ubvY4h553ofrNHOb
 cloud.google.com/go v0.72.0/go.mod h1:M+5Vjvlc2wnp6tjzE102Dw08nGShTscUx2nZMufOKPI=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.74.0/go.mod h1:VV1xSbzvo+9QJOxLDaJfTjx5e+MePCpCWwvftOeQmWk=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.75.0/go.mod h1:VGuuCn7PG0dwsd5XPVm2Mm3wlh3EL55/79EKB6hlPTY=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.78.0/go.mod h1:QjdrLG0uq+YwhjoVOLsS1t7TW8fs36kLs4XO5R5ECHg=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.79.0/go.mod h1:3bzgcEeQlzbuEAYu4mrWhKqWjmpprinYgKJLgKHnbb8=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.81.0/go.mod h1:mk/AM35KwGk/Nm2YSeZbxXdrNK3KZOYHmLkOqC2V6E0=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.83.0/go.mod h1:Z7MJUsANfY0pYPdw0lbnivPx4/vhy/e2FEkSkF7vAVY=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.84.0/go.mod h1:RazrYuxIK6Kb7YrzzhPoLmCVzl7Sup4NrbKPg8KHSUM=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.87.0/go.mod h1:TpDYlFy7vuLzZMMZ+B6iRiELaY7z/gJPaqbMx6mlWcY=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.90.0/go.mod h1:kRX0mNRHe0e2rC6oNakvwQqzyDmg57xJ+SZU1eT2aDQ=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.93.3/go.mod h1:8utlLll2EF5XMAV15woO4lSbWQlk8rer9aLOfLh7+YI=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.94.1/go.mod h1:qAlAugsXlC+JWO+Bke5vCtc9ONxjQT3drlTTnAplMW4=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.97.0/go.mod h1:GF7l59pYBVlXQIBLx3a761cZ41F9bBH3JUlihCt2Udc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.99.0/go.mod h1:w0Xx2nLzqWJPuozYQX+hFfCSI8WioryfRDzkoI/Y2ZA=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.100.2/go.mod h1:4Xra9TjzAeYHrl5+oeLlzbM2k3mjVhZh4UqTZ//w99A=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.102.0/go.mod h1:oWcCzKlqJ5zgHQt9YsaeTY9KzIvjyy0ArmiBUgpQ+nc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.105.0 h1:DNtEKRBAAzeS4KyIory52wWHuClNaXJ5x1F7xa4q+5Y=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.0.1/go.mod h1:i/xbL2UlR5RvWAURpBYZTtm/cXjCha9lbfbpx4poX+o=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.3.0/go.mod h1:PjpwJnslEMmckchkHFfq+HTD2DmtT67aNFKH1/VBDHE=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.4.0/go.mod h1:S8dzgnTigyfTmLBfrtrhyYhwRxG72rYxvftPBK2Dvzc=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.5.0/go.mod h1:snEHRnqQbz117VIFhE8bmtwIDY80NLUZUMb4Nv6dBIg=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.7.0/go.mod h1://okPTzCYNXSlb24MZs83e2Do+h+VXtc4gLoIoXIAPc=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.8.0/go.mod h1:J5hqkt3O0uAFnINi6JXValWIb1v0goeZM77hZzJN/fQ=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v0.1.0/go.mod h1:GAesmwr110a34z04OlxYkATPBEfVhkymfTBXtfbBFow=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.3.0/go.mod h1:cCZiE1NHEtai4wiufUhW8I8S1JKkAnhnQJWM7YD99wM=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.5.0/go.mod h1:9SMHyhJlzhlkJqrPAc839t2BZFTSk6Jdj6mkzQJeu0M=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.6.0/go.mod h1:T29tfhtVbq1wvAPo0E3+7vhgmkOYeXjhFvz/FMzPu0s=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.6.1/go.mod h1:g85FgpzFvNULZ+S8AYq87axRKuf2Kh7deLqV/jJ3thU=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.7.0 h1:v/k9Eueb8aAJ0vZuxKMrgm6kPhCLZU9HxFU+AFDs9Uk=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.7.0/go.mod h1:435lt8av5oL9P3fv1OEzSbSUe+ybHXGMPQHHZWZxy9U=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.12.1 h1:gKVJMEyqV5c/UnpzjjQbo3Rjvvqpr9B1DFSbJC4OXr0=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.12.1/go.mod h1:e8yNOBcBONZU1vJKCvCoDw/4JQsA0dpM4x/6PIIOocU=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.1 h1:efOwf5ymceDhK6PKMnnrTHP4pppY5L22mle96M1yP48=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.1/go.mod h1:jgHgmJd2RKBGzXqF5LR2EZMGxBkeanZ9wwa75XHJgOM=
 cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LXYbyblFSglQ5pkeyhO+Qmw7ukd3C+pD7TKLgZqpHYE=
 cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.1.0/go.mod h1:umbIZjpQpHh4hmRpGhH4tLFup+FVzqBi1b3c64qFpCk=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v0.3.0/go.mod h1:XzJPvDayI+9zsASAFO68Hk07u3z+f+JrT2xXNdp4bnY=
+cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.1.1 h1:y50CXG4j0+qvEukslYFBCrzaXX0qpFbBzc3PchSu/LE=
 cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R0Gpsv3s54REJCy4fxDixWD93lHJMoZTyQ2kNxGRt3I=
 cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EwwdRX2sKPjnvnqCa270oGRyludottCI76h+R3AArQw=
 cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jhfEVHT8odbXTkndysNHCcx0awwzvfOlguIAii9o8iA=
@@ -55,7 +40,6 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohl
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.14.0/go.mod h1:GrKmX003DSIwi9o29oFT7YDnHYwZoctc3fOKtUw0Xmo=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.22.1/go.mod h1:S8N1cAStu7BOeFfE8KAQzmyyLkK8p/vmRq6kuBTW58Y=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go v65.0.0+incompatible h1:HzKLt3kIwMm4KeJYTdx9EbjRYTySD/t8i1Ee/W5EGXw=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go v65.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:9XXNKU+eRnpl9moKnB4QOLf1HestfXbmab5FXxiDBjc=
@@ -121,8 +105,8 @@ github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go v1.13.3/go.mod h1:4UKl9IzQMoD+QF79YdCuzCwp8VbmG4VAQ
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.27.0/go.mod h1:KmX6BPdI08NWTb3/sm4ZGu5ShLoqVDhKgpiN924inxo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.38.35/go.mod h1:hcU610XS61/+aQV88ixoOzUoG7v3b31pl2zKMmprdro=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.43.11/go.mod h1:y4AeaBuwd2Lk+GepC1E9v0qOiTws0MIWAX4oIKwKHZo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.102 h1:6tUCTGL2UDbFZae1TLGk8vTgeXuzkb8KbAe2FiAeKHc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.102/go.mod h1:y4AeaBuwd2Lk+GepC1E9v0qOiTws0MIWAX4oIKwKHZo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.131 h1:kd61x79ax0vyiC/SZ9X1hKh8E0pt1BUOOcVBJEFhxkg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.131/go.mod h1:aVsgQcEevwlmQ7qHE9I3h+dtQgpqhFB+i8Phjh7fkwI=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v0.18.0/go.mod h1:JWVYvqSMppoMJC0x5wdwiImzgXTI9FuZwxzkQq9wy+g=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
@@ -154,7 +138,6 @@ github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20210930031921-04548b0d99d4/go.mod h1:6pvJx4me5XP
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20210312221358-fbca930ec8ed/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20210805033703-aa0b78936158/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20210922020428-25de7278fc84/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
-github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20211001041855-01bcc9b48dfe/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20211011173535-cb28da3451f1/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20220314180256-7f1daf1720fc h1:PYXxkRUBGUMa5xgMVMDl62vEklZvKpVaxQeN9ie7Hfk=
 github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20220314180256-7f1daf1720fc/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWHgFFCl3hGmgk+/aYT6PnTQLykKQRLhEs=
@@ -162,6 +145,8 @@ github.com/cockroachdb/datadriven v0.0.0-20190809214429-80d97fb3cbaa/go.mod h1:z
 github.com/codahale/hdrhistogram v0.0.0-20161010025455-3a0bb77429bd/go.mod h1:sE/e/2PUdi/liOCUjSTXgM1o87ZssimdTWN964YiIeI=
 github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0/go.mod h1:nnelYz7RCh+5ahJtPPxZlU+153eP4D4r3EedlOD2RNk=
 github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20180511133405-39ca1b05acc7/go.mod h1:F5haX7vjVVG0kc13fIWeqUViNPyEJxv/OmvnBo0Yme4=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.4.0 h1:y9YHcjnjynCd/DVbg5j9L/33jQM3MxJlbj/zWskzfGU=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.4.0/go.mod h1:Y58oyj3AT4RCenI/lSvhwexgC+NSVTIJ3seZv2GcEnc=
 github.com/coreos/pkg v0.0.0-20160727233714-3ac0863d7acf/go.mod h1:E3G3o1h8I7cfcXa63jLwjI0eiQQMgzzUDFVpN/nH/eA=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.0-20190314233015-f79a8a8ca69d/go.mod h1:maD7wRr/U5Z6m/iR4s+kqSMx2CaBsrgA7czyZG/E6dU=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
@@ -175,17 +160,18 @@ github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0/go.mod h1:hnItb35rvZvJrbTALZtY/iQfDs48JKRG1RPpgz
 github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:E3ru+11k8xSBh+hMPgOLZmtrrCbhqsmaPHjLKYnJCaQ=
 github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20200911182023-62edffca9245 h1:9cOfvEwjQxdwKuNDTQSaMKNRvwKwgZG+U4HrjeRKHso=
 github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20200911182023-62edffca9245/go.mod h1:vAd38F8PWV+bWy6jNmig1y/TA+kYO4g3RSRF0IAv0no=
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@@ -202,16 +188,14 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.m
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@@ -224,8 +208,8 @@ github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.3/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSw
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@@ -313,6 +297,7 @@ github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:emmyGweYTm6Kdper+iywB6YK5YzuKchGt
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@@ -339,8 +324,6 @@ github.com/golang/mock v1.4.0/go.mod h1:UOMv5ysSaYNkG+OFQykRIcU/QvvxJf3p21QfJ2Bt
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@@ -356,12 +339,10 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.1/go.mod h1:U8fpvMrcmy5pZrNK1lt4xCsGvpyWQ/VVv6QD
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@@ -382,8 +363,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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@@ -392,7 +373,6 @@ github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/
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@@ -403,31 +383,20 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20200708004538-1a94d8640e99/go.mod h1:ZgVRPoUq/hf
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@@ -438,8 +407,8 @@ github.com/gorilla/mux v1.7.3/go.mod h1:1lud6UwP+6orDFRuTfBEV8e9/aOM/c4fVVCaMa2z
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@@ -449,8 +418,8 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.7.0/go.mod h1:hgWBS7lorOAVIJEQMi4Zs
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@@ -503,8 +472,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/memberlist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:ajVTdAv/9Im8oMAAj5G31PhhMCZJV2p
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@@ -553,8 +522,8 @@ github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EZBBE59ingxPouuu3KfxchcWSUPOHkagtvW
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@@ -563,7 +532,7 @@ github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFB
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@@ -572,8 +541,8 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+
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@@ -677,6 +646,8 @@ github.com/openzipkin-contrib/zipkin-go-opentracing v0.4.5/go.mod h1:/wsWhb9smxS
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@@ -708,15 +679,16 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.4.0/go.mod h1:e9GMxYsXl05ICDXkRhurwBS4Q3O
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@@ -731,8 +703,9 @@ github.com/prometheus/common/assets v0.2.0 h1:0P5OrzoHrYBOSM1OigWL3mY8ZvV2N4zIE/
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@@ -748,7 +721,7 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/fastuuid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jVj6XXZzXRy/MSR5jhDC/2q6DgLz+nrA6L
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@@ -758,7 +731,7 @@ github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.9 h1:0roa6gXKgyta64uqh52AQG3wzZX
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@@ -796,8 +769,9 @@ github.com/streadway/amqp v0.0.0-20190827072141-edfb9018d271/go.mod h1:AZpEONHx3
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 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.1/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0 h1:M2gUjqZET1qApGOWNSnZ49BAIMX4F/1plDv3+l31EJ4=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0 h1:1zr/of2m5FGMsad5YfcqgdqdWrIhu+EBEJRhR1U7z/c=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
@@ -805,8 +779,9 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5W2xD1RspED5o8YsWQXVCued0rvSQ+mT+I5
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0 h1:pSgiaMZlXftHpm5L7V1+rVB+AZJydKsMxsQBIJw4PKk=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
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 github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.0.0 h1:HsD+QiTn7sK6flMKIvNmpqz1qrpP3Ps6jOKIKMooyg4=
 github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XNkn88O1ChpSDQmQeStsy+sBenx6DDtFZJxhVysOjyk=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20170815181823-89b8d40f7ca8/go.mod h1:ncp9v5uamzpCO7NfCPTXjqaC+bZgJeR0sMTm6dMHP7U=
@@ -848,24 +823,24 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.22.4/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.5/go.mod h1:5pWMHQbX5EPX2/62yrJeAkowc+lfs/XD7Uxpq3pI6kk=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 h1:gqCw0LfLxScz8irSi8exQc7fyQ0fKQU/qnC/X8+V/1M=
 go.opencensus.io v0.23.0/go.mod h1:XItmlyltB5F7CS4xOC1DcqMoFqwtC6OG2xF7mCv7P7E=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.0 h1:qZ3KzA4qPzLBDtQyPk4ydjlg8zvXbNysnFHaVMKJbVo=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.0/go.mod h1:14Oo79mRwusSI02L0EfG3Gp1uF3+1wSL+D4zDysxyqs=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.10.0 h1:Y7DTJMR6zs1xkS/upamJYk0SxxN4C9AqRd77jmZnyY4=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.10.0/go.mod h1:NbvWjCthWHKBEUMpf0/v8ZRZlni86PpGFEMA9pnQSnQ=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/retry v1.10.0 h1:TaB+1rQhddO1sF71MpZOZAuSPW1klK2M8XxfrBMfK7Y=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/retry v1.10.0/go.mod h1:78XhIg8Ht9vR4tbLNUhXsiOnE2HOuSeKAiAcoVQEpOY=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.10.0 h1:pDDYmo0QadUPal5fwXoY1pmMpFcdyhXOmL5drCrI3vU=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.10.0/go.mod h1:Krqnjl22jUJ0HgMzw5eveuCvFDXY4nSYb4F8t5gdrag=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.10.0 h1:KtiUEhQmj/Pa874bVYKGNVdq8NPKiacPbaRRtgXi+t4=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.10.0/go.mod h1:OfUCyyIiDvNXHWpcWgbF+MWvqPZiNa3YDEnivcnYsV0=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.10.0 h1:S8DedULB3gp93Rh+9Z+7NTEv+6Id/KYS7LDyipZ9iCE=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.10.0/go.mod h1:5WV40MLWwvWlGP7Xm8g3pMcg0pKOUY609qxJn8y7LmM=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.32.0 h1:lh5KMDB8xlMM4kwE38vlZJ3rZeiWrjw3As1vclfC01k=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.32.0/go.mod h1:PVDNTt297p8ehm949jsIzd+Z2bIZJYQQG/uuHTeWFHY=
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-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vO06iKzD5baltJz1zarxMCNHFpUlUiOy4s65ECtn6kE=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.10.0 h1:npQMbR8o7mum8uF95yFbOEJffhs1sbCOfDh8zAJiH5E=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.10.0/go.mod h1:Sij3YYczqAdz+EhmGhE6TpTxUO5/F/AzrK+kxfGqySM=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.4 h1:aUEBEdCa6iamGzg6fuYxDA8ThxvOG240mAvWDU+XLio=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.36.4/go.mod h1:l2MdsbKTocpPS5nQZscqTR9jd8u96VYZdcpF8Sye7mA=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.33.0 h1:xQAyl7uGEYvrLAiV/09iTJlp1pZnQ9Wl793qbVvED1E=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.33.0/go.mod h1:QlTYc+EnYNq/M2mNk1qDDMRLpqCOj2f/r5c7Fd5FYaI=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.11.1 h1:F7KmQgoHljhUuJyA+9BiU+EkJfyX5nVVF4wyzWZpKxs=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.11.1/go.mod h1:/l3FE4SupHJ12TduVjUkZtlfFqDCQJlOlithYrdktys=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.11.1 h1:ofxdnzsNrGBYXbP7t7zpUK281+go5rF7dvdIZXF8gdQ=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.11.1/go.mod h1:f/Q9G7vzk5u91PhbmKbg1Qn0rzH1LJ4vbPHFGkTPtOk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:PqfVotwruBrMGOCsRd/89rSnXhoiJIqeYNgFYFoEGnI=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.15.0/go.mod h1:H7XAot3MsfNsj7EXtrA2q5xSNQ10UqI405h3+duxN4U=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.19.0 h1:IVN6GR+mhC4s5yfcTbmzHYODqvWAp3ZedA2SJPI1Nnw=
@@ -903,8 +878,9 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5y
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211108221036-ceb1ce70b4fa/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211202192323-5770296d904e/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa h1:zuSxTR4o9y82ebqCUJYNGJbGPo6sKVl54f/TVDObg1c=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.1.0 h1:MDRAIl0xIo9Io2xV565hzXHw3zVseKrJKodhohM5CjU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RecgLatLF4+eUMCP1PoPZQb+cVrJcOPbHkTkbkB9sbw=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -915,6 +891,8 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191227195350-da58074b4299/go.mod h1:2RIsYlXP63K8oxa1u0
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20200119233911-0405dc783f0a/go.mod h1:2RIsYlXP63K8oxa1u096TMicItID8zy7Y6sNkU49FU4=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20200207192155-f17229e696bd/go.mod h1:J/WKrq2StrnmMY6+EHIKF9dgMWnmCNThgcyBT1FY9mM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20200224162631-6cc2880d07d6/go.mod h1:3jZMyOhIsHpP37uCMkUooju7aAi5cS1Q23tOzKc+0MU=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326 h1:QfTh0HpN6hlw6D3vu8DAwC8pBIwikq0AI1evdm+FksE=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20221031165847-c99f073a8326/go.mod h1:CxIveKay+FTh1D0yPZemJVgC/95VzuuOLq5Qi4xnoYc=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190227222117-0694c2d4d067/go.mod h1:kZ7UVZpmo3dzQBMxlp+ypCbDeSB+sBbTgSJuh5dn5js=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190802002840-cff245a6509b/go.mod h1:FeLwcggjj3mMvU+oOTbSwawSJRM1uh48EjtB4UJZlP0=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20181026193005-c67002cb31c3/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
@@ -943,8 +921,9 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.4.1/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.5.0/go.mod h1:5OXOZSfqPIIbmVBIIKWRFfZjPR0E5r58TLhUjH0a2Ro=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.5.1/go.mod h1:5OXOZSfqPIIbmVBIIKWRFfZjPR0E5r58TLhUjH0a2Ro=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4 h1:6zppjxzCulZykYSLyVDYbneBfbaBIQPYMevg0bEwv2s=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0 h1:b9gGHsz9/HhJ3HF5DHQytPpuwocVTChQJK3AvoLRD5I=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0/go.mod h1:4mET923SAdbXp2ki8ey+zGs1SLqsuM2Y0uvdZR/fUNI=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -984,13 +963,10 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201031054903-ff519b6c9102/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwY
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201110031124-69a78807bb2b/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201209123823-ac852fbbde11/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201224014010-6772e930b67b/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210119194325-5f4716e94777/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210316092652-d523dce5a7f4/go.mod h1:RBQZq4jEuRlivfhVLdyRGr576XBO4/greRjx4P4O3yc=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210410081132-afb366fc7cd1/go.mod h1:9tjilg8BloeKEkVJvy7fQ90B1CfIiPueXVOjqfkSzI8=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210421230115-4e50805a0758/go.mod h1:72T/g9IO56b78aLF+1Kcs5dz7/ng1VjMUvfKvpfy+jM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210503060351-7fd8e65b6420/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
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@@ -999,16 +975,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qx
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211216030914-fe4d6282115f/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
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-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220325170049-de3da57026de/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220412020605-290c469a71a5/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220425223048-2871e0cb64e4/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220607020251-c690dde0001d/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug+ECip1KBveYUHfp+8e9klMJ9c=
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-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220920203100-d0c6ba3f52d9 h1:asZqf0wXastQr+DudYagQS8uBO8bHKeYD1vbAvGmFL8=
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@@ -1018,20 +987,11 @@ golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20200902213428-5d25da1a8d43/go.mod h1:KelEdhl1UZF7XfJ
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20201109201403-9fd604954f58/go.mod h1:KelEdhl1UZF7XfJ4dDtk6s++YSgaE7mD/BuKKDLBl4A=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20201208152858-08078c50e5b5/go.mod h1:KelEdhl1UZF7XfJ4dDtk6s++YSgaE7mD/BuKKDLBl4A=
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 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20210514164344-f6687ab2804c/go.mod h1:KelEdhl1UZF7XfJ4dDtk6s++YSgaE7mD/BuKKDLBl4A=
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@@ -1044,10 +1004,9 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200625203802-6e8e738ad208/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
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@@ -1101,51 +1060,34 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201201145000-ef89a241ccb3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
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@@ -1154,14 +1096,15 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
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-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 h1:olpwvP2KacW1ZWvsR7uQhoyTYvKAupfQrRGBFM352Gk=
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+golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 h1:BrVqGRd7+k1DiOgtnFvAkoQEWQvBc25ouMJM6429SFg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.4.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
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+golang.org/x/time v0.1.0 h1:xYY+Bajn2a7VBmTM5GikTmnK8ZuX8YgnQCqZpbBNtmA=
+golang.org/x/time v0.1.0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180221164845-07fd8470d635/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
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@@ -1221,22 +1164,16 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210105154028-b0ab187a4818/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4f
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@@ -1257,28 +1194,8 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.28.0/go.mod h1:lIXQywCXRcnZPGlsd8NbLnOjtAoL6em04bJ9+z0M
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@@ -1324,54 +1241,11 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20201201144952-b05cb90ed32e/go.mod h1:FWY/as6D
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20201210142538-e3217bee35cc/go.mod h1:FWY/as6DDZQgahTzZj3fqbO1CbirC29ZNUFHwi0/+no=
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@@ -1394,23 +1268,11 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.34.0/go.mod h1:WotjhfgOW/POjDeRt8vscBtXq+2VjORFy659qA51WJ8=
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 google.golang.org/grpc v1.40.0/go.mod h1:ogyxbiOoUXAkP+4+xa6PZSE9DZgIHtSpzjDTB9KAK34=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.40.1/go.mod h1:ogyxbiOoUXAkP+4+xa6PZSE9DZgIHtSpzjDTB9KAK34=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.42.0/go.mod h1:k+4IHHFw41K8+bbowsex27ge2rCb65oeWqe4jJ590SU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.44.0/go.mod h1:k+4IHHFw41K8+bbowsex27ge2rCb65oeWqe4jJ590SU=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.45.0/go.mod h1:lN7owxKUQEqMfSyQikvvk5tf/6zMPsrK+ONuO11+0rQ=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.46.0/go.mod h1:vN9eftEi1UMyUsIF80+uQXhHjbXYbm0uXoFCACuMGWk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.46.2/go.mod h1:vN9eftEi1UMyUsIF80+uQXhHjbXYbm0uXoFCACuMGWk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.47.0/go.mod h1:vN9eftEi1UMyUsIF80+uQXhHjbXYbm0uXoFCACuMGWk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.49.0 h1:WTLtQzmQori5FUH25Pq4WT22oCsv8USpQ+F6rqtsmxw=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.49.0/go.mod h1:ZgQEeidpAuNRZ8iRrlBKXZQP1ghovWIVhdJRyCDK+GI=
-google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.50.1 h1:DS/BukOZWp8s6p4Dt/tOaJaTQyPyOoCcrjroHuCeLzY=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.50.1/go.mod h1:ZgQEeidpAuNRZ8iRrlBKXZQP1ghovWIVhdJRyCDK+GI=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
@@ -1441,6 +1303,7 @@ gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMy
 gopkg.in/gcfg.v1 v1.2.3/go.mod h1:yesOnuUOFQAhST5vPY4nbZsb/huCgGGXlipJsBn0b3o=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 h1:73M5CoZyi3ZLMOyDlQh031Cx6N9NDJ2Vvfl76EDAgDc=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1/go.mod h1:cWUDdTG/fYaXco+Dcufb5Vnc6Gp2YChqWtbxRZE0mXw=
+gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.57.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
 gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.66.6 h1:LATuAqN/shcYAOkv3wl2L4rkaKqkcgTBQjOyYDvcPKI=
 gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.66.6/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
 gopkg.in/resty.v1 v1.12.0/go.mod h1:mDo4pnntr5jdWRML875a/NmxYqAlA73dVijT2AXvQQo=
@@ -1474,12 +1337,12 @@ honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWh
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.3/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.4/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
-k8s.io/api v0.25.1 h1:yL7du50yc93k17nH/Xe9jujAYrcDkI/i5DL1jPz4E3M=
-k8s.io/api v0.25.1/go.mod h1:hh4itDvrWSJsmeUc28rIFNri8MatNAAxJjKcQmhX6TU=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.1 h1:t0XrnmCEHVgJlR2arwO8Awp9ylluDic706WePaYCBTI=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.1/go.mod h1:hqqA1X0bsgsxI6dXsJ4HnNTBOmJNxyPp8dw3u2fSHwA=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.25.1 h1:uFj4AJKtE1/ckcSKz8IhgAuZTdRXZDKev8g387ndD58=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.25.1/go.mod h1:rdFWTLV/uj2C74zGbQzOsmXPUtMAjSf7ajil4iJUNKo=
+k8s.io/api v0.25.3 h1:Q1v5UFfYe87vi5H7NU0p4RXC26PPMT8KOpr1TLQbCMQ=
+k8s.io/api v0.25.3/go.mod h1:o42gKscFrEVjHdQnyRenACrMtbuJsVdP+WVjqejfzmI=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.3 h1:7o9ium4uyUOM76t6aunP0nZuex7gDf8VGwkR5RcJnQc=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.25.3/go.mod h1:jaF9C/iPNM1FuLl7Zuy5b9v+n35HGSh6AQ4HYRkCqwo=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.25.3 h1:oB4Dyl8d6UbfDHD8Bv8evKylzs3BXzzufLiO27xuPs0=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.25.3/go.mod h1:t39LPczAIMwycjcXkVc+CB+PZV69jQuNx4um5ORDjQA=
 k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20220803162953-67bda5d908f1 h1:MQ8BAZPZlWk3S9K4a9NCkIFQtZShWqoha7snGixVgEA=
 k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20220803162953-67bda5d908f1/go.mod h1:C/N6wCaBHeBHkHUesQOQy2/MZqGgMAFPqGsGQLdbZBU=
 k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20220728103510-ee6ede2d64ed h1:jAne/RjBTyawwAy0utX5eqigAwz/lQhTmy+Hr/Cpue4=

model/histogram/float_histogram.go

@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package histogram
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// FloatHistogram is similar to Histogram but uses float64 for all
+// counts. Additionally, bucket counts are absolute and not deltas.
+//
+// A FloatHistogram is needed by PromQL to handle operations that might result
+// in fractional counts. Since the counts in a histogram are unlikely to be too
+// large to be represented precisely by a float64, a FloatHistogram can also be
+// used to represent a histogram with integer counts and thus serves as a more
+// generalized representation.
+type FloatHistogram struct {
+	// Currently valid schema numbers are -4 <= n <= 8.  They are all for
+	// base-2 bucket schemas, where 1 is a bucket boundary in each case, and
+	// then each power of two is divided into 2^n logarithmic buckets.  Or
+	// in other words, each bucket boundary is the previous boundary times
+	// 2^(2^-n).
+	Schema int32
+	// Width of the zero bucket.
+	ZeroThreshold float64
+	// Observations falling into the zero bucket. Must be zero or positive.
+	ZeroCount float64
+	// Total number of observations. Must be zero or positive.
+	Count float64
+	// Sum of observations. This is also used as the stale marker.
+	Sum float64
+	// Spans for positive and negative buckets (see Span below).
+	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []Span
+	// Observation counts in buckets. Each represents an absolute count and
+	// must be zero or positive.
+	PositiveBuckets, NegativeBuckets []float64
+}
+
+// Copy returns a deep copy of the Histogram.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) Copy() *FloatHistogram {
+	c := *h
+
+	if h.PositiveSpans != nil {
+		c.PositiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		copy(c.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
+	}
+	if h.NegativeSpans != nil {
+		c.NegativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		copy(c.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
+	}
+	if h.PositiveBuckets != nil {
+		c.PositiveBuckets = make([]float64, len(h.PositiveBuckets))
+		copy(c.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveBuckets)
+	}
+	if h.NegativeBuckets != nil {
+		c.NegativeBuckets = make([]float64, len(h.NegativeBuckets))
+		copy(c.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeBuckets)
+	}
+
+	return &c
+}
+
+// CopyToSchema works like Copy, but the returned deep copy has the provided
+// target schema, which must be ≤ the original schema (i.e. it must have a lower
+// resolution).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) CopyToSchema(targetSchema int32) *FloatHistogram {
+	if targetSchema == h.Schema {
+		// Fast path.
+		return h.Copy()
+	}
+	if targetSchema > h.Schema {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot copy from schema %d to %d", h.Schema, targetSchema))
+	}
+	c := FloatHistogram{
+		Schema:        targetSchema,
+		ZeroThreshold: h.ZeroThreshold,
+		ZeroCount:     h.ZeroCount,
+		Count:         h.Count,
+		Sum:           h.Sum,
+	}
+
+	// TODO(beorn7): This is a straight-forward implementation using merging
+	// iterators for the original buckets and then adding one merged bucket
+	// after another to the newly created FloatHistogram. It's well possible
+	// that a more involved implementation performs much better, which we
+	// could do if this code path turns out to be performance-critical.
+	var iInSpan, index int32
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, h.floatBucketIterator(true, 0, targetSchema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		c.PositiveSpans, c.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, c.PositiveSpans, c.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, h.floatBucketIterator(false, 0, targetSchema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		c.NegativeSpans, c.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, c.NegativeSpans, c.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+
+	return &c
+}
+
+// String returns a string representation of the Histogram.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) String() string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "{count:%g, sum:%g", h.Count, h.Sum)
+
+	var nBuckets []Bucket[float64]
+	for it := h.NegativeBucketIterator(); it.Next(); {
+		bucket := it.At()
+		if bucket.Count != 0 {
+			nBuckets = append(nBuckets, it.At())
+		}
+	}
+	for i := len(nBuckets) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", nBuckets[i].String())
+	}
+
+	if h.ZeroCount != 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", h.ZeroBucket().String())
+	}
+
+	for it := h.PositiveBucketIterator(); it.Next(); {
+		bucket := it.At()
+		if bucket.Count != 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", bucket.String())
+		}
+	}
+
+	sb.WriteRune('}')
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+// ZeroBucket returns the zero bucket.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) ZeroBucket() Bucket[float64] {
+	return Bucket[float64]{
+		Lower:          -h.ZeroThreshold,
+		Upper:          h.ZeroThreshold,
+		LowerInclusive: true,
+		UpperInclusive: true,
+		Count:          h.ZeroCount,
+	}
+}
+
+// Scale scales the FloatHistogram by the provided factor, i.e. it scales all
+// bucket counts including the zero bucket and the count and the sum of
+// observations. The bucket layout stays the same. This method changes the
+// receiving histogram directly (rather than acting on a copy). It returns a
+// pointer to the receiving histogram for convenience.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) Scale(factor float64) *FloatHistogram {
+	h.ZeroCount *= factor
+	h.Count *= factor
+	h.Sum *= factor
+	for i := range h.PositiveBuckets {
+		h.PositiveBuckets[i] *= factor
+	}
+	for i := range h.NegativeBuckets {
+		h.NegativeBuckets[i] *= factor
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+// Add adds the provided other histogram to the receiving histogram. Count, Sum,
+// and buckets from the other histogram are added to the corresponding
+// components of the receiving histogram. Buckets in the other histogram that do
+// not exist in the receiving histogram are inserted into the latter. The
+// resulting histogram might have buckets with a population of zero or directly
+// adjacent spans (offset=0). To normalize those, call the Compact method.
+//
+// The method reconciles differences in the zero threshold and in the schema,
+// but the schema of the other histogram must be ≥ the schema of the receiving
+// histogram (i.e. must have an equal or higher resolution). This means that the
+// schema of the receiving histogram won't change. Its zero threshold, however,
+// will change if needed. The other histogram will not be modified in any case.
+//
+// This method returns a pointer to the receiving histogram for convenience.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) Add(other *FloatHistogram) *FloatHistogram {
+	otherZeroCount := h.reconcileZeroBuckets(other)
+	h.ZeroCount += otherZeroCount
+	h.Count += other.Count
+	h.Sum += other.Sum
+
+	// TODO(beorn7): If needed, this can be optimized by inspecting the
+	// spans in other and create missing buckets in h in batches.
+	var iInSpan, index int32
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, other.floatBucketIterator(true, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, other.floatBucketIterator(false, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+// Sub works like Add but subtracts the other histogram.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) Sub(other *FloatHistogram) *FloatHistogram {
+	otherZeroCount := h.reconcileZeroBuckets(other)
+	h.ZeroCount -= otherZeroCount
+	h.Count -= other.Count
+	h.Sum -= other.Sum
+
+	// TODO(beorn7): If needed, this can be optimized by inspecting the
+	// spans in other and create missing buckets in h in batches.
+	var iInSpan, index int32
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, other.floatBucketIterator(true, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		b.Count *= -1
+		h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+	for iSpan, iBucket, it := -1, -1, other.floatBucketIterator(false, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema); it.Next(); {
+		b := it.At()
+		b.Count *= -1
+		h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = addBucket(
+			b, h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan, index,
+		)
+		index = b.Index
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+// addBucket takes the "coordinates" of the last bucket that was handled and
+// adds the provided bucket after it. If a corresponding bucket exists, the
+// count is added. If not, the bucket is inserted. The updated slices and the
+// coordinates of the inserted or added-to bucket are returned.
+func addBucket(
+	b Bucket[float64],
+	spans []Span, buckets []float64,
+	iSpan, iBucket int,
+	iInSpan, index int32,
+) (
+	newSpans []Span, newBuckets []float64,
+	newISpan, newIBucket int, newIInSpan int32,
+) {
+	if iSpan == -1 {
+		// First add, check if it is before all spans.
+		if len(spans) == 0 || spans[0].Offset > b.Index {
+			// Add bucket before all others.
+			buckets = append(buckets, 0)
+			copy(buckets[1:], buckets)
+			buckets[0] = b.Count
+			if len(spans) > 0 && spans[0].Offset == b.Index+1 {
+				spans[0].Length++
+				spans[0].Offset--
+				return spans, buckets, 0, 0, 0
+			}
+			spans = append(spans, Span{})
+			copy(spans[1:], spans)
+			spans[0] = Span{Offset: b.Index, Length: 1}
+			if len(spans) > 1 {
+				// Convert the absolute offset in the formerly
+				// first span to a relative offset.
+				spans[1].Offset -= b.Index + 1
+			}
+			return spans, buckets, 0, 0, 0
+		}
+		if spans[0].Offset == b.Index {
+			// Just add to first bucket.
+			buckets[0] += b.Count
+			return spans, buckets, 0, 0, 0
+		}
+		// We are behind the first bucket, so set everything to the
+		// first bucket and continue normally.
+		iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan = 0, 0, 0
+		index = spans[0].Offset
+	}
+	deltaIndex := b.Index - index
+	for {
+		remainingInSpan := int32(spans[iSpan].Length) - iInSpan
+		if deltaIndex < remainingInSpan {
+			// Bucket is in current span.
+			iBucket += int(deltaIndex)
+			iInSpan += deltaIndex
+			buckets[iBucket] += b.Count
+			return spans, buckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan
+		}
+		deltaIndex -= remainingInSpan
+		iBucket += int(remainingInSpan)
+		iSpan++
+		if iSpan == len(spans) || deltaIndex < spans[iSpan].Offset {
+			// Bucket is in gap behind previous span (or there are no further spans).
+			buckets = append(buckets, 0)
+			copy(buckets[iBucket+1:], buckets[iBucket:])
+			buckets[iBucket] = b.Count
+			if deltaIndex == 0 {
+				// Directly after previous span, extend previous span.
+				if iSpan < len(spans) {
+					spans[iSpan].Offset--
+				}
+				iSpan--
+				iInSpan = int32(spans[iSpan].Length)
+				spans[iSpan].Length++
+				return spans, buckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan
+			}
+			if iSpan < len(spans) && deltaIndex == spans[iSpan].Offset-1 {
+				// Directly before next span, extend next span.
+				iInSpan = 0
+				spans[iSpan].Offset--
+				spans[iSpan].Length++
+				return spans, buckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan
+			}
+			// No next span, or next span is not directly adjacent to new bucket.
+			// Add new span.
+			iInSpan = 0
+			if iSpan < len(spans) {
+				spans[iSpan].Offset -= deltaIndex + 1
+			}
+			spans = append(spans, Span{})
+			copy(spans[iSpan+1:], spans[iSpan:])
+			spans[iSpan] = Span{Length: 1, Offset: deltaIndex}
+			return spans, buckets, iSpan, iBucket, iInSpan
+		}
+		// Try start of next span.
+		deltaIndex -= spans[iSpan].Offset
+		iInSpan = 0
+	}
+}
+
+// Compact eliminates empty buckets at the beginning and end of each span, then
+// merges spans that are consecutive or at most maxEmptyBuckets apart, and
+// finally splits spans that contain more consecutive empty buckets than
+// maxEmptyBuckets. (The actual implementation might do something more efficient
+// but with the same result.)  The compaction happens "in place" in the
+// receiving histogram, but a pointer to it is returned for convenience.
+//
+// The ideal value for maxEmptyBuckets depends on circumstances. The motivation
+// to set maxEmptyBuckets > 0 is the assumption that is is less overhead to
+// represent very few empty buckets explicitly within one span than cutting the
+// one span into two to treat the empty buckets as a gap between the two spans,
+// both in terms of storage requirement as well as in terms of encoding and
+// decoding effort. However, the tradeoffs are subtle. For one, they are
+// different in the exposition format vs. in a TSDB chunk vs. for the in-memory
+// representation as Go types. In the TSDB, as an additional aspects, the span
+// layout is only stored once per chunk, while many histograms with that same
+// chunk layout are then only stored with their buckets (so that even a single
+// empty bucket will be stored many times).
+//
+// For the Go types, an additional Span takes 8 bytes. Similarly, an additional
+// bucket takes 8 bytes. Therefore, with a single separating empty bucket, both
+// options have the same storage requirement, but the single-span solution is
+// easier to iterate through. Still, the safest bet is to use maxEmptyBuckets==0
+// and only use a larger number if you know what you are doing.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) Compact(maxEmptyBuckets int) *FloatHistogram {
+	h.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveSpans = compactBuckets(
+		h.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveSpans, maxEmptyBuckets, false,
+	)
+	h.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeSpans = compactBuckets(
+		h.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeSpans, maxEmptyBuckets, false,
+	)
+	return h
+}
+
+// DetectReset returns true if the receiving histogram is missing any buckets
+// that have a non-zero population in the provided previous histogram. It also
+// returns true if any count (in any bucket, in the zero count, or in the count
+// of observations, but NOT the sum of observations) is smaller in the receiving
+// histogram compared to the previous histogram. Otherwise, it returns false.
+//
+// Special behavior in case the Schema or the ZeroThreshold are not the same in
+// both histograms:
+//
+//   - A decrease of the ZeroThreshold or an increase of the Schema (i.e. an
+//     increase of resolution) can only happen together with a reset. Thus, the
+//     method returns true in either case.
+//
+//   - Upon an increase of the ZeroThreshold, the buckets in the previous
+//     histogram that fall within the new ZeroThreshold are added to the ZeroCount
+//     of the previous histogram (without mutating the provided previous
+//     histogram). The scenario that a populated bucket of the previous histogram
+//     is partially within, partially outside of the new ZeroThreshold, can only
+//     happen together with a counter reset and therefore shortcuts to returning
+//     true.
+//
+//   - Upon a decrease of the Schema, the buckets of the previous histogram are
+//     merged so that they match the new, lower-resolution schema (again without
+//     mutating the provided previous histogram).
+//
+// Note that this kind of reset detection is quite expensive. Ideally, resets
+// are detected at ingest time and stored in the TSDB, so that the reset
+// information can be read directly from there rather than be detected each time
+// again.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) DetectReset(previous *FloatHistogram) bool {
+	if h.Count < previous.Count {
+		return true
+	}
+	if h.Schema > previous.Schema {
+		return true
+	}
+	if h.ZeroThreshold < previous.ZeroThreshold {
+		// ZeroThreshold decreased.
+		return true
+	}
+	previousZeroCount, newThreshold := previous.zeroCountForLargerThreshold(h.ZeroThreshold)
+	if newThreshold != h.ZeroThreshold {
+		// ZeroThreshold is within a populated bucket in previous
+		// histogram.
+		return true
+	}
+	if h.ZeroCount < previousZeroCount {
+		return true
+	}
+	currIt := h.floatBucketIterator(true, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema)
+	prevIt := previous.floatBucketIterator(true, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema)
+	if detectReset(currIt, prevIt) {
+		return true
+	}
+	currIt = h.floatBucketIterator(false, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema)
+	prevIt = previous.floatBucketIterator(false, h.ZeroThreshold, h.Schema)
+	return detectReset(currIt, prevIt)
+}
+
+func detectReset(currIt, prevIt BucketIterator[float64]) bool {
+	if !prevIt.Next() {
+		return false // If no buckets in previous histogram, nothing can be reset.
+	}
+	prevBucket := prevIt.At()
+	if !currIt.Next() {
+		// No bucket in current, but at least one in previous
+		// histogram. Check if any of those are non-zero, in which case
+		// this is a reset.
+		for {
+			if prevBucket.Count != 0 {
+				return true
+			}
+			if !prevIt.Next() {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	currBucket := currIt.At()
+	for {
+		// Forward currIt until we find the bucket corresponding to prevBucket.
+		for currBucket.Index < prevBucket.Index {
+			if !currIt.Next() {
+				// Reached end of currIt early, therefore
+				// previous histogram has a bucket that the
+				// current one does not have. Unlass all
+				// remaining buckets in the previous histogram
+				// are unpopulated, this is a reset.
+				for {
+					if prevBucket.Count != 0 {
+						return true
+					}
+					if !prevIt.Next() {
+						return false
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			currBucket = currIt.At()
+		}
+		if currBucket.Index > prevBucket.Index {
+			// Previous histogram has a bucket the current one does
+			// not have. If it's populated, it's a reset.
+			if prevBucket.Count != 0 {
+				return true
+			}
+		} else {
+			// We have reached corresponding buckets in both iterators.
+			// We can finally compare the counts.
+			if currBucket.Count < prevBucket.Count {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		if !prevIt.Next() {
+			// Reached end of prevIt without finding offending buckets.
+			return false
+		}
+		prevBucket = prevIt.At()
+	}
+}
+
+// PositiveBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all positive
+// buckets in ascending order (starting next to the zero bucket and going up).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) PositiveBucketIterator() BucketIterator[float64] {
+	return h.floatBucketIterator(true, 0, h.Schema)
+}
+
+// NegativeBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all negative
+// buckets in descending order (starting next to the zero bucket and going
+// down).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) NegativeBucketIterator() BucketIterator[float64] {
+	return h.floatBucketIterator(false, 0, h.Schema)
+}
+
+// PositiveReverseBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all
+// positive buckets in descending order (starting at the highest bucket and
+// going down towards the zero bucket).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) PositiveReverseBucketIterator() BucketIterator[float64] {
+	return newReverseFloatBucketIterator(h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, h.Schema, true)
+}
+
+// NegativeReverseBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all
+// negative buckets in ascending order (starting at the lowest bucket and going
+// up towards the zero bucket).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) NegativeReverseBucketIterator() BucketIterator[float64] {
+	return newReverseFloatBucketIterator(h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, h.Schema, false)
+}
+
+// AllBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all negative,
+// zero, and positive buckets in ascending order (starting at the lowest bucket
+// and going up). If the highest negative bucket or the lowest positive bucket
+// overlap with the zero bucket, their upper or lower boundary, respectively, is
+// set to the zero threshold.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) AllBucketIterator() BucketIterator[float64] {
+	return &allFloatBucketIterator{
+		h:       h,
+		negIter: h.NegativeReverseBucketIterator(),
+		posIter: h.PositiveBucketIterator(),
+		state:   -1,
+	}
+}
+
+// zeroCountForLargerThreshold returns what the histogram's zero count would be
+// if the ZeroThreshold had the provided larger (or equal) value. If the
+// provided value is less than the histogram's ZeroThreshold, the method panics.
+// If the largerThreshold ends up within a populated bucket of the histogram, it
+// is adjusted upwards to the lower limit of that bucket (all in terms of
+// absolute values) and that bucket's count is included in the returned
+// count. The adjusted threshold is returned, too.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) zeroCountForLargerThreshold(largerThreshold float64) (count, threshold float64) {
+	// Fast path.
+	if largerThreshold == h.ZeroThreshold {
+		return h.ZeroCount, largerThreshold
+	}
+	if largerThreshold < h.ZeroThreshold {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("new threshold %f is less than old threshold %f", largerThreshold, h.ZeroThreshold))
+	}
+outer:
+	for {
+		count = h.ZeroCount
+		i := h.PositiveBucketIterator()
+		for i.Next() {
+			b := i.At()
+			if b.Lower >= largerThreshold {
+				break
+			}
+			count += b.Count // Bucket to be merged into zero bucket.
+			if b.Upper > largerThreshold {
+				// New threshold ended up within a bucket. if it's
+				// populated, we need to adjust largerThreshold before
+				// we are done here.
+				if b.Count != 0 {
+					largerThreshold = b.Upper
+				}
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		i = h.NegativeBucketIterator()
+		for i.Next() {
+			b := i.At()
+			if b.Upper <= -largerThreshold {
+				break
+			}
+			count += b.Count // Bucket to be merged into zero bucket.
+			if b.Lower < -largerThreshold {
+				// New threshold ended up within a bucket. If
+				// it's populated, we need to adjust
+				// largerThreshold and have to redo the whole
+				// thing because the treatment of the positive
+				// buckets is invalid now.
+				if b.Count != 0 {
+					largerThreshold = -b.Lower
+					continue outer
+				}
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		return count, largerThreshold
+	}
+}
+
+// trimBucketsInZeroBucket removes all buckets that are within the zero
+// bucket. It assumes that the zero threshold is at a bucket boundary and that
+// the counts in the buckets to remove are already part of the zero count.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) trimBucketsInZeroBucket() {
+	i := h.PositiveBucketIterator()
+	bucketsIdx := 0
+	for i.Next() {
+		b := i.At()
+		if b.Lower >= h.ZeroThreshold {
+			break
+		}
+		h.PositiveBuckets[bucketsIdx] = 0
+		bucketsIdx++
+	}
+	i = h.NegativeBucketIterator()
+	bucketsIdx = 0
+	for i.Next() {
+		b := i.At()
+		if b.Upper <= -h.ZeroThreshold {
+			break
+		}
+		h.NegativeBuckets[bucketsIdx] = 0
+		bucketsIdx++
+	}
+	// We are abusing Compact to trim the buckets set to zero
+	// above. Premature compacting could cause additional cost, but this
+	// code path is probably rarely used anyway.
+	h.Compact(0)
+}
+
+// reconcileZeroBuckets finds a zero bucket large enough to include the zero
+// buckets of both histograms (the receiving histogram and the other histogram)
+// with a zero threshold that is not within a populated bucket in either
+// histogram. This method modifies the receiving histogram accourdingly, but
+// leaves the other histogram as is. Instead, it returns the zero count the
+// other histogram would have if it were modified.
+func (h *FloatHistogram) reconcileZeroBuckets(other *FloatHistogram) float64 {
+	otherZeroCount := other.ZeroCount
+	otherZeroThreshold := other.ZeroThreshold
+
+	for otherZeroThreshold != h.ZeroThreshold {
+		if h.ZeroThreshold > otherZeroThreshold {
+			otherZeroCount, otherZeroThreshold = other.zeroCountForLargerThreshold(h.ZeroThreshold)
+		}
+		if otherZeroThreshold > h.ZeroThreshold {
+			h.ZeroCount, h.ZeroThreshold = h.zeroCountForLargerThreshold(otherZeroThreshold)
+			h.trimBucketsInZeroBucket()
+		}
+	}
+	return otherZeroCount
+}
+
+// floatBucketIterator is a low-level constructor for bucket iterators.
+//
+// If positive is true, the returned iterator iterates through the positive
+// buckets, otherwise through the negative buckets.
+//
+// If absoluteStartValue is < the lowest absolute value of any upper bucket
+// boundary, the iterator starts with the first bucket. Otherwise, it will skip
+// all buckets with an absolute value of their upper boundary ≤
+// absoluteStartValue.
+//
+// targetSchema must be ≤ the schema of FloatHistogram (and of course within the
+// legal values for schemas in general). The buckets are merged to match the
+// targetSchema prior to iterating (without mutating FloatHistogram).
+func (h *FloatHistogram) floatBucketIterator(
+	positive bool, absoluteStartValue float64, targetSchema int32,
+) *floatBucketIterator {
+	if targetSchema > h.Schema {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot merge from schema %d to %d", h.Schema, targetSchema))
+	}
+	i := &floatBucketIterator{
+		baseBucketIterator: baseBucketIterator[float64, float64]{
+			schema:   h.Schema,
+			positive: positive,
+		},
+		targetSchema:       targetSchema,
+		absoluteStartValue: absoluteStartValue,
+	}
+	if positive {
+		i.spans = h.PositiveSpans
+		i.buckets = h.PositiveBuckets
+	} else {
+		i.spans = h.NegativeSpans
+		i.buckets = h.NegativeBuckets
+	}
+	return i
+}
+
+// reverseFloatbucketiterator is a low-level constructor for reverse bucket iterators.
+func newReverseFloatBucketIterator(
+	spans []Span, buckets []float64, schema int32, positive bool,
+) *reverseFloatBucketIterator {
+	r := &reverseFloatBucketIterator{
+		baseBucketIterator: baseBucketIterator[float64, float64]{
+			schema:   schema,
+			spans:    spans,
+			buckets:  buckets,
+			positive: positive,
+		},
+	}
+
+	r.spansIdx = len(r.spans) - 1
+	r.bucketsIdx = len(r.buckets) - 1
+	if r.spansIdx >= 0 {
+		r.idxInSpan = int32(r.spans[r.spansIdx].Length) - 1
+	}
+	r.currIdx = 0
+	for _, s := range r.spans {
+		r.currIdx += s.Offset + int32(s.Length)
+	}
+
+	return r
+}
+
+type floatBucketIterator struct {
+	baseBucketIterator[float64, float64]
+
+	targetSchema       int32   // targetSchema is the schema to merge to and must be ≤ schema.
+	origIdx            int32   // The bucket index within the original schema.
+	absoluteStartValue float64 // Never return buckets with an upper bound ≤ this value.
+}
+
+func (i *floatBucketIterator) Next() bool {
+	if i.spansIdx >= len(i.spans) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Copy all of these into local variables so that we can forward to the
+	// next bucket and then roll back if needed.
+	origIdx, spansIdx, idxInSpan := i.origIdx, i.spansIdx, i.idxInSpan
+	span := i.spans[spansIdx]
+	firstPass := true
+	i.currCount = 0
+
+mergeLoop: // Merge together all buckets from the original schema that fall into one bucket in the targetSchema.
+	for {
+		if i.bucketsIdx == 0 {
+			// Seed origIdx for the first bucket.
+			origIdx = span.Offset
+		} else {
+			origIdx++
+		}
+		for idxInSpan >= span.Length {
+			// We have exhausted the current span and have to find a new
+			// one. We even handle pathologic spans of length 0 here.
+			idxInSpan = 0
+			spansIdx++
+			if spansIdx >= len(i.spans) {
+				if firstPass {
+					return false
+				}
+				break mergeLoop
+			}
+			span = i.spans[spansIdx]
+			origIdx += span.Offset
+		}
+		currIdx := i.targetIdx(origIdx)
+		if firstPass {
+			i.currIdx = currIdx
+			firstPass = false
+		} else if currIdx != i.currIdx {
+			// Reached next bucket in targetSchema.
+			// Do not actually forward to the next bucket, but break out.
+			break mergeLoop
+		}
+		i.currCount += i.buckets[i.bucketsIdx]
+		idxInSpan++
+		i.bucketsIdx++
+		i.origIdx, i.spansIdx, i.idxInSpan = origIdx, spansIdx, idxInSpan
+		if i.schema == i.targetSchema {
+			// Don't need to test the next bucket for mergeability
+			// if we have no schema change anyway.
+			break mergeLoop
+		}
+	}
+	// Skip buckets before absoluteStartValue.
+	// TODO(beorn7): Maybe do something more efficient than this recursive call.
+	if getBound(i.currIdx, i.targetSchema) <= i.absoluteStartValue {
+		return i.Next()
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// targetIdx returns the bucket index within i.targetSchema for the given bucket
+// index within i.schema.
+func (i *floatBucketIterator) targetIdx(idx int32) int32 {
+	if i.schema == i.targetSchema {
+		// Fast path for the common case. The below would yield the same
+		// result, just with more effort.
+		return idx
+	}
+	return ((idx - 1) >> (i.schema - i.targetSchema)) + 1
+}
+
+type reverseFloatBucketIterator struct {
+	baseBucketIterator[float64, float64]
+	idxInSpan int32 // Changed from uint32 to allow negative values for exhaustion detection.
+}
+
+func (i *reverseFloatBucketIterator) Next() bool {
+	i.currIdx--
+	if i.bucketsIdx < 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for i.idxInSpan < 0 {
+		// We have exhausted the current span and have to find a new
+		// one. We'll even handle pathologic spans of length 0.
+		i.spansIdx--
+		i.idxInSpan = int32(i.spans[i.spansIdx].Length) - 1
+		i.currIdx -= i.spans[i.spansIdx+1].Offset
+	}
+
+	i.currCount = i.buckets[i.bucketsIdx]
+	i.bucketsIdx--
+	i.idxInSpan--
+	return true
+}
+
+type allFloatBucketIterator struct {
+	h                *FloatHistogram
+	negIter, posIter BucketIterator[float64]
+	// -1 means we are iterating negative buckets.
+	// 0 means it is time for the zero bucket.
+	// 1 means we are iterating positive buckets.
+	// Anything else means iteration is over.
+	state      int8
+	currBucket Bucket[float64]
+}
+
+func (i *allFloatBucketIterator) Next() bool {
+	switch i.state {
+	case -1:
+		if i.negIter.Next() {
+			i.currBucket = i.negIter.At()
+			if i.currBucket.Upper > -i.h.ZeroThreshold {
+				i.currBucket.Upper = -i.h.ZeroThreshold
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+		i.state = 0
+		return i.Next()
+	case 0:
+		i.state = 1
+		if i.h.ZeroCount > 0 {
+			i.currBucket = Bucket[float64]{
+				Lower:          -i.h.ZeroThreshold,
+				Upper:          i.h.ZeroThreshold,
+				LowerInclusive: true,
+				UpperInclusive: true,
+				Count:          i.h.ZeroCount,
+				// Index is irrelevant for the zero bucket.
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+		return i.Next()
+	case 1:
+		if i.posIter.Next() {
+			i.currBucket = i.posIter.At()
+			if i.currBucket.Lower < i.h.ZeroThreshold {
+				i.currBucket.Lower = i.h.ZeroThreshold
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+		i.state = 42
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+func (i *allFloatBucketIterator) At() Bucket[float64] {
+	return i.currBucket
+}

model/histogram/generic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package histogram
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// BucketCount is a type constraint for the count in a bucket, which can be
+// float64 (for type FloatHistogram) or uint64 (for type Histogram).
+type BucketCount interface {
+	float64 | uint64
+}
+
+// internalBucketCount is used internally by Histogram and FloatHistogram. The
+// difference to the BucketCount above is that Histogram internally uses deltas
+// between buckets rather than absolute counts (while FloatHistogram uses
+// absolute counts directly). Go type parameters don't allow type
+// specialization. Therefore, where special treatment of deltas between buckets
+// vs. absolute counts is important, this information has to be provided as a
+// separate boolean parameter "deltaBuckets"
+type internalBucketCount interface {
+	float64 | int64
+}
+
+// Bucket represents a bucket with lower and upper limit and the absolute count
+// of samples in the bucket. It also specifies if each limit is inclusive or
+// not. (Mathematically, inclusive limits create a closed interval, and
+// non-inclusive limits an open interval.)
+//
+// To represent cumulative buckets, Lower is set to -Inf, and the Count is then
+// cumulative (including the counts of all buckets for smaller values).
+type Bucket[BC BucketCount] struct {
+	Lower, Upper                   float64
+	LowerInclusive, UpperInclusive bool
+	Count                          BC
+
+	// Index within schema. To easily compare buckets that share the same
+	// schema and sign (positive or negative). Irrelevant for the zero bucket.
+	Index int32
+}
+
+// String returns a string representation of a Bucket, using the usual
+// mathematical notation of '['/']' for inclusive bounds and '('/')' for
+// non-inclusive bounds.
+func (b Bucket[BC]) String() string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	if b.LowerInclusive {
+		sb.WriteRune('[')
+	} else {
+		sb.WriteRune('(')
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "%g,%g", b.Lower, b.Upper)
+	if b.UpperInclusive {
+		sb.WriteRune(']')
+	} else {
+		sb.WriteRune(')')
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ":%v", b.Count)
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+// BucketIterator iterates over the buckets of a Histogram, returning decoded
+// buckets.
+type BucketIterator[BC BucketCount] interface {
+	// Next advances the iterator by one.
+	Next() bool
+	// At returns the current bucket.
+	At() Bucket[BC]
+}
+
+// baseBucketIterator provides a struct that is shared by most BucketIterator
+// implementations, together with an implementation of the At method. This
+// iterator can be embedded in full implementations of BucketIterator to save on
+// code replication.
+type baseBucketIterator[BC BucketCount, IBC internalBucketCount] struct {
+	schema  int32
+	spans   []Span
+	buckets []IBC
+
+	positive bool // Whether this is for positive buckets.
+
+	spansIdx   int    // Current span within spans slice.
+	idxInSpan  uint32 // Index in the current span. 0 <= idxInSpan < span.Length.
+	bucketsIdx int    // Current bucket within buckets slice.
+
+	currCount IBC   // Count in the current bucket.
+	currIdx   int32 // The actual bucket index.
+}
+
+func (b baseBucketIterator[BC, IBC]) At() Bucket[BC] {
+	bucket := Bucket[BC]{
+		Count: BC(b.currCount),
+		Index: b.currIdx,
+	}
+	if b.positive {
+		bucket.Upper = getBound(b.currIdx, b.schema)
+		bucket.Lower = getBound(b.currIdx-1, b.schema)
+	} else {
+		bucket.Lower = -getBound(b.currIdx, b.schema)
+		bucket.Upper = -getBound(b.currIdx-1, b.schema)
+	}
+	bucket.LowerInclusive = bucket.Lower < 0
+	bucket.UpperInclusive = bucket.Upper > 0
+	return bucket
+}
+
+// compactBuckets is a generic function used by both Histogram.Compact and
+// FloatHistogram.Compact. Set deltaBuckets to true if the provided buckets are
+// deltas. Set it to false if the buckets contain absolute counts.
+func compactBuckets[IBC internalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []Span, maxEmptyBuckets int, deltaBuckets bool) ([]IBC, []Span) {
+	// Fast path: If there are no empty buckets AND no offset in any span is
+	// <= maxEmptyBuckets AND no span has length 0, there is nothing to do and we can return
+	// immediately. We check that first because it's cheap and presumably
+	// common.
+	nothingToDo := true
+	var currentBucketAbsolute IBC
+	for _, bucket := range buckets {
+		if deltaBuckets {
+			currentBucketAbsolute += bucket
+		} else {
+			currentBucketAbsolute = bucket
+		}
+		if currentBucketAbsolute == 0 {
+			nothingToDo = false
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if nothingToDo {
+		for _, span := range spans {
+			if int(span.Offset) <= maxEmptyBuckets || span.Length == 0 {
+				nothingToDo = false
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if nothingToDo {
+			return buckets, spans
+		}
+	}
+
+	var iBucket, iSpan int
+	var posInSpan uint32
+	currentBucketAbsolute = 0
+
+	// Helper function.
+	emptyBucketsHere := func() int {
+		i := 0
+		abs := currentBucketAbsolute
+		for uint32(i)+posInSpan < spans[iSpan].Length && abs == 0 {
+			i++
+			if i+iBucket >= len(buckets) {
+				break
+			}
+			abs = buckets[i+iBucket]
+		}
+		return i
+	}
+
+	// Merge spans with zero-offset to avoid special cases later.
+	if len(spans) > 1 {
+		for i, span := range spans[1:] {
+			if span.Offset == 0 {
+				spans[iSpan].Length += span.Length
+				continue
+			}
+			iSpan++
+			if i+1 != iSpan {
+				spans[iSpan] = span
+			}
+		}
+		spans = spans[:iSpan+1]
+		iSpan = 0
+	}
+
+	// Merge spans with zero-length to avoid special cases later.
+	for i, span := range spans {
+		if span.Length == 0 {
+			if i+1 < len(spans) {
+				spans[i+1].Offset += span.Offset
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if i != iSpan {
+			spans[iSpan] = span
+		}
+		iSpan++
+	}
+	spans = spans[:iSpan]
+	iSpan = 0
+
+	// Cut out empty buckets from start and end of spans, no matter
+	// what. Also cut out empty buckets from the middle of a span but only
+	// if there are more than maxEmptyBuckets consecutive empty buckets.
+	for iBucket < len(buckets) {
+		if deltaBuckets {
+			currentBucketAbsolute += buckets[iBucket]
+		} else {
+			currentBucketAbsolute = buckets[iBucket]
+		}
+		if nEmpty := emptyBucketsHere(); nEmpty > 0 {
+			if posInSpan > 0 &&
+				nEmpty < int(spans[iSpan].Length-posInSpan) &&
+				nEmpty <= maxEmptyBuckets {
+				// The empty buckets are in the middle of a
+				// span, and there are few enough to not bother.
+				// Just fast-forward.
+				iBucket += nEmpty
+				if deltaBuckets {
+					currentBucketAbsolute = 0
+				}
+				posInSpan += uint32(nEmpty)
+				continue
+			}
+			// In all other cases, we cut out the empty buckets.
+			if deltaBuckets && iBucket+nEmpty < len(buckets) {
+				currentBucketAbsolute = -buckets[iBucket]
+				buckets[iBucket+nEmpty] += buckets[iBucket]
+			}
+			buckets = append(buckets[:iBucket], buckets[iBucket+nEmpty:]...)
+			if posInSpan == 0 {
+				// Start of span.
+				if nEmpty == int(spans[iSpan].Length) {
+					// The whole span is empty.
+					offset := spans[iSpan].Offset
+					spans = append(spans[:iSpan], spans[iSpan+1:]...)
+					if len(spans) > iSpan {
+						spans[iSpan].Offset += offset + int32(nEmpty)
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+				spans[iSpan].Length -= uint32(nEmpty)
+				spans[iSpan].Offset += int32(nEmpty)
+				continue
+			}
+			// It's in the middle or in the end of the span.
+			// Split the current span.
+			newSpan := Span{
+				Offset: int32(nEmpty),
+				Length: spans[iSpan].Length - posInSpan - uint32(nEmpty),
+			}
+			spans[iSpan].Length = posInSpan
+			// In any case, we have to split to the next span.
+			iSpan++
+			posInSpan = 0
+			if newSpan.Length == 0 {
+				// The span is empty, so we were already at the end of a span.
+				// We don't have to insert the new span, just adjust the next
+				// span's offset, if there is one.
+				if iSpan < len(spans) {
+					spans[iSpan].Offset += int32(nEmpty)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			// Insert the new span.
+			spans = append(spans, Span{})
+			if iSpan+1 < len(spans) {
+				copy(spans[iSpan+1:], spans[iSpan:])
+			}
+			spans[iSpan] = newSpan
+			continue
+		}
+		iBucket++
+		posInSpan++
+		if posInSpan >= spans[iSpan].Length {
+			posInSpan = 0
+			iSpan++
+		}
+	}
+	if maxEmptyBuckets == 0 || len(buckets) == 0 {
+		return buckets, spans
+	}
+
+	// Finally, check if any offsets between spans are small enough to merge
+	// the spans.
+	iBucket = int(spans[0].Length)
+	if deltaBuckets {
+		currentBucketAbsolute = 0
+		for _, bucket := range buckets[:iBucket] {
+			currentBucketAbsolute += bucket
+		}
+	}
+	iSpan = 1
+	for iSpan < len(spans) {
+		if int(spans[iSpan].Offset) > maxEmptyBuckets {
+			l := int(spans[iSpan].Length)
+			if deltaBuckets {
+				for _, bucket := range buckets[iBucket : iBucket+l] {
+					currentBucketAbsolute += bucket
+				}
+			}
+			iBucket += l
+			iSpan++
+			continue
+		}
+		// Merge span with previous one and insert empty buckets.
+		offset := int(spans[iSpan].Offset)
+		spans[iSpan-1].Length += uint32(offset) + spans[iSpan].Length
+		spans = append(spans[:iSpan], spans[iSpan+1:]...)
+		newBuckets := make([]IBC, len(buckets)+offset)
+		copy(newBuckets, buckets[:iBucket])
+		copy(newBuckets[iBucket+offset:], buckets[iBucket:])
+		if deltaBuckets {
+			newBuckets[iBucket] = -currentBucketAbsolute
+			newBuckets[iBucket+offset] += currentBucketAbsolute
+		}
+		iBucket += offset
+		buckets = newBuckets
+		currentBucketAbsolute = buckets[iBucket]
+		// Note that with many merges, it would be more efficient to
+		// first record all the chunks of empty buckets to insert and
+		// then do it in one go through all the buckets.
+	}
+
+	return buckets, spans
+}
+
+func getBound(idx, schema int32) float64 {
+	// Here a bit of context about the behavior for the last bucket counting
+	// regular numbers (called simply "last bucket" below) and the bucket
+	// counting observations of ±Inf (called "inf bucket" below, with an idx
+	// one higher than that of the "last bucket"):
+	//
+	// If we apply the usual formula to the last bucket, its upper bound
+	// would be calculated as +Inf. The reason is that the max possible
+	// regular float64 number (math.MaxFloat64) doesn't coincide with one of
+	// the calculated bucket boundaries. So the calculated boundary has to
+	// be larger than math.MaxFloat64, and the only float64 larger than
+	// math.MaxFloat64 is +Inf. However, we want to count actual
+	// observations of ±Inf in the inf bucket. Therefore, we have to treat
+	// the upper bound of the last bucket specially and set it to
+	// math.MaxFloat64. (The upper bound of the inf bucket, with its idx
+	// being one higher than that of the last bucket, naturally comes out as
+	// +Inf by the usual formula. So that's fine.)
+	//
+	// math.MaxFloat64 has a frac of 0.9999999999999999 and an exp of
+	// 1024. If there were a float64 number following math.MaxFloat64, it
+	// would have a frac of 1.0 and an exp of 1024, or equivalently a frac
+	// of 0.5 and an exp of 1025. However, since frac must be smaller than
+	// 1, and exp must be smaller than 1025, either representation overflows
+	// a float64. (Which, in turn, is the reason that math.MaxFloat64 is the
+	// largest possible float64. Q.E.D.) However, the formula for
+	// calculating the upper bound from the idx and schema of the last
+	// bucket results in precisely that. It is either frac=1.0 & exp=1024
+	// (for schema < 0) or frac=0.5 & exp=1025 (for schema >=0). (This is,
+	// by the way, a power of two where the exponent itself is a power of
+	// two, 2¹⁰ in fact, which coinicides with a bucket boundary in all
+	// schemas.) So these are the special cases we have to catch below.
+	if schema < 0 {
+		exp := int(idx) << -schema
+		if exp == 1024 {
+			// This is the last bucket before the overflow bucket
+			// (for ±Inf observations). Return math.MaxFloat64 as
+			// explained above.
+			return math.MaxFloat64
+		}
+		return math.Ldexp(1, exp)
+	}
+
+	fracIdx := idx & ((1 << schema) - 1)
+	frac := exponentialBounds[schema][fracIdx]
+	exp := (int(idx) >> schema) + 1
+	if frac == 0.5 && exp == 1025 {
+		// This is the last bucket before the overflow bucket (for ±Inf
+		// observations). Return math.MaxFloat64 as explained above.
+		return math.MaxFloat64
+	}
+	return math.Ldexp(frac, exp)
+}
+
+// exponentialBounds is a precalculated table of bucket bounds in the interval
+// [0.5,1) in schema 0 to 8.
+var exponentialBounds = [][]float64{
+	// Schema "0":
+	{0.5},
+	// Schema 1:
+	{0.5, 0.7071067811865475},
+	// Schema 2:
+	{0.5, 0.5946035575013605, 0.7071067811865475, 0.8408964152537144},
+	// Schema 3:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5452538663326288, 0.5946035575013605, 0.6484197773255048,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7711054127039704, 0.8408964152537144, 0.9170040432046711,
+	},
+	// Schema 4:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5221368912137069, 0.5452538663326288, 0.5693943173783458,
+		0.5946035575013605, 0.620928906036742, 0.6484197773255048, 0.6771277734684463,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7384130729697496, 0.7711054127039704, 0.805245165974627,
+		0.8408964152537144, 0.8781260801866495, 0.9170040432046711, 0.9576032806985735,
+	},
+	// Schema 5:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5109485743270583, 0.5221368912137069, 0.5335702003384117,
+		0.5452538663326288, 0.5571933712979462, 0.5693943173783458, 0.5818624293887887,
+		0.5946035575013605, 0.6076236799902344, 0.620928906036742, 0.6345254785958666,
+		0.6484197773255048, 0.6626183215798706, 0.6771277734684463, 0.6919549409819159,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7225904034885232, 0.7384130729697496, 0.7545822137967112,
+		0.7711054127039704, 0.7879904225539431, 0.805245165974627, 0.8228777390769823,
+		0.8408964152537144, 0.8593096490612387, 0.8781260801866495, 0.8973545375015533,
+		0.9170040432046711, 0.9370838170551498, 0.9576032806985735, 0.9785720620876999,
+	},
+	// Schema 6:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5054446430258502, 0.5109485743270583, 0.5165124395106142,
+		0.5221368912137069, 0.5278225891802786, 0.5335702003384117, 0.5393803988785598,
+		0.5452538663326288, 0.5511912916539204, 0.5571933712979462, 0.5632608093041209,
+		0.5693943173783458, 0.5755946149764913, 0.5818624293887887, 0.5881984958251406,
+		0.5946035575013605, 0.6010783657263515, 0.6076236799902344, 0.6142402680534349,
+		0.620928906036742, 0.6276903785123455, 0.6345254785958666, 0.6414350080393891,
+		0.6484197773255048, 0.6554806057623822, 0.6626183215798706, 0.6698337620266515,
+		0.6771277734684463, 0.6845012114872953, 0.6919549409819159, 0.6994898362691555,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7148066691959849, 0.7225904034885232, 0.7304588970903234,
+		0.7384130729697496, 0.7464538641456323, 0.7545822137967112, 0.762799075372269,
+		0.7711054127039704, 0.7795022001189185, 0.7879904225539431, 0.7965710756711334,
+		0.805245165974627, 0.8140137109286738, 0.8228777390769823, 0.8318382901633681,
+		0.8408964152537144, 0.8500531768592616, 0.8593096490612387, 0.8686669176368529,
+		0.8781260801866495, 0.8876882462632604, 0.8973545375015533, 0.9071260877501991,
+		0.9170040432046711, 0.9269895625416926, 0.9370838170551498, 0.9472879907934827,
+		0.9576032806985735, 0.9680308967461471, 0.9785720620876999, 0.9892280131939752,
+	},
+	// Schema 7:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5027149505564014, 0.5054446430258502, 0.5081891574554764,
+		0.5109485743270583, 0.5137229745593818, 0.5165124395106142, 0.5193170509806894,
+		0.5221368912137069, 0.5249720429003435, 0.5278225891802786, 0.5306886136446309,
+		0.5335702003384117, 0.5364674337629877, 0.5393803988785598, 0.5423091811066545,
+		0.5452538663326288, 0.5482145409081883, 0.5511912916539204, 0.5541842058618393,
+		0.5571933712979462, 0.5602188762048033, 0.5632608093041209, 0.5663192597993595,
+		0.5693943173783458, 0.572486072215902, 0.5755946149764913, 0.5787200368168754,
+		0.5818624293887887, 0.585021884841625, 0.5881984958251406, 0.5913923554921704,
+		0.5946035575013605, 0.5978321960199137, 0.6010783657263515, 0.6043421618132907,
+		0.6076236799902344, 0.6109230164863786, 0.6142402680534349, 0.6175755319684665,
+		0.620928906036742, 0.6243004885946023, 0.6276903785123455, 0.6310986751971253,
+		0.6345254785958666, 0.637970889198196, 0.6414350080393891, 0.6449179367033329,
+		0.6484197773255048, 0.6519406325959679, 0.6554806057623822, 0.659039800633032,
+		0.6626183215798706, 0.6662162735415805, 0.6698337620266515, 0.6734708931164728,
+		0.6771277734684463, 0.6808045103191123, 0.6845012114872953, 0.688217985377265,
+		0.6919549409819159, 0.6957121878859629, 0.6994898362691555, 0.7032879969095076,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7109463010845827, 0.7148066691959849, 0.718687998724491,
+		0.7225904034885232, 0.7265139979245261, 0.7304588970903234, 0.7344252166684908,
+		0.7384130729697496, 0.7424225829363761, 0.7464538641456323, 0.7505070348132126,
+		0.7545822137967112, 0.7586795205991071, 0.762799075372269, 0.7669409989204777,
+		0.7711054127039704, 0.7752924388424999, 0.7795022001189185, 0.7837348199827764,
+		0.7879904225539431, 0.7922691326262467, 0.7965710756711334, 0.8008963778413465,
+		0.805245165974627, 0.8096175675974316, 0.8140137109286738, 0.8184337248834821,
+		0.8228777390769823, 0.8273458838280969, 0.8318382901633681, 0.8363550898207981,
+		0.8408964152537144, 0.8454623996346523, 0.8500531768592616, 0.8546688815502312,
+		0.8593096490612387, 0.8639756154809185, 0.8686669176368529, 0.8733836930995842,
+		0.8781260801866495, 0.8828942179666361, 0.8876882462632604, 0.8925083056594671,
+		0.8973545375015533, 0.9022270839033115, 0.9071260877501991, 0.9120516927035263,
+		0.9170040432046711, 0.9219832844793128, 0.9269895625416926, 0.9320230241988943,
+		0.9370838170551498, 0.9421720895161669, 0.9472879907934827, 0.9524316709088368,
+		0.9576032806985735, 0.9628029718180622, 0.9680308967461471, 0.9732872087896164,
+		0.9785720620876999, 0.9838856116165875, 0.9892280131939752, 0.9945994234836328,
+	},
+	// Schema 8:
+	{
+		0.5, 0.5013556375251013, 0.5027149505564014, 0.5040779490592088,
+		0.5054446430258502, 0.5068150424757447, 0.5081891574554764, 0.509566998038869,
+		0.5109485743270583, 0.5123338964485679, 0.5137229745593818, 0.5151158188430205,
+		0.5165124395106142, 0.5179128468009786, 0.5193170509806894, 0.520725062344158,
+		0.5221368912137069, 0.5235525479396449, 0.5249720429003435, 0.526395386502313,
+		0.5278225891802786, 0.5292536613972564, 0.5306886136446309, 0.5321274564422321,
+		0.5335702003384117, 0.5350168559101208, 0.5364674337629877, 0.5379219445313954,
+		0.5393803988785598, 0.5408428074966075, 0.5423091811066545, 0.5437795304588847,
+		0.5452538663326288, 0.5467321995364429, 0.5482145409081883, 0.549700901315111,
+		0.5511912916539204, 0.5526857228508706, 0.5541842058618393, 0.5556867516724088,
+		0.5571933712979462, 0.5587040757836845, 0.5602188762048033, 0.5617377836665098,
+		0.5632608093041209, 0.564787964283144, 0.5663192597993595, 0.5678547070789026,
+		0.5693943173783458, 0.5709381019847808, 0.572486072215902, 0.5740382394200894,
+		0.5755946149764913, 0.5771552102951081, 0.5787200368168754, 0.5802891060137493,
+		0.5818624293887887, 0.5834400184762408, 0.585021884841625, 0.5866080400818185,
+		0.5881984958251406, 0.5897932637314379, 0.5913923554921704, 0.5929957828304968,
+		0.5946035575013605, 0.5962156912915756, 0.5978321960199137, 0.5994530835371903,
+		0.6010783657263515, 0.6027080545025619, 0.6043421618132907, 0.6059806996384005,
+		0.6076236799902344, 0.6092711149137041, 0.6109230164863786, 0.6125793968185725,
+		0.6142402680534349, 0.6159056423670379, 0.6175755319684665, 0.6192499490999082,
+		0.620928906036742, 0.622612415087629, 0.6243004885946023, 0.6259931389331581,
+		0.6276903785123455, 0.6293922197748583, 0.6310986751971253, 0.6328097572894031,
+		0.6345254785958666, 0.6362458516947014, 0.637970889198196, 0.6397006037528346,
+		0.6414350080393891, 0.6431741147730128, 0.6449179367033329, 0.6466664866145447,
+		0.6484197773255048, 0.6501778216898253, 0.6519406325959679, 0.6537082229673385,
+		0.6554806057623822, 0.6572577939746774, 0.659039800633032, 0.6608266388015788,
+		0.6626183215798706, 0.6644148621029772, 0.6662162735415805, 0.6680225691020727,
+		0.6698337620266515, 0.6716498655934177, 0.6734708931164728, 0.6752968579460171,
+		0.6771277734684463, 0.6789636531064505, 0.6808045103191123, 0.6826503586020058,
+		0.6845012114872953, 0.6863570825438342, 0.688217985377265, 0.690083933630119,
+		0.6919549409819159, 0.6938310211492645, 0.6957121878859629, 0.6975984549830999,
+		0.6994898362691555, 0.7013863456101023, 0.7032879969095076, 0.7051948041086352,
+		0.7071067811865475, 0.7090239421602076, 0.7109463010845827, 0.7128738720527471,
+		0.7148066691959849, 0.7167447066838943, 0.718687998724491, 0.7206365595643126,
+		0.7225904034885232, 0.7245495448210174, 0.7265139979245261, 0.7284837772007218,
+		0.7304588970903234, 0.7324393720732029, 0.7344252166684908, 0.7364164454346837,
+		0.7384130729697496, 0.7404151139112358, 0.7424225829363761, 0.7444354947621984,
+		0.7464538641456323, 0.7484777058836176, 0.7505070348132126, 0.7525418658117031,
+		0.7545822137967112, 0.7566280937263048, 0.7586795205991071, 0.7607365094544071,
+		0.762799075372269, 0.7648672334736434, 0.7669409989204777, 0.7690203869158282,
+		0.7711054127039704, 0.7731960915705107, 0.7752924388424999, 0.7773944698885442,
+		0.7795022001189185, 0.7816156449856788, 0.7837348199827764, 0.7858597406461707,
+		0.7879904225539431, 0.7901268813264122, 0.7922691326262467, 0.7944171921585818,
+		0.7965710756711334, 0.7987307989543135, 0.8008963778413465, 0.8030678282083853,
+		0.805245165974627, 0.8074284071024302, 0.8096175675974316, 0.8118126635086642,
+		0.8140137109286738, 0.8162207259936375, 0.8184337248834821, 0.820652723822003,
+		0.8228777390769823, 0.8251087869603088, 0.8273458838280969, 0.8295890460808079,
+		0.8318382901633681, 0.8340936325652911, 0.8363550898207981, 0.8386226785089391,
+		0.8408964152537144, 0.8431763167241966, 0.8454623996346523, 0.8477546807446661,
+		0.8500531768592616, 0.8523579048290255, 0.8546688815502312, 0.8569861239649629,
+		0.8593096490612387, 0.8616394738731368, 0.8639756154809185, 0.8663180910111553,
+		0.8686669176368529, 0.871022112577578, 0.8733836930995842, 0.8757516765159389,
+		0.8781260801866495, 0.8805069215187917, 0.8828942179666361, 0.8852879870317771,
+		0.8876882462632604, 0.890095013257712, 0.8925083056594671, 0.8949281411607002,
+		0.8973545375015533, 0.8997875124702672, 0.9022270839033115, 0.9046732696855155,
+		0.9071260877501991, 0.909585556079304, 0.9120516927035263, 0.9145245157024483,
+		0.9170040432046711, 0.9194902933879467, 0.9219832844793128, 0.9244830347552253,
+		0.9269895625416926, 0.92950288621441, 0.9320230241988943, 0.9345499949706191,
+		0.9370838170551498, 0.93962450902828, 0.9421720895161669, 0.9447265771954693,
+		0.9472879907934827, 0.9498563490882775, 0.9524316709088368, 0.9550139751351947,
+		0.9576032806985735, 0.9601996065815236, 0.9628029718180622, 0.9654133954938133,
+		0.9680308967461471, 0.9706554947643201, 0.9732872087896164, 0.9759260581154889,
+		0.9785720620876999, 0.9812252401044634, 0.9838856116165875, 0.9865531961276168,
+		0.9892280131939752, 0.9919100824251095, 0.9945994234836328, 0.9972960560854698,
+	},
+}

model/histogram/generic_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package histogram
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGetBound(t *testing.T) {
+	scenarios := []struct {
+		idx    int32
+		schema int32
+		want   float64
+	}{
+		{
+			idx:    -1,
+			schema: -1,
+			want:   0.25,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    0,
+			schema: -1,
+			want:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    1,
+			schema: -1,
+			want:   4,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    512,
+			schema: -1,
+			want:   math.MaxFloat64,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    513,
+			schema: -1,
+			want:   math.Inf(+1),
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    -1,
+			schema: 0,
+			want:   0.5,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    0,
+			schema: 0,
+			want:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    1,
+			schema: 0,
+			want:   2,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    1024,
+			schema: 0,
+			want:   math.MaxFloat64,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    1025,
+			schema: 0,
+			want:   math.Inf(+1),
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    -1,
+			schema: 2,
+			want:   0.8408964152537144,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    0,
+			schema: 2,
+			want:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    1,
+			schema: 2,
+			want:   1.189207115002721,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    4096,
+			schema: 2,
+			want:   math.MaxFloat64,
+		},
+		{
+			idx:    4097,
+			schema: 2,
+			want:   math.Inf(+1),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, s := range scenarios {
+		got := getBound(s.idx, s.schema)
+		if s.want != got {
+			require.Equal(t, s.want, got, "idx %d, schema %d", s.idx, s.schema)
+		}
+	}
+}

model/histogram/histogram.go

@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package histogram
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Histogram encodes a sparse, high-resolution histogram. See the design
+// document for full details:
+// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cLNv3aufPZb3fNfaJgdaRBZsInZKKIHo9E6HinJVbpM/edit#
+//
+// The most tricky bit is how bucket indices represent real bucket boundaries.
+// An example for schema 0 (by which each bucket is twice as wide as the
+// previous bucket):
+//
+//	Bucket boundaries →              [-2,-1)  [-1,-0.5) [-0.5,-0.25) ... [-0.001,0.001] ... (0.25,0.5] (0.5,1]  (1,2] ....
+//	                                    ↑        ↑           ↑                  ↑                ↑         ↑      ↑
+//	Zero bucket (width e.g. 0.001) →    |        |           |                  ZB               |         |      |
+//	Positive bucket indices →           |        |           |                          ...     -1         0      1    2    3
+//	Negative bucket indices →  3   2    1        0          -1       ...
+//
+// Which bucket indices are actually used is determined by the spans.
+type Histogram struct {
+	// Currently valid schema numbers are -4 <= n <= 8.  They are all for
+	// base-2 bucket schemas, where 1 is a bucket boundary in each case, and
+	// then each power of two is divided into 2^n logarithmic buckets.  Or
+	// in other words, each bucket boundary is the previous boundary times
+	// 2^(2^-n).
+	Schema int32
+	// Width of the zero bucket.
+	ZeroThreshold float64
+	// Observations falling into the zero bucket.
+	ZeroCount uint64
+	// Total number of observations.
+	Count uint64
+	// Sum of observations. This is also used as the stale marker.
+	Sum float64
+	// Spans for positive and negative buckets (see Span below).
+	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []Span
+	// Observation counts in buckets. The first element is an absolute
+	// count. All following ones are deltas relative to the previous
+	// element.
+	PositiveBuckets, NegativeBuckets []int64
+}
+
+// A Span defines a continuous sequence of buckets.
+type Span struct {
+	// Gap to previous span (always positive), or starting index for the 1st
+	// span (which can be negative).
+	Offset int32
+	// Length of the span.
+	Length uint32
+}
+
+// Copy returns a deep copy of the Histogram.
+func (h *Histogram) Copy() *Histogram {
+	c := *h
+
+	if len(h.PositiveSpans) != 0 {
+		c.PositiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		copy(c.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
+	}
+	if len(h.NegativeSpans) != 0 {
+		c.NegativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		copy(c.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
+	}
+	if len(h.PositiveBuckets) != 0 {
+		c.PositiveBuckets = make([]int64, len(h.PositiveBuckets))
+		copy(c.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveBuckets)
+	}
+	if len(h.NegativeBuckets) != 0 {
+		c.NegativeBuckets = make([]int64, len(h.NegativeBuckets))
+		copy(c.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeBuckets)
+	}
+
+	return &c
+}
+
+// String returns a string representation of the Histogram.
+func (h *Histogram) String() string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "{count:%d, sum:%g", h.Count, h.Sum)
+
+	var nBuckets []Bucket[uint64]
+	for it := h.NegativeBucketIterator(); it.Next(); {
+		bucket := it.At()
+		if bucket.Count != 0 {
+			nBuckets = append(nBuckets, it.At())
+		}
+	}
+	for i := len(nBuckets) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", nBuckets[i].String())
+	}
+
+	if h.ZeroCount != 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", h.ZeroBucket().String())
+	}
+
+	for it := h.PositiveBucketIterator(); it.Next(); {
+		bucket := it.At()
+		if bucket.Count != 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, ", %s", bucket.String())
+		}
+	}
+
+	sb.WriteRune('}')
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+// ZeroBucket returns the zero bucket.
+func (h *Histogram) ZeroBucket() Bucket[uint64] {
+	return Bucket[uint64]{
+		Lower:          -h.ZeroThreshold,
+		Upper:          h.ZeroThreshold,
+		LowerInclusive: true,
+		UpperInclusive: true,
+		Count:          h.ZeroCount,
+	}
+}
+
+// PositiveBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all positive
+// buckets in ascending order (starting next to the zero bucket and going up).
+func (h *Histogram) PositiveBucketIterator() BucketIterator[uint64] {
+	return newRegularBucketIterator(h.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveBuckets, h.Schema, true)
+}
+
+// NegativeBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over all negative
+// buckets in descending order (starting next to the zero bucket and going down).
+func (h *Histogram) NegativeBucketIterator() BucketIterator[uint64] {
+	return newRegularBucketIterator(h.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeBuckets, h.Schema, false)
+}
+
+// CumulativeBucketIterator returns a BucketIterator to iterate over a
+// cumulative view of the buckets. This method currently only supports
+// Histograms without negative buckets and panics if the Histogram has negative
+// buckets. It is currently only used for testing.
+func (h *Histogram) CumulativeBucketIterator() BucketIterator[uint64] {
+	if len(h.NegativeBuckets) > 0 {
+		panic("CumulativeBucketIterator called on Histogram with negative buckets")
+	}
+	return &cumulativeBucketIterator{h: h, posSpansIdx: -1}
+}
+
+// Equals returns true if the given histogram matches exactly.
+// Exact match is when there are no new buckets (even empty) and no missing buckets,
+// and all the bucket values match. Spans can have different empty length spans in between,
+// but they must represent the same bucket layout to match.
+func (h *Histogram) Equals(h2 *Histogram) bool {
+	if h2 == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if h.Schema != h2.Schema || h.ZeroThreshold != h2.ZeroThreshold ||
+		h.ZeroCount != h2.ZeroCount || h.Count != h2.Count || h.Sum != h2.Sum {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !spansMatch(h.PositiveSpans, h2.PositiveSpans) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !spansMatch(h.NegativeSpans, h2.NegativeSpans) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !bucketsMatch(h.PositiveBuckets, h2.PositiveBuckets) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !bucketsMatch(h.NegativeBuckets, h2.NegativeBuckets) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// spansMatch returns true if both spans represent the same bucket layout
+// after combining zero length spans with the next non-zero length span.
+func spansMatch(s1, s2 []Span) bool {
+	if len(s1) == 0 && len(s2) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	s1idx, s2idx := 0, 0
+	for {
+		if s1idx >= len(s1) {
+			return allEmptySpans(s2[s2idx:])
+		}
+		if s2idx >= len(s2) {
+			return allEmptySpans(s1[s1idx:])
+		}
+
+		currS1, currS2 := s1[s1idx], s2[s2idx]
+		s1idx++
+		s2idx++
+		if currS1.Length == 0 {
+			// This span is zero length, so we add consecutive such spans
+			// until we find a non-zero span.
+			for ; s1idx < len(s1) && s1[s1idx].Length == 0; s1idx++ {
+				currS1.Offset += s1[s1idx].Offset
+			}
+			if s1idx < len(s1) {
+				currS1.Offset += s1[s1idx].Offset
+				currS1.Length = s1[s1idx].Length
+				s1idx++
+			}
+		}
+		if currS2.Length == 0 {
+			// This span is zero length, so we add consecutive such spans
+			// until we find a non-zero span.
+			for ; s2idx < len(s2) && s2[s2idx].Length == 0; s2idx++ {
+				currS2.Offset += s2[s2idx].Offset
+			}
+			if s2idx < len(s2) {
+				currS2.Offset += s2[s2idx].Offset
+				currS2.Length = s2[s2idx].Length
+				s2idx++
+			}
+		}
+
+		if currS1.Length == 0 && currS2.Length == 0 {
+			// The last spans of both set are zero length. Previous spans match.
+			return true
+		}
+
+		if currS1.Offset != currS2.Offset || currS1.Length != currS2.Length {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func allEmptySpans(s []Span) bool {
+	for _, ss := range s {
+		if ss.Length > 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func bucketsMatch(b1, b2 []int64) bool {
+	if len(b1) != len(b2) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i, b := range b1 {
+		if b != b2[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Compact works like FloatHistogram.Compact. See there for detailed
+// explanations.
+func (h *Histogram) Compact(maxEmptyBuckets int) *Histogram {
+	h.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveSpans = compactBuckets(
+		h.PositiveBuckets, h.PositiveSpans, maxEmptyBuckets, true,
+	)
+	h.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeSpans = compactBuckets(
+		h.NegativeBuckets, h.NegativeSpans, maxEmptyBuckets, true,
+	)
+	return h
+}
+
+// ToFloat returns a FloatHistogram representation of the Histogram. It is a
+// deep copy (e.g. spans are not shared).
+func (h *Histogram) ToFloat() *FloatHistogram {
+	var (
+		positiveSpans, negativeSpans     []Span
+		positiveBuckets, negativeBuckets []float64
+	)
+	if len(h.PositiveSpans) != 0 {
+		positiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		copy(positiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
+	}
+	if len(h.NegativeSpans) != 0 {
+		negativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		copy(negativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
+	}
+	if len(h.PositiveBuckets) != 0 {
+		positiveBuckets = make([]float64, len(h.PositiveBuckets))
+		var current float64
+		for i, b := range h.PositiveBuckets {
+			current += float64(b)
+			positiveBuckets[i] = current
+		}
+	}
+	if len(h.NegativeBuckets) != 0 {
+		negativeBuckets = make([]float64, len(h.NegativeBuckets))
+		var current float64
+		for i, b := range h.NegativeBuckets {
+			current += float64(b)
+			negativeBuckets[i] = current
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &FloatHistogram{
+		Schema:          h.Schema,
+		ZeroThreshold:   h.ZeroThreshold,
+		ZeroCount:       float64(h.ZeroCount),
+		Count:           float64(h.Count),
+		Sum:             h.Sum,
+		PositiveSpans:   positiveSpans,
+		NegativeSpans:   negativeSpans,
+		PositiveBuckets: positiveBuckets,
+		NegativeBuckets: negativeBuckets,
+	}
+}
+
+type regularBucketIterator struct {
+	baseBucketIterator[uint64, int64]
+}
+
+func newRegularBucketIterator(spans []Span, buckets []int64, schema int32, positive bool) *regularBucketIterator {
+	i := baseBucketIterator[uint64, int64]{
+		schema:   schema,
+		spans:    spans,
+		buckets:  buckets,
+		positive: positive,
+	}
+	return &regularBucketIterator{i}
+}
+
+func (r *regularBucketIterator) Next() bool {
+	if r.spansIdx >= len(r.spans) {
+		return false
+	}
+	span := r.spans[r.spansIdx]
+	// Seed currIdx for the first bucket.
+	if r.bucketsIdx == 0 {
+		r.currIdx = span.Offset
+	} else {
+		r.currIdx++
+	}
+	for r.idxInSpan >= span.Length {
+		// We have exhausted the current span and have to find a new
+		// one. We'll even handle pathologic spans of length 0.
+		r.idxInSpan = 0
+		r.spansIdx++
+		if r.spansIdx >= len(r.spans) {
+			return false
+		}
+		span = r.spans[r.spansIdx]
+		r.currIdx += span.Offset
+	}
+
+	r.currCount += r.buckets[r.bucketsIdx]
+	r.idxInSpan++
+	r.bucketsIdx++
+	return true
+}
+
+type cumulativeBucketIterator struct {
+	h *Histogram
+
+	posSpansIdx   int    // Index in h.PositiveSpans we are in. -1 means 0 bucket.
+	posBucketsIdx int    // Index in h.PositiveBuckets.
+	idxInSpan     uint32 // Index in the current span. 0 <= idxInSpan < span.Length.
+
+	initialized         bool
+	currIdx             int32   // The actual bucket index after decoding from spans.
+	currUpper           float64 // The upper boundary of the current bucket.
+	currCount           int64   // Current non-cumulative count for the current bucket. Does not apply for empty bucket.
+	currCumulativeCount uint64  // Current "cumulative" count for the current bucket.
+
+	// Between 2 spans there could be some empty buckets which
+	// still needs to be counted for cumulative buckets.
+	// When we hit the end of a span, we use this to iterate
+	// through the empty buckets.
+	emptyBucketCount int32
+}
+
+func (c *cumulativeBucketIterator) Next() bool {
+	if c.posSpansIdx == -1 {
+		// Zero bucket.
+		c.posSpansIdx++
+		if c.h.ZeroCount == 0 {
+			return c.Next()
+		}
+
+		c.currUpper = c.h.ZeroThreshold
+		c.currCount = int64(c.h.ZeroCount)
+		c.currCumulativeCount = uint64(c.currCount)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if c.posSpansIdx >= len(c.h.PositiveSpans) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if c.emptyBucketCount > 0 {
+		// We are traversing through empty buckets at the moment.
+		c.currUpper = getBound(c.currIdx, c.h.Schema)
+		c.currIdx++
+		c.emptyBucketCount--
+		return true
+	}
+
+	span := c.h.PositiveSpans[c.posSpansIdx]
+	if c.posSpansIdx == 0 && !c.initialized {
+		// Initializing.
+		c.currIdx = span.Offset
+		// The first bucket is an absolute value and not a delta with Zero bucket.
+		c.currCount = 0
+		c.initialized = true
+	}
+
+	c.currCount += c.h.PositiveBuckets[c.posBucketsIdx]
+	c.currCumulativeCount += uint64(c.currCount)
+	c.currUpper = getBound(c.currIdx, c.h.Schema)
+
+	c.posBucketsIdx++
+	c.idxInSpan++
+	c.currIdx++
+	if c.idxInSpan >= span.Length {
+		// Move to the next span. This one is done.
+		c.posSpansIdx++
+		c.idxInSpan = 0
+		if c.posSpansIdx < len(c.h.PositiveSpans) {
+			c.emptyBucketCount = c.h.PositiveSpans[c.posSpansIdx].Offset
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func (c *cumulativeBucketIterator) At() Bucket[uint64] {
+	return Bucket[uint64]{
+		Upper:          c.currUpper,
+		Lower:          math.Inf(-1),
+		UpperInclusive: true,
+		LowerInclusive: true,
+		Count:          c.currCumulativeCount,
+		Index:          c.currIdx - 1,
+	}
+}

model/histogram/histogram_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package histogram
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestHistogramString(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		histogram      Histogram
+		expectedString string
+	}{
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+			},
+			expectedString: "{count:0, sum:0}",
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema:        0,
+				Count:         9,
+				Sum:           -3.1415,
+				ZeroCount:     12,
+				ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
+				NegativeSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 1},
+				},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedString: "{count:9, sum:-3.1415, [-64,-32):1, [-16,-8):1, [-8,-4):2, [-4,-2):1, [-2,-1):3, [-1,-0.5):1, [-0.001,0.001]:12}",
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				Count:  19,
+				Sum:    2.7,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+				NegativeSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 0},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
+				},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedString: "{count:19, sum:2.7, [-64,-32):1, [-16,-8):1, [-8,-4):2, [-4,-2):1, [-2,-1):3, [-1,-0.5):1, (0.5,1]:1, (1,2]:3, (2,4]:1, (4,8]:2, (8,16]:1, (16,32]:1, (32,64]:1}",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			actualString := c.histogram.String()
+			require.Equal(t, c.expectedString, actualString)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCumulativeBucketIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		histogram       Histogram
+		expectedBuckets []Bucket[uint64]
+	}{
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 2, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 4, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 8, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 16, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 1},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 2, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 4, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 8, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 16, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 32, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 64, Count: 9, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 6},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 7},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 2, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 4, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 8, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 16, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 32, Count: 9, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 64, Count: 10, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 6},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 3,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -5, Length: 2}, // -5 -4
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 3},  // -1 0 1
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 2},  // 4 5
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 3},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.6484197773255048, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -5},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.7071067811865475, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -4},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.7711054127039704, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -3},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.8408964152537144, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -2},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.9170040432046711, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1.0905077326652577, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1.189207115002721, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1.2968395546510096, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1.414213562373095, Count: 9, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1.5422108254079407, Count: 13, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: -2,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -2, Length: 4}, // -2 -1 0 1
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 2},  // 4 5
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.00390625, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.0625, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 16, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 256, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 4096, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 65536, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1048576, Count: 9, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: -1,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -2, Length: 5}, // -2 -1 0 1 2
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1},
+			},
+			expectedBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.0625, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -2},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 0.25, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 1, Count: 5, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 4, Count: 7, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: math.Inf(-1), Upper: 16, Count: 8, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			it := c.histogram.CumulativeBucketIterator()
+			actualBuckets := make([]Bucket[uint64], 0, len(c.expectedBuckets))
+			for it.Next() {
+				actualBuckets = append(actualBuckets, it.At())
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, c.expectedBuckets, actualBuckets)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRegularBucketIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		histogram               Histogram
+		expectedPositiveBuckets []Bucket[uint64]
+		expectedNegativeBuckets []Bucket[uint64]
+	}{
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: 0.5, Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: 1, Upper: 2, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: 4, Upper: 8, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: 8, Upper: 16, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+			},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				NegativeSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 1},
+				},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: -1, Upper: -0.5, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: -2, Upper: -1, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: -4, Upper: -2, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: -8, Upper: -4, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: -16, Upper: -8, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 4},
+
+				{Lower: -64, Upper: -32, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 6},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 0,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+				NegativeSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+					{Offset: 1, Length: 0},
+					{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
+				},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: 0.5, Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: 1, Upper: 2, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: 2, Upper: 4, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: 4, Upper: 8, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: 8, Upper: 16, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: 16, Upper: 32, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+				{Lower: 32, Upper: 64, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 6},
+			},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: -1, Upper: -0.5, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: -2, Upper: -1, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: -4, Upper: -2, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 2},
+				{Lower: -8, Upper: -4, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 3},
+				{Lower: -16, Upper: -8, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 4},
+
+				{Lower: -64, Upper: -32, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: true, UpperInclusive: false, Index: 6},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: 3,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -5, Length: 2}, // -5 -4
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 3},  // -1 0 1
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 2},  // 4 5
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 3},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: 0.5946035575013605, Upper: 0.6484197773255048, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -5},
+				{Lower: 0.6484197773255048, Upper: 0.7071067811865475, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -4},
+
+				{Lower: 0.8408964152537144, Upper: 0.9170040432046711, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: 0.9170040432046711, Upper: 1, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: 1, Upper: 1.0905077326652577, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: 1.2968395546510096, Upper: 1.414213562373095, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: 1.414213562373095, Upper: 1.5422108254079407, Count: 4, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+			},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: -2,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -2, Length: 4}, // -2 -1 0 1
+					{Offset: 2, Length: 2},  // 4 5
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: 0.000244140625, Upper: 0.00390625, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -2},
+				{Lower: 0.00390625, Upper: 0.0625, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: 0.0625, Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: 1, Upper: 16, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+
+				{Lower: 4096, Upper: 65536, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 4},
+				{Lower: 65536, Upper: 1048576, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 5},
+			},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+		},
+		{
+			histogram: Histogram{
+				Schema: -1,
+				PositiveSpans: []Span{
+					{Offset: -2, Length: 5}, // -2 -1 0 1 2
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1},
+			},
+			expectedPositiveBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{
+				{Lower: 0.015625, Upper: 0.0625, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -2},
+				{Lower: 0.0625, Upper: 0.25, Count: 3, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: -1},
+				{Lower: 0.25, Upper: 1, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 0},
+				{Lower: 1, Upper: 4, Count: 2, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 1},
+				{Lower: 4, Upper: 16, Count: 1, LowerInclusive: false, UpperInclusive: true, Index: 2},
+			},
+			expectedNegativeBuckets: []Bucket[uint64]{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			it := c.histogram.PositiveBucketIterator()
+			actualPositiveBuckets := make([]Bucket[uint64], 0, len(c.expectedPositiveBuckets))
+			for it.Next() {
+				actualPositiveBuckets = append(actualPositiveBuckets, it.At())
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, c.expectedPositiveBuckets, actualPositiveBuckets)
+			it = c.histogram.NegativeBucketIterator()
+			actualNegativeBuckets := make([]Bucket[uint64], 0, len(c.expectedNegativeBuckets))
+			for it.Next() {
+				actualNegativeBuckets = append(actualNegativeBuckets, it.At())
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, c.expectedNegativeBuckets, actualNegativeBuckets)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHistogramToFloat(t *testing.T) {
+	h := Histogram{
+		Schema:        3,
+		Count:         61,
+		Sum:           2.7,
+		ZeroThreshold: 0.1,
+		ZeroCount:     42,
+		PositiveSpans: []Span{
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
+		},
+		PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+		NegativeSpans: []Span{
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
+			{Offset: 1, Length: 0},
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
+		},
+		NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
+	}
+	fh := h.ToFloat()
+
+	require.Equal(t, h.String(), fh.String())
+}
+
+func TestHistogramMatches(t *testing.T) {
+	h1 := Histogram{
+		Schema:        3,
+		Count:         61,
+		Sum:           2.7,
+		ZeroThreshold: 0.1,
+		ZeroCount:     42,
+		PositiveSpans: []Span{
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
+			{Offset: 10, Length: 3},
+		},
+		PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+		NegativeSpans: []Span{
+			{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
+			{Offset: 10, Length: 3},
+		},
+		NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
+	}
+
+	h2 := h1.Copy()
+	require.True(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	// Changed spans but same layout.
+	h2.PositiveSpans = append(h2.PositiveSpans, Span{Offset: 5})
+	h2.NegativeSpans = append(h2.NegativeSpans, Span{Offset: 2})
+	require.True(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	require.True(t, h2.Equals(&h1))
+	// Adding empty spans in between.
+	h2.PositiveSpans[1].Offset = 6
+	h2.PositiveSpans = []Span{
+		h2.PositiveSpans[0],
+		{Offset: 1},
+		{Offset: 3},
+		h2.PositiveSpans[1],
+		h2.PositiveSpans[2],
+	}
+	h2.NegativeSpans[1].Offset = 5
+	h2.NegativeSpans = []Span{
+		h2.NegativeSpans[0],
+		{Offset: 2},
+		{Offset: 3},
+		h2.NegativeSpans[1],
+		h2.NegativeSpans[2],
+	}
+	require.True(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	require.True(t, h2.Equals(&h1))
+
+	// All mismatches.
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(nil))
+
+	h2.Schema = 1
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.Count++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.Sum++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.ZeroThreshold++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.ZeroCount++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	// Changing value of buckets.
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.PositiveBuckets[len(h2.PositiveBuckets)-1]++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.NegativeBuckets[len(h2.NegativeBuckets)-1]++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	// Changing bucket layout.
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.PositiveSpans[1].Offset++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.NegativeSpans[1].Offset++
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	// Adding an empty bucket.
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.PositiveSpans[0].Offset--
+	h2.PositiveSpans[0].Length++
+	h2.PositiveBuckets = append([]int64{0}, h2.PositiveBuckets...)
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.NegativeSpans[0].Offset--
+	h2.NegativeSpans[0].Length++
+	h2.NegativeBuckets = append([]int64{0}, h2.NegativeBuckets...)
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+
+	// Adding new bucket.
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.PositiveSpans = append(h2.PositiveSpans, Span{
+		Offset: 1,
+		Length: 1,
+	})
+	h2.PositiveBuckets = append(h2.PositiveBuckets, 1)
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+	h2 = h1.Copy()
+	h2.NegativeSpans = append(h2.NegativeSpans, Span{
+		Offset: 1,
+		Length: 1,
+	})
+	h2.NegativeBuckets = append(h2.NegativeBuckets, 1)
+	require.False(t, h1.Equals(h2))
+}
+
+func TestHistogramCompact(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name            string
+		in              *Histogram
+		maxEmptyBuckets int
+		expected        *Histogram
+	}{
+		{
+			"empty histogram",
+			&Histogram{},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{},
+		},
+		{
+			"nothing should happen",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {2, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{3, 2}, {3, 2}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {2, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{3, 2}, {3, 2}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"eliminate zero offsets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {0, 3}, {0, 1}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {0, 2}, {2, 1}, {0, 1}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000, 3, 4},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 5}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 4}, {2, 2}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"eliminate zero length",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {2, 0}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {0, 0}, {2, 0}, {1, 4}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000, 3, 4},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 4}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, 1.234e5, 1000, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"eliminate multiple zero length spans",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {2, 0}, {2, 0}, {2, 0}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {9, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets at start or end",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 4}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4, -9},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 4}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets at start and end",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 4}, {5, 6}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, 3, -3, 42, 3, -46, 0, 0},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{-2, 4}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4, -9},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 4}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets at start or end of spans, even in the middle",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 6}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, 3, -4, 0, 1, 42, 3, -46, 0, 0},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {2, 6}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -8, 4, -2, 3, 4, -9},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 2}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 4}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets at start or end but merge spans due to maxEmptyBuckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 4}, {5, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, 3, -3, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 3, 4, -9},
+			},
+			10,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 10}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 9}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -8, 0, 0, 4, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets from the middle of a span",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 2}, {1, 2}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, 1, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut out a span containing only empty buckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 3}, {2, 2}, {3, 4}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {7, 4}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 42, 3},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"cut empty buckets from the middle of a span, avoiding some due to maxEmptyBuckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+			1,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"avoiding all cutting of empty buckets from the middle of a chunk due to maxEmptyBuckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+			2,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 4}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"everything merged into one span due to maxEmptyBuckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 3, -2, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 2}, {3, 5}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+			3,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-2, 10}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, -1, 0, 3, -3, 0, 0, 1, 42, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 10}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{5, 3, -8, 0, 0, 4, -2, -2, 3, 4},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"only empty buckets and maxEmptyBuckets greater zero",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-4, 6}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{0, 7}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			},
+			3,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"multiple spans of only empty buckets",
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-10, 2}, {2, 1}, {3, 3}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{-10, 2}, {2, 1}, {3, 3}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{2, 3, -5, 0, 0, 0},
+			},
+			0,
+			&Histogram{
+				PositiveSpans:   []Span{{-1, 2}},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{2, 3},
+				NegativeSpans:   []Span{{-10, 2}},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{2, 3},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, c.expected, c.in.Compact(c.maxEmptyBuckets))
+			// Compact has happened in-place, too.
+			require.Equal(t, c.expected, c.in)
+		})
+	}
+}

model/textparse/interface.go

@@ -17,16 +17,23 @@ import (
 	"mime"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 )
 
 // Parser parses samples from a byte slice of samples in the official
 // Prometheus and OpenMetrics text exposition formats.
 type Parser interface {
-	// Series returns the bytes of the series, the timestamp if set, and the value
-	// of the current sample.
+	// Series returns the bytes of a series with a simple float64 as a
+	// value, the timestamp if set, and the value of the current sample.
 	Series() ([]byte, *int64, float64)
 
+	// Histogram returns the bytes of a series with a sparse histogram as a
+	// value, the timestamp if set, and the histogram in the current sample.
+	// Depending on the parsed input, the function returns an (integer) Histogram
+	// or a FloatHistogram, with the respective other return value being nil.
+	Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *histogram.FloatHistogram)
+
 	// Help returns the metric name and help text in the current entry.
 	// Must only be called after Next returned a help entry.
 	// The returned byte slices become invalid after the next call to Next.
@@ -70,22 +77,30 @@ func New(b []byte, contentType string) (Parser, error) {
 	}
 
 	mediaType, _, err := mime.ParseMediaType(contentType)
-	if err == nil && mediaType == "application/openmetrics-text" {
-		return NewOpenMetricsParser(b), nil
+	if err != nil {
+		return NewPromParser(b), err
+	}
+	switch mediaType {
+	case "application/openmetrics-text":
+		return NewOpenMetricsParser(b), nil
+	case "application/vnd.google.protobuf":
+		return NewProtobufParser(b), nil
+	default:
+		return NewPromParser(b), nil
 	}
-	return NewPromParser(b), err
 }
 
 // Entry represents the type of a parsed entry.
 type Entry int
 
 const (
-	EntryInvalid Entry = -1
-	EntryType    Entry = 0
-	EntryHelp    Entry = 1
-	EntrySeries  Entry = 2
-	EntryComment Entry = 3
-	EntryUnit    Entry = 4
+	EntryInvalid   Entry = -1
+	EntryType      Entry = 0
+	EntryHelp      Entry = 1
+	EntrySeries    Entry = 2 // A series with a simple float64 as value.
+	EntryComment   Entry = 3
+	EntryUnit      Entry = 4
+	EntryHistogram Entry = 5 // A series with a sparse histogram as a value.
 )
 
 // MetricType represents metric type values.

model/textparse/openmetricsparse.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/value"
 )
@@ -112,6 +113,12 @@ func (p *OpenMetricsParser) Series() ([]byte, *int64, float64) {
 	return p.series, nil, p.val
 }
 
+// Histogram always returns (nil, nil, nil, nil) because OpenMetrics does not support
+// sparse histograms.
+func (p *OpenMetricsParser) Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return nil, nil, nil, nil
+}
+
 // Help returns the metric name and help text in the current entry.
 // Must only be called after Next returned a help entry.
 // The returned byte slices become invalid after the next call to Next.

model/textparse/openmetricsparse_test.go

@@ -237,9 +237,7 @@ foo_total 17.0 1520879607.789 # {xx="yy"} 5`
 			p.Metric(&res)
 			found := p.Exemplar(&e)
 			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
-			if e.HasTs {
-				require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, ts)
-			}
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, ts)
 			require.Equal(t, exp[i].v, v)
 			require.Equal(t, exp[i].lset, res)
 			if exp[i].e == nil {

model/textparse/promparse.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/value"
 )
@@ -167,6 +168,12 @@ func (p *PromParser) Series() ([]byte, *int64, float64) {
 	return p.series, nil, p.val
 }
 
+// Histogram always returns (nil, nil, nil, nil) because the Prometheus text format
+// does not support sparse histograms.
+func (p *PromParser) Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return nil, nil, nil, nil
+}
+
 // Help returns the metric name and help text in the current entry.
 // Must only be called after Next returned a help entry.
 // The returned byte slices become invalid after the next call to Next.

model/textparse/promparse_test.go

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
 			b.Run(parserName+"/no-decode-metric/"+fn, func(b *testing.B) {
 				total := 0
 
-				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) * (b.N / promtestdataSampleCount)))
+				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) / promtestdataSampleCount))
 				b.ReportAllocs()
 				b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
 			b.Run(parserName+"/decode-metric/"+fn, func(b *testing.B) {
 				total := 0
 
-				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) * (b.N / promtestdataSampleCount)))
+				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) / promtestdataSampleCount))
 				b.ReportAllocs()
 				b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
 				total := 0
 				res := make(labels.Labels, 0, 5)
 
-				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) * (b.N / promtestdataSampleCount)))
+				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) / promtestdataSampleCount))
 				b.ReportAllocs()
 				b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -458,7 +458,10 @@ func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
 				_ = total
 			})
 			b.Run("expfmt-text/"+fn, func(b *testing.B) {
-				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) * (b.N / promtestdataSampleCount)))
+				if parserName != "prometheus" {
+					b.Skip()
+				}
+				b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf) / promtestdataSampleCount))
 				b.ReportAllocs()
 				b.ResetTimer()
 
@@ -507,7 +510,7 @@ func BenchmarkGzip(b *testing.B) {
 			k := b.N / promtestdataSampleCount
 
 			b.ReportAllocs()
-			b.SetBytes(int64(k) * int64(n))
+			b.SetBytes(int64(n) / promtestdataSampleCount)
 			b.ResetTimer()
 
 			total := 0

model/textparse/protobufparse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package textparse
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb/io/prometheus/client"
+)
+
+// ProtobufParser is a very inefficient way of unmarshaling the old Prometheus
+// protobuf format and then present it as it if were parsed by a
+// Prometheus-2-style text parser. This is only done so that we can easily plug
+// in the protobuf format into Prometheus 2. For future use (with the final
+// format that will be used for native histograms), we have to revisit the
+// parsing. A lot of the efficiency tricks of the Prometheus-2-style parsing
+// could be used in a similar fashion (byte-slice pointers into the raw
+// payload), which requires some hand-coded protobuf handling. But the current
+// parsers all expect the full series name (metric name plus label pairs) as one
+// string, which is not how things are represented in the protobuf format. If
+// the re-arrangement work is actually causing problems (which has to be seen),
+// that expectation needs to be changed.
+type ProtobufParser struct {
+	in        []byte // The intput to parse.
+	inPos     int    // Position within the input.
+	metricPos int    // Position within Metric slice.
+	// fieldPos is the position within a Summary or (legacy) Histogram. -2
+	// is the count. -1 is the sum. Otherwise it is the index within
+	// quantiles/buckets.
+	fieldPos   int
+	fieldsDone bool // true if no more fields of a Summary or (legacy) Histogram to be processed.
+	// state is marked by the entry we are processing. EntryInvalid implies
+	// that we have to decode the next MetricFamily.
+	state Entry
+
+	mf *dto.MetricFamily
+
+	// The following are just shenanigans to satisfy the Parser interface.
+	metricBytes *bytes.Buffer // A somewhat fluid representation of the current metric.
+}
+
+// NewProtobufParser returns a parser for the payload in the byte slice.
+func NewProtobufParser(b []byte) Parser {
+	return &ProtobufParser{
+		in:          b,
+		state:       EntryInvalid,
+		mf:          &dto.MetricFamily{},
+		metricBytes: &bytes.Buffer{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Series returns the bytes of a series with a simple float64 as a
+// value, the timestamp if set, and the value of the current sample.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Series() ([]byte, *int64, float64) {
+	var (
+		m  = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos]
+		ts = m.GetTimestampMs()
+		v  float64
+	)
+	switch p.mf.GetType() {
+	case dto.MetricType_COUNTER:
+		v = m.GetCounter().GetValue()
+	case dto.MetricType_GAUGE:
+		v = m.GetGauge().GetValue()
+	case dto.MetricType_UNTYPED:
+		v = m.GetUntyped().GetValue()
+	case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
+		s := m.GetSummary()
+		switch p.fieldPos {
+		case -2:
+			v = float64(s.GetSampleCount())
+		case -1:
+			v = s.GetSampleSum()
+			// Need to detect a summaries without quantile here.
+			if len(s.GetQuantile()) == 0 {
+				p.fieldsDone = true
+			}
+		default:
+			v = s.GetQuantile()[p.fieldPos].GetValue()
+		}
+	case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM:
+		// This should only happen for a legacy histogram.
+		h := m.GetHistogram()
+		switch p.fieldPos {
+		case -2:
+			v = float64(h.GetSampleCount())
+		case -1:
+			v = h.GetSampleSum()
+		default:
+			bb := h.GetBucket()
+			if p.fieldPos >= len(bb) {
+				v = float64(h.GetSampleCount())
+			} else {
+				v = float64(bb[p.fieldPos].GetCumulativeCount())
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("encountered unexpected metric type, this is a bug")
+	}
+	if ts != 0 {
+		return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), &ts, v
+	}
+	// Nasty hack: Assume that ts==0 means no timestamp. That's not true in
+	// general, but proto3 has no distinction between unset and
+	// default. Need to avoid in the final format.
+	return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), nil, v
+}
+
+// Histogram returns the bytes of a series with a native histogram as a value,
+// the timestamp if set, and the native histogram in the current sample.
+//
+// The Compact method is called before returning the Histogram (or FloatHistogram).
+//
+// If the SampleCountFloat or the ZeroCountFloat in the proto message is > 0,
+// the histogram is parsed and returned as a FloatHistogram and nil is returned
+// as the (integer) Histogram return value. Otherwise, it is parsed and returned
+// as an (integer) Histogram and nil is returned as the FloatHistogram return
+// value.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	var (
+		m  = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos]
+		ts = m.GetTimestampMs()
+		h  = m.GetHistogram()
+	)
+	if h.GetSampleCountFloat() > 0 || h.GetZeroCountFloat() > 0 {
+		// It is a float histogram.
+		fh := histogram.FloatHistogram{
+			Count:           h.GetSampleCountFloat(),
+			Sum:             h.GetSampleSum(),
+			ZeroThreshold:   h.GetZeroThreshold(),
+			ZeroCount:       h.GetZeroCountFloat(),
+			Schema:          h.GetSchema(),
+			PositiveSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
+			PositiveBuckets: h.GetPositiveCount(),
+			NegativeSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
+			NegativeBuckets: h.GetNegativeCount(),
+		}
+		for i, span := range h.GetPositiveSpan() {
+			fh.PositiveSpans[i].Offset = span.GetOffset()
+			fh.PositiveSpans[i].Length = span.GetLength()
+		}
+		for i, span := range h.GetNegativeSpan() {
+			fh.NegativeSpans[i].Offset = span.GetOffset()
+			fh.NegativeSpans[i].Length = span.GetLength()
+		}
+		fh.Compact(0)
+		if ts != 0 {
+			return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), &ts, nil, &fh
+		}
+		// Nasty hack: Assume that ts==0 means no timestamp. That's not true in
+		// general, but proto3 has no distinction between unset and
+		// default. Need to avoid in the final format.
+		return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), nil, nil, &fh
+	}
+
+	sh := histogram.Histogram{
+		Count:           h.GetSampleCount(),
+		Sum:             h.GetSampleSum(),
+		ZeroThreshold:   h.GetZeroThreshold(),
+		ZeroCount:       h.GetZeroCount(),
+		Schema:          h.GetSchema(),
+		PositiveSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
+		PositiveBuckets: h.GetPositiveDelta(),
+		NegativeSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
+		NegativeBuckets: h.GetNegativeDelta(),
+	}
+	for i, span := range h.GetPositiveSpan() {
+		sh.PositiveSpans[i].Offset = span.GetOffset()
+		sh.PositiveSpans[i].Length = span.GetLength()
+	}
+	for i, span := range h.GetNegativeSpan() {
+		sh.NegativeSpans[i].Offset = span.GetOffset()
+		sh.NegativeSpans[i].Length = span.GetLength()
+	}
+	sh.Compact(0)
+	if ts != 0 {
+		return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), &ts, &sh, nil
+	}
+	return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), nil, &sh, nil
+}
+
+// Help returns the metric name and help text in the current entry.
+// Must only be called after Next returned a help entry.
+// The returned byte slices become invalid after the next call to Next.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Help() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	return p.metricBytes.Bytes(), []byte(p.mf.GetHelp())
+}
+
+// Type returns the metric name and type in the current entry.
+// Must only be called after Next returned a type entry.
+// The returned byte slices become invalid after the next call to Next.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Type() ([]byte, MetricType) {
+	n := p.metricBytes.Bytes()
+	switch p.mf.GetType() {
+	case dto.MetricType_COUNTER:
+		return n, MetricTypeCounter
+	case dto.MetricType_GAUGE:
+		return n, MetricTypeGauge
+	case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM:
+		return n, MetricTypeHistogram
+	case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
+		return n, MetricTypeSummary
+	}
+	return n, MetricTypeUnknown
+}
+
+// Unit always returns (nil, nil) because units aren't supported by the protobuf
+// format.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Unit() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Comment always returns nil because comments aren't supported by the protobuf
+// format.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Comment() []byte {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Metric writes the labels of the current sample into the passed labels.
+// It returns the string from which the metric was parsed.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Metric(l *labels.Labels) string {
+	*l = append(*l, labels.Label{
+		Name:  labels.MetricName,
+		Value: p.getMagicName(),
+	})
+
+	for _, lp := range p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetLabel() {
+		*l = append(*l, labels.Label{
+			Name:  lp.GetName(),
+			Value: lp.GetValue(),
+		})
+	}
+	if needed, name, value := p.getMagicLabel(); needed {
+		*l = append(*l, labels.Label{Name: name, Value: value})
+	}
+
+	// Sort labels to maintain the sorted labels invariant.
+	sort.Sort(*l)
+
+	return p.metricBytes.String()
+}
+
+// Exemplar writes the exemplar of the current sample into the passed
+// exemplar. It returns if an exemplar exists or not. In case of a native
+// histogram, the legacy bucket section is still used for exemplars. To ingest
+// all examplars, call the Exemplar method repeatedly until it returns false.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Exemplar(ex *exemplar.Exemplar) bool {
+	m := p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos]
+	var exProto *dto.Exemplar
+	switch p.mf.GetType() {
+	case dto.MetricType_COUNTER:
+		exProto = m.GetCounter().GetExemplar()
+	case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM:
+		bb := m.GetHistogram().GetBucket()
+		if p.fieldPos < 0 {
+			if p.state == EntrySeries {
+				return false // At _count or _sum.
+			}
+			p.fieldPos = 0 // Start at 1st bucket for native histograms.
+		}
+		for p.fieldPos < len(bb) {
+			exProto = bb[p.fieldPos].GetExemplar()
+			if p.state == EntrySeries {
+				break
+			}
+			p.fieldPos++
+			if exProto != nil {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	if exProto == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	ex.Value = exProto.GetValue()
+	if ts := exProto.GetTimestamp(); ts != nil {
+		ex.HasTs = true
+		ex.Ts = ts.GetSeconds()*1000 + int64(ts.GetNanos()/1_000_000)
+	}
+	for _, lp := range exProto.GetLabel() {
+		ex.Labels = append(ex.Labels, labels.Label{
+			Name:  lp.GetName(),
+			Value: lp.GetValue(),
+		})
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Next advances the parser to the next "sample" (emulating the behavior of a
+// text format parser). It returns (EntryInvalid, io.EOF) if no samples were
+// read.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) Next() (Entry, error) {
+	switch p.state {
+	case EntryInvalid:
+		p.metricPos = 0
+		p.fieldPos = -2
+		n, err := readDelimited(p.in[p.inPos:], p.mf)
+		p.inPos += n
+		if err != nil {
+			return p.state, err
+		}
+
+		// Skip empty metric families.
+		if len(p.mf.GetMetric()) == 0 {
+			return p.Next()
+		}
+
+		// We are at the beginning of a metric family. Put only the name
+		// into metricBytes and validate only name and help for now.
+		name := p.mf.GetName()
+		if !model.IsValidMetricName(model.LabelValue(name)) {
+			return EntryInvalid, errors.Errorf("invalid metric name: %s", name)
+		}
+		if help := p.mf.GetHelp(); !utf8.ValidString(help) {
+			return EntryInvalid, errors.Errorf("invalid help for metric %q: %s", name, help)
+		}
+		p.metricBytes.Reset()
+		p.metricBytes.WriteString(name)
+
+		p.state = EntryHelp
+	case EntryHelp:
+		p.state = EntryType
+	case EntryType:
+		if p.mf.GetType() == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM &&
+			isNativeHistogram(p.mf.GetMetric()[0].GetHistogram()) {
+			p.state = EntryHistogram
+		} else {
+			p.state = EntrySeries
+		}
+		if err := p.updateMetricBytes(); err != nil {
+			return EntryInvalid, err
+		}
+	case EntryHistogram, EntrySeries:
+		if p.state == EntrySeries && !p.fieldsDone &&
+			(p.mf.GetType() == dto.MetricType_SUMMARY || p.mf.GetType() == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM) {
+			p.fieldPos++
+		} else {
+			p.metricPos++
+			p.fieldPos = -2
+			p.fieldsDone = false
+		}
+		if p.metricPos >= len(p.mf.GetMetric()) {
+			p.state = EntryInvalid
+			return p.Next()
+		}
+		if err := p.updateMetricBytes(); err != nil {
+			return EntryInvalid, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return EntryInvalid, errors.Errorf("invalid protobuf parsing state: %d", p.state)
+	}
+	return p.state, nil
+}
+
+func (p *ProtobufParser) updateMetricBytes() error {
+	b := p.metricBytes
+	b.Reset()
+	b.WriteString(p.getMagicName())
+	for _, lp := range p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetLabel() {
+		b.WriteByte(model.SeparatorByte)
+		n := lp.GetName()
+		if !model.LabelName(n).IsValid() {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid label name: %s", n)
+		}
+		b.WriteString(n)
+		b.WriteByte(model.SeparatorByte)
+		v := lp.GetValue()
+		if !utf8.ValidString(v) {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid label value: %s", v)
+		}
+		b.WriteString(v)
+	}
+	if needed, n, v := p.getMagicLabel(); needed {
+		b.WriteByte(model.SeparatorByte)
+		b.WriteString(n)
+		b.WriteByte(model.SeparatorByte)
+		b.WriteString(v)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getMagicName usually just returns p.mf.GetType() but adds a magic suffix
+// ("_count", "_sum", "_bucket") if needed according to the current parser
+// state.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) getMagicName() string {
+	t := p.mf.GetType()
+	if p.state == EntryHistogram || (t != dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM && t != dto.MetricType_SUMMARY) {
+		return p.mf.GetName()
+	}
+	if p.fieldPos == -2 {
+		return p.mf.GetName() + "_count"
+	}
+	if p.fieldPos == -1 {
+		return p.mf.GetName() + "_sum"
+	}
+	if t == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM {
+		return p.mf.GetName() + "_bucket"
+	}
+	return p.mf.GetName()
+}
+
+// getMagicLabel returns if a magic label ("quantile" or "le") is needed and, if
+// so, its name and value. It also sets p.fieldsDone if applicable.
+func (p *ProtobufParser) getMagicLabel() (bool, string, string) {
+	if p.state == EntryHistogram || p.fieldPos < 0 {
+		return false, "", ""
+	}
+	switch p.mf.GetType() {
+	case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
+		qq := p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetSummary().GetQuantile()
+		q := qq[p.fieldPos]
+		p.fieldsDone = p.fieldPos == len(qq)-1
+		return true, model.QuantileLabel, formatOpenMetricsFloat(q.GetQuantile())
+	case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM:
+		bb := p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetHistogram().GetBucket()
+		if p.fieldPos >= len(bb) {
+			p.fieldsDone = true
+			return true, model.BucketLabel, "+Inf"
+		}
+		b := bb[p.fieldPos]
+		p.fieldsDone = math.IsInf(b.GetUpperBound(), +1)
+		return true, model.BucketLabel, formatOpenMetricsFloat(b.GetUpperBound())
+	}
+	return false, "", ""
+}
+
+var errInvalidVarint = errors.New("protobufparse: invalid varint encountered")
+
+// readDelimited is essentially doing what the function of the same name in
+// github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions/pbutil is doing, but it is
+// specific to a MetricFamily, utilizes the more efficient gogo-protobuf
+// unmarshaling, and acts on a byte slice directly without any additional
+// staging buffers.
+func readDelimited(b []byte, mf *dto.MetricFamily) (n int, err error) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	messageLength, varIntLength := proto.DecodeVarint(b)
+	if varIntLength == 0 || varIntLength > binary.MaxVarintLen32 {
+		return 0, errInvalidVarint
+	}
+	totalLength := varIntLength + int(messageLength)
+	if totalLength > len(b) {
+		return 0, errors.Errorf("protobufparse: insufficient length of buffer, expected at least %d bytes, got %d bytes", totalLength, len(b))
+	}
+	mf.Reset()
+	return totalLength, mf.Unmarshal(b[varIntLength:totalLength])
+}
+
+// formatOpenMetricsFloat works like the usual Go string formatting of a fleat
+// but appends ".0" if the resulting number would otherwise contain neither a
+// "." nor an "e".
+func formatOpenMetricsFloat(f float64) string {
+	// A few common cases hardcoded.
+	switch {
+	case f == 1:
+		return "1.0"
+	case f == 0:
+		return "0.0"
+	case f == -1:
+		return "-1.0"
+	case math.IsNaN(f):
+		return "NaN"
+	case math.IsInf(f, +1):
+		return "+Inf"
+	case math.IsInf(f, -1):
+		return "-Inf"
+	}
+	s := fmt.Sprint(f)
+	if strings.ContainsAny(s, "e.") {
+		return s
+	}
+	return s + ".0"
+}
+
+// isNativeHistogram returns false iff the provided histograms has no sparse
+// buckets and a zero threshold of 0 and a zero count of 0. In principle, this
+// could still be meant to be a native histogram (with a zero threshold of 0 and
+// no observations yet), but for now, we'll treat this case as a conventional
+// histogram.
+//
+// TODO(beorn7): In the final format, there should be an unambiguous way of
+// deciding if a histogram should be ingested as a conventional one or a native
+// one.
+func isNativeHistogram(h *dto.Histogram) bool {
+	return len(h.GetNegativeDelta()) > 0 ||
+		len(h.GetPositiveDelta()) > 0 ||
+		h.GetZeroCount() > 0 ||
+		h.GetZeroThreshold() > 0
+}

model/textparse/protobufparse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package textparse
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb/io/prometheus/client"
+)
+
+func TestProtobufParse(t *testing.T) {
+	textMetricFamilies := []string{
+		`name: "go_build_info"
+help: "Build information about the main Go module."
+type: GAUGE
+metric: <
+  label: <
+    name: "checksum"
+    value: ""
+  >
+  label: <
+    name: "path"
+    value: "github.com/prometheus/client_golang"
+  >
+  label: <
+    name: "version"
+    value: "(devel)"
+  >
+  gauge: <
+    value: 1
+  >
+>
+
+`,
+		`name: "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total"
+help: "Total number of bytes allocated, even if freed."
+type: COUNTER
+metric: <
+  counter: <
+    value: 1.546544e+06
+    exemplar: <
+      label: <
+        name: "dummyID"
+        value: "42"
+      >
+      value: 12
+      timestamp: <
+        seconds: 1625851151
+        nanos: 233181499
+      >
+    >
+  >
+>
+
+`,
+		`name: "something_untyped"
+help: "Just to test the untyped type."
+type: UNTYPED
+metric: <
+  untyped: <
+    value: 42
+  >
+  timestamp_ms: 1234567
+>
+
+`,
+		`name: "test_histogram"
+help: "Test histogram with many buckets removed to keep it manageable in size."
+type: HISTOGRAM
+metric: <
+  histogram: <
+    sample_count: 175
+    sample_sum: 0.0008280461746287094
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 2
+      upper_bound: -0.0004899999999999998
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 4
+      upper_bound: -0.0003899999999999998
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "59727"
+        >
+        value: -0.00039
+        timestamp: <
+          seconds: 1625851155
+          nanos: 146848499
+        >
+      >
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 16
+      upper_bound: -0.0002899999999999998
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "5617"
+        >
+        value: -0.00029
+      >
+    >
+    schema: 3
+    zero_threshold: 2.938735877055719e-39
+    zero_count: 2
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: -162
+      length: 1
+    >
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: 23
+      length: 4
+    >
+    negative_delta: 1
+    negative_delta: 3
+    negative_delta: -2
+    negative_delta: -1
+    negative_delta: 1
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: -161
+      length: 1
+    >
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: 8
+      length: 3
+    >
+    positive_delta: 1
+    positive_delta: 2
+    positive_delta: -1
+    positive_delta: -1
+  >
+  timestamp_ms: 1234568
+>
+
+`,
+
+		`name: "test_float_histogram"
+help: "Test float histogram with many buckets removed to keep it manageable in size."
+type: HISTOGRAM
+metric: <
+  histogram: <
+    sample_count: 175
+	sample_count_float: 175.0
+    sample_sum: 0.0008280461746287094
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count_float: 2.0
+      upper_bound: -0.0004899999999999998
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count_float: 4.0
+      upper_bound: -0.0003899999999999998
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "59727"
+        >
+        value: -0.00039
+        timestamp: <
+          seconds: 1625851155
+          nanos: 146848499
+        >
+      >
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count_float: 16
+      upper_bound: -0.0002899999999999998
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "5617"
+        >
+        value: -0.00029
+      >
+    >
+    schema: 3
+    zero_threshold: 2.938735877055719e-39
+    zero_count_float: 2.0
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: -162
+      length: 1
+    >
+    negative_span: <
+      offset: 23
+      length: 4
+    >
+    negative_count: 1.0
+    negative_count: 3.0
+    negative_count: -2.0
+    negative_count: -1.0
+    negative_count: 1.0
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: -161
+      length: 1
+    >
+    positive_span: <
+      offset: 8
+      length: 3
+    >
+    positive_count: 1.0
+    positive_count: 2.0
+    positive_count: -1.0
+    positive_count: -1.0
+  >
+  timestamp_ms: 1234568
+>
+
+`,
+		`name: "test_histogram2"
+help: "Similar histogram as before but now without sparse buckets."
+type: HISTOGRAM
+metric: <
+  histogram: <
+    sample_count: 175
+    sample_sum: 0.000828
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 2
+      upper_bound: -0.00048
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 4
+      upper_bound: -0.00038
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "59727"
+        >
+        value: -0.00038
+        timestamp: <
+          seconds: 1625851153
+          nanos: 146848499
+        >
+      >
+    >
+    bucket: <
+      cumulative_count: 16
+      upper_bound: 1
+      exemplar: <
+        label: <
+          name: "dummyID"
+          value: "5617"
+        >
+        value: -0.000295
+      >
+    >
+    schema: 0
+    zero_threshold: 0
+  >
+>
+
+`,
+		`name: "rpc_durations_seconds"
+help: "RPC latency distributions."
+type: SUMMARY
+metric: <
+  label: <
+    name: "service"
+    value: "exponential"
+  >
+  summary: <
+    sample_count: 262
+    sample_sum: 0.00025551262820703587
+    quantile: <
+      quantile: 0.5
+      value: 6.442786329648548e-07
+    >
+    quantile: <
+      quantile: 0.9
+      value: 1.9435742936658396e-06
+    >
+    quantile: <
+      quantile: 0.99
+      value: 4.0471608667037015e-06
+    >
+  >
+>
+`,
+		`name: "without_quantiles"
+help: "A summary without quantiles."
+type: SUMMARY
+metric: <
+  summary: <
+    sample_count: 42
+    sample_sum: 1.234
+  >
+>
+`,
+	}
+
+	varintBuf := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen32)
+	inputBuf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+
+	for _, tmf := range textMetricFamilies {
+		pb := &dto.MetricFamily{}
+		// From text to proto message.
+		require.NoError(t, proto.UnmarshalText(tmf, pb))
+		// From proto message to binary protobuf.
+		protoBuf, err := proto.Marshal(pb)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Write first length, then binary protobuf.
+		varintLength := binary.PutUvarint(varintBuf, uint64(len(protoBuf)))
+		inputBuf.Write(varintBuf[:varintLength])
+		inputBuf.Write(protoBuf)
+	}
+
+	exp := []struct {
+		lset    labels.Labels
+		m       string
+		t       int64
+		v       float64
+		typ     MetricType
+		help    string
+		unit    string
+		comment string
+		shs     *histogram.Histogram
+		fhs     *histogram.FloatHistogram
+		e       []exemplar.Exemplar
+	}{
+		{
+			m:    "go_build_info",
+			help: "Build information about the main Go module.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "go_build_info",
+			typ: MetricTypeGauge,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "go_build_info\xFFchecksum\xFF\xFFpath\xFFgithub.com/prometheus/client_golang\xFFversion\xFF(devel)",
+			v: 1,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "go_build_info",
+				"checksum", "",
+				"path", "github.com/prometheus/client_golang",
+				"version", "(devel)",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total",
+			help: "Total number of bytes allocated, even if freed.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total",
+			typ: MetricTypeCounter,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total",
+			v: 1.546544e+06,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total",
+			),
+			e: []exemplar.Exemplar{
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "42"), Value: 12, HasTs: true, Ts: 1625851151233},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "something_untyped",
+			help: "Just to test the untyped type.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "something_untyped",
+			typ: MetricTypeUnknown,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "something_untyped",
+			t: 1234567,
+			v: 42,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "something_untyped",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "test_histogram",
+			help: "Test histogram with many buckets removed to keep it manageable in size.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "test_histogram",
+			typ: MetricTypeHistogram,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram",
+			t: 1234568,
+			shs: &histogram.Histogram{
+				Count:         175,
+				ZeroCount:     2,
+				Sum:           0.0008280461746287094,
+				ZeroThreshold: 2.938735877055719e-39,
+				Schema:        3,
+				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+					{Offset: -161, Length: 1},
+					{Offset: 8, Length: 3},
+				},
+				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+					{Offset: -162, Length: 1},
+					{Offset: 23, Length: 4},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -1, -1},
+				NegativeBuckets: []int64{1, 3, -2, -1, 1},
+			},
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram",
+			),
+			e: []exemplar.Exemplar{
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "59727"), Value: -0.00039, HasTs: true, Ts: 1625851155146},
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "5617"), Value: -0.00029, HasTs: false},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "test_float_histogram",
+			help: "Test float histogram with many buckets removed to keep it manageable in size.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "test_float_histogram",
+			typ: MetricTypeHistogram,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_float_histogram",
+			t: 1234568,
+			fhs: &histogram.FloatHistogram{
+				Count:         175.0,
+				ZeroCount:     2.0,
+				Sum:           0.0008280461746287094,
+				ZeroThreshold: 2.938735877055719e-39,
+				Schema:        3,
+				PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+					{Offset: -161, Length: 1},
+					{Offset: 8, Length: 3},
+				},
+				NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+					{Offset: -162, Length: 1},
+					{Offset: 23, Length: 4},
+				},
+				PositiveBuckets: []float64{1.0, 2.0, -1.0, -1.0},
+				NegativeBuckets: []float64{1.0, 3.0, -2.0, -1.0, 1.0},
+			},
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_float_histogram",
+			),
+			e: []exemplar.Exemplar{
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "59727"), Value: -0.00039, HasTs: true, Ts: 1625851155146},
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "5617"), Value: -0.00029, HasTs: false},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "test_histogram2",
+			help: "Similar histogram as before but now without sparse buckets.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "test_histogram2",
+			typ: MetricTypeHistogram,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_count",
+			v: 175,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_count",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_sum",
+			v: 0.000828,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_sum",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_bucket\xffle\xff-0.00048",
+			v: 2,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_bucket",
+				"le", "-0.00048",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_bucket\xffle\xff-0.00038",
+			v: 4,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_bucket",
+				"le", "-0.00038",
+			),
+			e: []exemplar.Exemplar{
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "59727"), Value: -0.00038, HasTs: true, Ts: 1625851153146},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_bucket\xffle\xff1.0",
+			v: 16,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_bucket",
+				"le", "1.0",
+			),
+			e: []exemplar.Exemplar{
+				{Labels: labels.FromStrings("dummyID", "5617"), Value: -0.000295, HasTs: false},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			m: "test_histogram2_bucket\xffle\xff+Inf",
+			v: 175,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "test_histogram2_bucket",
+				"le", "+Inf",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "rpc_durations_seconds",
+			help: "RPC latency distributions.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "rpc_durations_seconds",
+			typ: MetricTypeSummary,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "rpc_durations_seconds_count\xffservice\xffexponential",
+			v: 262,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "rpc_durations_seconds_count",
+				"service", "exponential",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "rpc_durations_seconds_sum\xffservice\xffexponential",
+			v: 0.00025551262820703587,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "rpc_durations_seconds_sum",
+				"service", "exponential",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "rpc_durations_seconds\xffservice\xffexponential\xffquantile\xff0.5",
+			v: 6.442786329648548e-07,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "rpc_durations_seconds",
+				"quantile", "0.5",
+				"service", "exponential",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "rpc_durations_seconds\xffservice\xffexponential\xffquantile\xff0.9",
+			v: 1.9435742936658396e-06,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "rpc_durations_seconds",
+				"quantile", "0.9",
+				"service", "exponential",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "rpc_durations_seconds\xffservice\xffexponential\xffquantile\xff0.99",
+			v: 4.0471608667037015e-06,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "rpc_durations_seconds",
+				"quantile", "0.99",
+				"service", "exponential",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m:    "without_quantiles",
+			help: "A summary without quantiles.",
+		},
+		{
+			m:   "without_quantiles",
+			typ: MetricTypeSummary,
+		},
+		{
+			m: "without_quantiles_count",
+			v: 42,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "without_quantiles_count",
+			),
+		},
+		{
+			m: "without_quantiles_sum",
+			v: 1.234,
+			lset: labels.FromStrings(
+				"__name__", "without_quantiles_sum",
+			),
+		},
+	}
+
+	p := NewProtobufParser(inputBuf.Bytes())
+	i := 0
+
+	var res labels.Labels
+
+	for {
+		et, err := p.Next()
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		switch et {
+		case EntrySeries:
+			m, ts, v := p.Series()
+
+			var e exemplar.Exemplar
+			p.Metric(&res)
+			found := p.Exemplar(&e)
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			if ts != nil {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, *ts)
+			} else {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, int64(0))
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].v, v)
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].lset, res)
+			if len(exp[i].e) == 0 {
+				require.Equal(t, false, found)
+			} else {
+				require.Equal(t, true, found)
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].e[0], e)
+			}
+			res = res[:0]
+
+		case EntryHistogram:
+			m, ts, shs, fhs := p.Histogram()
+			p.Metric(&res)
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			if ts != nil {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, *ts)
+			} else {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].t, int64(0))
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].lset, res)
+			res = res[:0]
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			if shs != nil {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].shs, shs)
+			} else {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].fhs, fhs)
+			}
+			j := 0
+			for e := (exemplar.Exemplar{}); p.Exemplar(&e); j++ {
+				require.Equal(t, exp[i].e[j], e)
+				e = exemplar.Exemplar{}
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, len(exp[i].e), j, "not enough exemplars found")
+
+		case EntryType:
+			m, typ := p.Type()
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].typ, typ)
+
+		case EntryHelp:
+			m, h := p.Help()
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].help, string(h))
+
+		case EntryUnit:
+			m, u := p.Unit()
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].m, string(m))
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].unit, string(u))
+
+		case EntryComment:
+			require.Equal(t, exp[i].comment, string(p.Comment()))
+		}
+
+		i++
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, len(exp), i)
+}

plugins.yml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/moby
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/nomad
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/openstack
+- github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/ovhcloud
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/puppetdb
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/scaleway
 - github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/triton

plugins/plugins.go

@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ import (
 	// Register openstack plugin.
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/openstack"
 
+	// Register ovhcloud plugin.
+	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/ovhcloud"
+
 	// Register puppetdb plugin.
 	_ "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/puppetdb"
 

prompb/buf.yaml

@@ -5,14 +5,17 @@ lint:
     ENUM_VALUE_PREFIX:
       - remote.proto
       - types.proto
+      - io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto
     ENUM_ZERO_VALUE_SUFFIX:
       - remote.proto
       - types.proto
+      - io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto
     PACKAGE_DIRECTORY_MATCH:
       - remote.proto
       - types.proto
     PACKAGE_VERSION_SUFFIX:
       - remote.proto
       - types.proto
+      - io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto
 deps:
   - buf.build/gogo/protobuf

prompb/io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Prometheus Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// This is copied and lightly edited from
+// github.com/prometheus/client_model/io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto
+// and finally converted to proto3 syntax to make it usable for the
+// gogo-protobuf approach taken within prometheus/prometheus.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package io.prometheus.client;
+option go_package = "io_prometheus_client";
+
+import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
+
+message LabelPair {
+  string name  = 1;
+  string value = 2;
+}
+
+enum MetricType {
+  // COUNTER must use the Metric field "counter".
+  COUNTER = 0;
+  // GAUGE must use the Metric field "gauge".
+  GAUGE = 1;
+  // SUMMARY must use the Metric field "summary".
+  SUMMARY = 2;
+  // UNTYPED must use the Metric field "untyped".
+  UNTYPED = 3;
+  // HISTOGRAM must use the Metric field "histogram".
+  HISTOGRAM = 4;
+  // GAUGE_HISTOGRAM must use the Metric field "histogram".
+  GAUGE_HISTOGRAM = 5;
+}
+
+message Gauge {
+  double value = 1;
+}
+
+message Counter {
+  double   value    = 1;
+  Exemplar exemplar = 2;
+}
+
+message Quantile {
+  double quantile = 1;
+  double value    = 2;
+}
+
+message Summary {
+  uint64   sample_count = 1;
+  double   sample_sum   = 2;
+  repeated Quantile quantile     = 3;
+}
+
+message Untyped {
+  double value = 1;
+}
+
+message Histogram {
+  uint64 sample_count       = 1;
+  double sample_count_float = 4; // Overrides sample_count if > 0.
+  double sample_sum         = 2;
+  // Buckets for the conventional histogram.
+  repeated Bucket bucket    = 3; // Ordered in increasing order of upper_bound, +Inf bucket is optional.
+
+  // Everything below here is for native histograms (also known as sparse histograms).
+  // Native histograms are an experimental feature without stability guarantees.
+
+  // schema defines the bucket schema. Currently, valid numbers are -4 <= n <= 8.
+  // They are all for base-2 bucket schemas, where 1 is a bucket boundary in each case, and
+  // then each power of two is divided into 2^n logarithmic buckets.
+  // Or in other words, each bucket boundary is the previous boundary times 2^(2^-n).
+  // In the future, more bucket schemas may be added using numbers < -4 or > 8.
+  sint32 schema           = 5;
+  double zero_threshold   = 6; // Breadth of the zero bucket.
+  uint64 zero_count       = 7; // Count in zero bucket.
+  double zero_count_float = 8; // Overrides sb_zero_count if > 0.
+
+  // Negative buckets for the native histogram.
+  repeated BucketSpan negative_span =  9;
+  // Use either "negative_delta" or "negative_count", the former for
+  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
+  // histograms.
+  repeated sint64 negative_delta    = 10; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
+  repeated double negative_count    = 11; // Absolute count of each bucket.
+
+  // Positive buckets for the native histogram.
+  repeated BucketSpan positive_span = 12;
+  // Use either "positive_delta" or "positive_count", the former for
+  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
+  // histograms.
+  repeated sint64 positive_delta    = 13; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
+  repeated double positive_count    = 14; // Absolute count of each bucket.
+}
+
+message Bucket {
+  uint64   cumulative_count       = 1; // Cumulative in increasing order.
+  double   cumulative_count_float = 4; // Overrides cumulative_count if > 0.
+  double   upper_bound            = 2; // Inclusive.
+  Exemplar exemplar               = 3;
+}
+
+// A BucketSpan defines a number of consecutive buckets in a native
+// histogram with their offset. Logically, it would be more
+// straightforward to include the bucket counts in the Span. However,
+// the protobuf representation is more compact in the way the data is
+// structured here (with all the buckets in a single array separate
+// from the Spans).
+message BucketSpan {
+  sint32 offset = 1; // Gap to previous span, or starting point for 1st span (which can be negative).
+  uint32 length = 2; // Length of consecutive buckets.
+}
+
+message Exemplar {
+  repeated LabelPair                 label     = 1;
+  double                    value     = 2;
+  google.protobuf.Timestamp timestamp = 3; // OpenMetrics-style.
+}
+
+message Metric {
+  repeated LabelPair label = 1;
+  Gauge     gauge          = 2;
+  Counter   counter        = 3;
+  Summary   summary        = 4;
+  Untyped   untyped        = 5;
+  Histogram histogram      = 7;
+  int64     timestamp_ms   = 6;
+}
+
+message MetricFamily {
+  string          name   = 1;
+  string          help   = 2;
+  MetricType      type   = 3;
+  repeated Metric metric = 4;
+}

prompb/remote.pb.go

@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@ const (
 	// Content-Type: "application/x-protobuf"
 	// Content-Encoding: "snappy"
 	ReadRequest_SAMPLES ReadRequest_ResponseType = 0
-	// Server will stream a delimited ChunkedReadResponse message that contains XOR encoded chunks for a single series.
-	// Each message is following varint size and fixed size bigendian uint32 for CRC32 Castagnoli checksum.
+	// Server will stream a delimited ChunkedReadResponse message that
+	// contains XOR or HISTOGRAM(!) encoded chunks for a single series.
+	// Each message is following varint size and fixed size bigendian
+	// uint32 for CRC32 Castagnoli checksum.
 	//
 	// Response headers:
 	// Content-Type: "application/x-streamed-protobuf; proto=prometheus.ChunkedReadResponse"

prompb/remote.proto

@@ -39,8 +39,10 @@ message ReadRequest {
     // Content-Type: "application/x-protobuf"
     // Content-Encoding: "snappy"
     SAMPLES = 0;
-    // Server will stream a delimited ChunkedReadResponse message that contains XOR encoded chunks for a single series.
-    // Each message is following varint size and fixed size bigendian uint32 for CRC32 Castagnoli checksum.
+    // Server will stream a delimited ChunkedReadResponse message that
+    // contains XOR or HISTOGRAM(!) encoded chunks for a single series.
+    // Each message is following varint size and fixed size bigendian
+    // uint32 for CRC32 Castagnoli checksum.
     //
     // Response headers:
     // Content-Type: "application/x-streamed-protobuf; proto=prometheus.ChunkedReadResponse"

prompb/types.proto

@@ -54,13 +54,79 @@ message Exemplar {
   int64 timestamp = 3;
 }
 
+// A native histogram, also known as a sparse histogram.
+// Original design doc:
+// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cLNv3aufPZb3fNfaJgdaRBZsInZKKIHo9E6HinJVbpM/edit
+// The appendix of this design doc also explains the concept of float
+// histograms. This Histogram message can represent both, the usual
+// integer histogram as well as a float histogram.
+message Histogram {
+  enum ResetHint {
+    UNKNOWN = 0; // Need to test for a counter reset explicitly.
+    YES     = 1; // This is the 1st histogram after a counter reset.
+    NO      = 2; // There was no counter reset between this and the previous Histogram.
+    GAUGE   = 3; // This is a gauge histogram where counter resets don't happen.
+  }
+
+  oneof count { // Count of observations in the histogram.
+    uint64 count_int   = 1;
+    double count_float = 2;
+  }
+  double sum = 3; // Sum of observations in the histogram.
+  // The schema defines the bucket schema. Currently, valid numbers
+  // are -4 <= n <= 8. They are all for base-2 bucket schemas, where 1
+  // is a bucket boundary in each case, and then each power of two is
+  // divided into 2^n logarithmic buckets. Or in other words, each
+  // bucket boundary is the previous boundary times 2^(2^-n). In the
+  // future, more bucket schemas may be added using numbers < -4 or >
+  // 8.
+  sint32 schema             = 4;
+  double zero_threshold     = 5; // Breadth of the zero bucket.
+  oneof zero_count { // Count in zero bucket.
+    uint64 zero_count_int     = 6;
+    double zero_count_float   = 7;
+  }
+  
+  // Negative Buckets.
+  repeated BucketSpan negative_spans =  8;
+  // Use either "negative_deltas" or "negative_counts", the former for
+  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
+  // histograms.
+  repeated sint64 negative_deltas    =  9; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
+  repeated double negative_counts    = 10; // Absolute count of each bucket.
+
+  // Positive Buckets.
+  repeated BucketSpan positive_spans = 11;
+  // Use either "positive_deltas" or "positive_counts", the former for
+  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
+  // histograms.
+  repeated sint64 positive_deltas    = 12; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
+  repeated double positive_counts    = 13; // Absolute count of each bucket.
+
+  ResetHint reset_hint               = 14;
+  // timestamp is in ms format, see model/timestamp/timestamp.go for
+  // conversion from time.Time to Prometheus timestamp.
+  int64 timestamp = 15;
+} 
+
+// A BucketSpan defines a number of consecutive buckets with their
+// offset. Logically, it would be more straightforward to include the
+// bucket counts in the Span. However, the protobuf representation is
+// more compact in the way the data is structured here (with all the
+// buckets in a single array separate from the Spans).
+message BucketSpan {
+  sint32 offset = 1; // Gap to previous span, or starting point for 1st span (which can be negative).
+  uint32 length = 2; // Length of consecutive buckets.
+}
+
 // TimeSeries represents samples and labels for a single time series.
 message TimeSeries {
   // For a timeseries to be valid, and for the samples and exemplars
   // to be ingested by the remote system properly, the labels field is required.
-  repeated Label labels   = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  repeated Sample samples = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  repeated Exemplar exemplars = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Label labels         = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Sample samples       = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Exemplar exemplars   = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
+  repeated Histogram histograms = 4 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
 }
 
 message Label {
@@ -103,8 +169,9 @@ message Chunk {
 
   // We require this to match chunkenc.Encoding.
   enum Encoding {
-    UNKNOWN = 0;
-    XOR     = 1;
+    UNKNOWN   = 0;
+    XOR       = 1;
+    HISTOGRAM = 2;
   }
   Encoding type  = 3;
   bytes data     = 4;

promql/engine.go

@@ -35,12 +35,15 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/timestamp"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/value"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/stats"
 )
 
@@ -197,7 +200,6 @@ func (q *query) Exec(ctx context.Context) *Result {
 
 	// Exec query.
 	res, warnings, err := q.ng.exec(ctx, q)
-
 	return &Result{Err: err, Value: res, Warnings: warnings}
 }
 
@@ -676,7 +678,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *parser.Eval
 			for i, s := range mat {
 				// Point might have a different timestamp, force it to the evaluation
 				// timestamp as that is when we ran the evaluation.
-				vector[i] = Sample{Metric: s.Metric, Point: Point{V: s.Points[0].V, T: start}}
+				vector[i] = Sample{Metric: s.Metric, Point: Point{V: s.Points[0].V, H: s.Points[0].H, T: start}}
 			}
 			return vector, warnings, nil
 		case parser.ValueTypeScalar:
@@ -823,6 +825,20 @@ func (ng *Engine) getTimeRangesForSelector(s *parser.EvalStmt, n *parser.VectorS
 	return start, end
 }
 
+func (ng *Engine) getLastSubqueryInterval(path []parser.Node) time.Duration {
+	var interval time.Duration
+	for _, node := range path {
+		switch n := node.(type) {
+		case *parser.SubqueryExpr:
+			interval = n.Step
+			if n.Step == 0 {
+				interval = time.Duration(ng.noStepSubqueryIntervalFn(durationMilliseconds(n.Range))) * time.Millisecond
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return interval
+}
+
 func (ng *Engine) populateSeries(querier storage.Querier, s *parser.EvalStmt) {
 	// Whenever a MatrixSelector is evaluated, evalRange is set to the corresponding range.
 	// The evaluation of the VectorSelector inside then evaluates the given range and unsets
@@ -833,10 +849,14 @@ func (ng *Engine) populateSeries(querier storage.Querier, s *parser.EvalStmt) {
 		switch n := node.(type) {
 		case *parser.VectorSelector:
 			start, end := ng.getTimeRangesForSelector(s, n, path, evalRange)
+			interval := ng.getLastSubqueryInterval(path)
+			if interval == 0 {
+				interval = s.Interval
+			}
 			hints := &storage.SelectHints{
 				Start: start,
 				End:   end,
-				Step:  durationMilliseconds(s.Interval),
+				Step:  durationMilliseconds(interval),
 				Range: durationMilliseconds(evalRange),
 				Func:  extractFuncFromPath(path),
 			}
@@ -962,8 +982,10 @@ func (ev *evaluator) recover(expr parser.Expr, ws *storage.Warnings, errp *error
 	case errWithWarnings:
 		*errp = err.err
 		*ws = append(*ws, err.warnings...)
+	case error:
+		*errp = err
 	default:
-		*errp = e.(error)
+		*errp = fmt.Errorf("%v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -992,7 +1014,7 @@ type EvalNodeHelper struct {
 	// Caches.
 	// DropMetricName and label_*.
 	Dmn map[uint64]labels.Labels
-	// funcHistogramQuantile.
+	// funcHistogramQuantile for conventional histograms.
 	signatureToMetricWithBuckets map[string]*metricWithBuckets
 	// label_replace.
 	regex *regexp.Regexp
@@ -1243,7 +1265,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value, storage.Warnings) {
 	case *parser.AggregateExpr:
 		// Grouping labels must be sorted (expected both by generateGroupingKey() and aggregation()).
 		sortedGrouping := e.Grouping
-		sort.Strings(sortedGrouping)
+		slices.Sort(sortedGrouping)
 
 		// Prepare a function to initialise series helpers with the grouping key.
 		buf := make([]byte, 0, 1024)
@@ -1409,7 +1431,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value, storage.Warnings) {
 				ev.samplesStats.IncrementSamplesAtStep(step, int64(len(points)))
 				enh.Out = outVec[:0]
 				if len(outVec) > 0 {
-					ss.Points = append(ss.Points, Point{V: outVec[0].Point.V, T: ts})
+					ss.Points = append(ss.Points, Point{V: outVec[0].Point.V, H: outVec[0].Point.H, T: ts})
 				}
 				// Only buffer stepRange milliseconds from the second step on.
 				it.ReduceDelta(stepRange)
@@ -1562,10 +1584,10 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value, storage.Warnings) {
 
 			for ts, step := ev.startTimestamp, -1; ts <= ev.endTimestamp; ts += ev.interval {
 				step++
-				_, v, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, e, ts)
+				_, v, h, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, e, ts)
 				if ok {
 					if ev.currentSamples < ev.maxSamples {
-						ss.Points = append(ss.Points, Point{V: v, T: ts})
+						ss.Points = append(ss.Points, Point{V: v, H: h, T: ts})
 						ev.samplesStats.IncrementSamplesAtStep(step, 1)
 						ev.currentSamples++
 					} else {
@@ -1675,6 +1697,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr parser.Expr) (parser.Value, storage.Warnings) {
 				mat[i].Points = append(mat[i].Points, Point{
 					T: ts,
 					V: mat[i].Points[0].V,
+					H: mat[i].Points[0].H,
 				})
 				ev.currentSamples++
 				if ev.currentSamples > ev.maxSamples {
@@ -1700,11 +1723,11 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *parser.VectorSelector, ts int64) (Vect
 	for i, s := range node.Series {
 		it.Reset(s.Iterator())
 
-		t, v, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, node, ts)
+		t, v, h, ok := ev.vectorSelectorSingle(it, node, ts)
 		if ok {
 			vec = append(vec, Sample{
 				Metric: node.Series[i].Labels(),
-				Point:  Point{V: v, T: t},
+				Point:  Point{V: v, H: h, T: t},
 			})
 
 			ev.currentSamples++
@@ -1719,33 +1742,39 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *parser.VectorSelector, ts int64) (Vect
 	return vec, ws
 }
 
-// vectorSelectorSingle evaluates a instant vector for the iterator of one time series.
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelectorSingle(it *storage.MemoizedSeriesIterator, node *parser.VectorSelector, ts int64) (int64, float64, bool) {
+// vectorSelectorSingle evaluates an instant vector for the iterator of one time series.
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelectorSingle(it *storage.MemoizedSeriesIterator, node *parser.VectorSelector, ts int64) (
+	int64, float64, *histogram.FloatHistogram, bool,
+) {
 	refTime := ts - durationMilliseconds(node.Offset)
 	var t int64
 	var v float64
+	var h *histogram.FloatHistogram
 
-	ok := it.Seek(refTime)
-	if !ok {
+	valueType := it.Seek(refTime)
+	switch valueType {
+	case chunkenc.ValNone:
 		if it.Err() != nil {
 			ev.error(it.Err())
 		}
-	}
-
-	if ok {
+	case chunkenc.ValFloat:
 		t, v = it.At()
+	case chunkenc.ValHistogram, chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram:
+		t, h = it.AtFloatHistogram()
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown value type %v", valueType))
 	}
-
-	if !ok || t > refTime {
-		t, v, ok = it.PeekPrev()
+	if valueType == chunkenc.ValNone || t > refTime {
+		var ok bool
+		t, v, _, h, ok = it.PeekPrev()
 		if !ok || t < refTime-durationMilliseconds(ev.lookbackDelta) {
-			return 0, 0, false
+			return 0, 0, nil, false
 		}
 	}
-	if value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
-		return 0, 0, false
+	if value.IsStaleNaN(v) || (h != nil && value.IsStaleNaN(h.Sum)) {
+		return 0, 0, nil, false
 	}
-	return t, v, true
+	return t, v, h, true
 }
 
 var pointPool = sync.Pool{}
@@ -1830,30 +1859,59 @@ func (ev *evaluator) matrixIterSlice(it *storage.BufferedSeriesIterator, mint, m
 		out = out[:0]
 	}
 
-	ok := it.Seek(maxt)
-	if !ok {
+	soughtValueType := it.Seek(maxt)
+	if soughtValueType == chunkenc.ValNone {
 		if it.Err() != nil {
 			ev.error(it.Err())
 		}
 	}
 
 	buf := it.Buffer()
-	for buf.Next() {
-		t, v := buf.At()
-		if value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
-			continue
+loop:
+	for {
+		switch buf.Next() {
+		case chunkenc.ValNone:
+			break loop
+		case chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram, chunkenc.ValHistogram:
+			t, h := buf.AtFloatHistogram()
+			if value.IsStaleNaN(h.Sum) {
+				continue loop
+			}
+			// Values in the buffer are guaranteed to be smaller than maxt.
+			if t >= mint {
+				if ev.currentSamples >= ev.maxSamples {
+					ev.error(ErrTooManySamples(env))
+				}
+				ev.currentSamples++
+				out = append(out, Point{T: t, H: h})
+			}
+		case chunkenc.ValFloat:
+			t, v := buf.At()
+			if value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
+				continue loop
+			}
+			// Values in the buffer are guaranteed to be smaller than maxt.
+			if t >= mint {
+				if ev.currentSamples >= ev.maxSamples {
+					ev.error(ErrTooManySamples(env))
+				}
+				ev.currentSamples++
+				out = append(out, Point{T: t, V: v})
+			}
 		}
-		// Values in the buffer are guaranteed to be smaller than maxt.
-		if t >= mint {
+	}
+	// The sought sample might also be in the range.
+	switch soughtValueType {
+	case chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram, chunkenc.ValHistogram:
+		t, h := it.AtFloatHistogram()
+		if t == maxt && !value.IsStaleNaN(h.Sum) {
 			if ev.currentSamples >= ev.maxSamples {
 				ev.error(ErrTooManySamples(env))
 			}
+			out = append(out, Point{T: t, H: h})
 			ev.currentSamples++
-			out = append(out, Point{T: t, V: v})
 		}
-	}
-	// The seeked sample might also be in the range.
-	if ok {
+	case chunkenc.ValFloat:
 		t, v := it.At()
 		if t == maxt && !value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
 			if ev.currentSamples >= ev.maxSamples {
@@ -2011,10 +2069,12 @@ func (ev *evaluator) VectorBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *
 
 		// Account for potentially swapped sidedness.
 		vl, vr := ls.V, rs.V
+		hl, hr := ls.H, rs.H
 		if matching.Card == parser.CardOneToMany {
 			vl, vr = vr, vl
+			hl, hr = hr, hl
 		}
-		value, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, vl, vr)
+		value, histogramValue, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, vl, vr, hl, hr)
 		if returnBool {
 			if keep {
 				value = 1.0
@@ -2049,23 +2109,26 @@ func (ev *evaluator) VectorBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *
 			insertedSigs[insertSig] = struct{}{}
 		}
 
-		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
-			Metric: metric,
-			Point:  Point{V: value},
-		})
+		if (hl != nil && hr != nil) || (hl == nil && hr == nil) {
+			// Both lhs and rhs are of same type.
+			enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+				Metric: metric,
+				Point:  Point{V: value, H: histogramValue},
+			})
+		}
 	}
 	return enh.Out
 }
 
 func signatureFunc(on bool, b []byte, names ...string) func(labels.Labels) string {
 	if on {
-		sort.Strings(names)
+		slices.Sort(names)
 		return func(lset labels.Labels) string {
 			return string(lset.BytesWithLabels(b, names...))
 		}
 	}
 	names = append([]string{labels.MetricName}, names...)
-	sort.Strings(names)
+	slices.Sort(names)
 	return func(lset labels.Labels) string {
 		return string(lset.BytesWithoutLabels(b, names...))
 	}
@@ -2130,7 +2193,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) VectorscalarBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs Vector, rhs Scala
 		if swap {
 			lv, rv = rv, lv
 		}
-		value, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, lv, rv)
+		value, _, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, lv, rv, nil, nil)
 		// Catch cases where the scalar is the LHS in a scalar-vector comparison operation.
 		// We want to always keep the vector element value as the output value, even if it's on the RHS.
 		if op.IsComparisonOperator() && swap {
@@ -2193,45 +2256,56 @@ func scalarBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs float64) float64 {
 }
 
 // vectorElemBinop evaluates a binary operation between two Vector elements.
-func vectorElemBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs float64) (float64, bool) {
+func vectorElemBinop(op parser.ItemType, lhs, rhs float64, hlhs, hrhs *histogram.FloatHistogram) (float64, *histogram.FloatHistogram, bool) {
 	switch op {
 	case parser.ADD:
-		return lhs + rhs, true
+		if hlhs != nil && hrhs != nil {
+			// The histogram being added must have the larger schema
+			// code (i.e. the higher resolution).
+			if hrhs.Schema >= hlhs.Schema {
+				return 0, hlhs.Copy().Add(hrhs), true
+			}
+			return 0, hrhs.Copy().Add(hlhs), true
+		}
+		return lhs + rhs, nil, true
 	case parser.SUB:
-		return lhs - rhs, true
+		return lhs - rhs, nil, true
 	case parser.MUL:
-		return lhs * rhs, true
+		return lhs * rhs, nil, true
 	case parser.DIV:
-		return lhs / rhs, true
+		return lhs / rhs, nil, true
 	case parser.POW:
-		return math.Pow(lhs, rhs), true
+		return math.Pow(lhs, rhs), nil, true
 	case parser.MOD:
-		return math.Mod(lhs, rhs), true
+		return math.Mod(lhs, rhs), nil, true
 	case parser.EQLC:
-		return lhs, lhs == rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs == rhs
 	case parser.NEQ:
-		return lhs, lhs != rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs != rhs
 	case parser.GTR:
-		return lhs, lhs > rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs > rhs
 	case parser.LSS:
-		return lhs, lhs < rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs < rhs
 	case parser.GTE:
-		return lhs, lhs >= rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs >= rhs
 	case parser.LTE:
-		return lhs, lhs <= rhs
+		return lhs, nil, lhs <= rhs
 	case parser.ATAN2:
-		return math.Atan2(lhs, rhs), true
+		return math.Atan2(lhs, rhs), nil, true
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Errorf("operator %q not allowed for operations between Vectors", op))
 }
 
 type groupedAggregation struct {
-	labels      labels.Labels
-	value       float64
-	mean        float64
-	groupCount  int
-	heap        vectorByValueHeap
-	reverseHeap vectorByReverseValueHeap
+	hasFloat       bool // Has at least 1 float64 sample aggregated.
+	hasHistogram   bool // Has at least 1 histogram sample aggregated.
+	labels         labels.Labels
+	value          float64
+	histogramValue *histogram.FloatHistogram
+	mean           float64
+	groupCount     int
+	heap           vectorByValueHeap
+	reverseHeap    vectorByReverseValueHeap
 }
 
 // aggregation evaluates an aggregation operation on a Vector. The provided grouping labels
@@ -2267,7 +2341,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op parser.ItemType, grouping []string, without
 			// operator is less frequently used than other aggregations, we're fine having to
 			// re-compute the grouping key on each step for this case.
 			grouping = append(grouping, valueLabel)
-			sort.Strings(grouping)
+			slices.Sort(grouping)
 			recomputeGroupingKey = true
 		}
 	}
@@ -2311,6 +2385,12 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op parser.ItemType, grouping []string, without
 				mean:       s.V,
 				groupCount: 1,
 			}
+			if s.H == nil {
+				newAgg.hasFloat = true
+			} else if op == parser.SUM {
+				newAgg.histogramValue = s.H.Copy()
+				newAgg.hasHistogram = true
+			}
 
 			result[groupingKey] = newAgg
 			orderedResult = append(orderedResult, newAgg)
@@ -2345,7 +2425,26 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op parser.ItemType, grouping []string, without
 
 		switch op {
 		case parser.SUM:
-			group.value += s.V
+			if s.H != nil {
+				group.hasHistogram = true
+				if group.histogramValue != nil {
+					// The histogram being added must have
+					// an equal or larger schema.
+					if s.H.Schema >= group.histogramValue.Schema {
+						group.histogramValue.Add(s.H)
+					} else {
+						h := s.H.Copy()
+						h.Add(group.histogramValue)
+						group.histogramValue = h
+					}
+				}
+				// Otherwise the aggregation contained floats
+				// previously and will be invalid anyway. No
+				// point in copying the histogram in that case.
+			} else {
+				group.hasFloat = true
+				group.value += s.V
+			}
 
 		case parser.AVG:
 			group.groupCount++
@@ -2479,13 +2578,18 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op parser.ItemType, grouping []string, without
 		case parser.QUANTILE:
 			aggr.value = quantile(q, aggr.heap)
 
+		case parser.SUM:
+			if aggr.hasFloat && aggr.hasHistogram {
+				// We cannot aggregate histogram sample with a float64 sample.
+				continue
+			}
 		default:
 			// For other aggregations, we already have the right value.
 		}
 
 		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
 			Metric: aggr.labels,
-			Point:  Point{V: aggr.value},
+			Point:  Point{V: aggr.value, H: aggr.histogramValue},
 		})
 	}
 	return enh.Out

promql/functions.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/grafana/regexp"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 )
@@ -66,9 +67,11 @@ func extrapolatedRate(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNod
 	ms := args[0].(*parser.MatrixSelector)
 	vs := ms.VectorSelector.(*parser.VectorSelector)
 	var (
-		samples    = vals[0].(Matrix)[0]
-		rangeStart = enh.Ts - durationMilliseconds(ms.Range+vs.Offset)
-		rangeEnd   = enh.Ts - durationMilliseconds(vs.Offset)
+		samples         = vals[0].(Matrix)[0]
+		rangeStart      = enh.Ts - durationMilliseconds(ms.Range+vs.Offset)
+		rangeEnd        = enh.Ts - durationMilliseconds(vs.Offset)
+		resultValue     float64
+		resultHistogram *histogram.FloatHistogram
 	)
 
 	// No sense in trying to compute a rate without at least two points. Drop
@@ -77,14 +80,32 @@ func extrapolatedRate(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNod
 		return enh.Out
 	}
 
-	resultValue := samples.Points[len(samples.Points)-1].V - samples.Points[0].V
-	if isCounter {
-		var lastValue float64
-		for _, sample := range samples.Points {
-			if sample.V < lastValue {
-				resultValue += lastValue
+	if samples.Points[0].H != nil {
+		resultHistogram = histogramRate(samples.Points, isCounter)
+		if resultHistogram == nil {
+			// Points are a mix of floats and histograms, or the histograms
+			// are not compatible with each other.
+			// TODO(beorn7): find a way of communicating the exact reason
+			return enh.Out
+		}
+	} else {
+		resultValue = samples.Points[len(samples.Points)-1].V - samples.Points[0].V
+		prevValue := samples.Points[0].V
+		// We have to iterate through everything even in the non-counter
+		// case because we have to check that everything is a float.
+		// TODO(beorn7): Find a way to check that earlier, e.g. by
+		// handing in a []FloatPoint and a []HistogramPoint separately.
+		for _, currPoint := range samples.Points[1:] {
+			if currPoint.H != nil {
+				return nil // Range contains a mix of histograms and floats.
 			}
-			lastValue = sample.V
+			if !isCounter {
+				continue
+			}
+			if currPoint.V < prevValue {
+				resultValue += prevValue
+			}
+			prevValue = currPoint.V
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -95,6 +116,7 @@ func extrapolatedRate(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNod
 	sampledInterval := float64(samples.Points[len(samples.Points)-1].T-samples.Points[0].T) / 1000
 	averageDurationBetweenSamples := sampledInterval / float64(len(samples.Points)-1)
 
+	// TODO(beorn7): Do this for histograms, too.
 	if isCounter && resultValue > 0 && samples.Points[0].V >= 0 {
 		// Counters cannot be negative. If we have any slope at
 		// all (i.e. resultValue went up), we can extrapolate
@@ -126,16 +148,69 @@ func extrapolatedRate(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNod
 	} else {
 		extrapolateToInterval += averageDurationBetweenSamples / 2
 	}
-	resultValue = resultValue * (extrapolateToInterval / sampledInterval)
+	factor := extrapolateToInterval / sampledInterval
 	if isRate {
-		resultValue = resultValue / ms.Range.Seconds()
+		factor /= ms.Range.Seconds()
+	}
+	if resultHistogram == nil {
+		resultValue *= factor
+	} else {
+		resultHistogram.Scale(factor)
 	}
 
 	return append(enh.Out, Sample{
-		Point: Point{V: resultValue},
+		Point: Point{V: resultValue, H: resultHistogram},
 	})
 }
 
+// histogramRate is a helper function for extrapolatedRate. It requires
+// points[0] to be a histogram. It returns nil if any other Point in points is
+// not a histogram.
+func histogramRate(points []Point, isCounter bool) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
+	prev := points[0].H // We already know that this is a histogram.
+	last := points[len(points)-1].H
+	if last == nil {
+		return nil // Range contains a mix of histograms and floats.
+	}
+	minSchema := prev.Schema
+	if last.Schema < minSchema {
+		minSchema = last.Schema
+	}
+
+	// First iteration to find out two things:
+	// - What's the smallest relevant schema?
+	// - Are all data points histograms?
+	//   TODO(beorn7): Find a way to check that earlier, e.g. by handing in a
+	//   []FloatPoint and a []HistogramPoint separately.
+	for _, currPoint := range points[1 : len(points)-1] {
+		curr := currPoint.H
+		if curr == nil {
+			return nil // Range contains a mix of histograms and floats.
+		}
+		if !isCounter {
+			continue
+		}
+		if curr.Schema < minSchema {
+			minSchema = curr.Schema
+		}
+	}
+
+	h := last.CopyToSchema(minSchema)
+	h.Sub(prev)
+
+	if isCounter {
+		// Second iteration to deal with counter resets.
+		for _, currPoint := range points[1:] {
+			curr := currPoint.H
+			if curr.DetectReset(prev) {
+				h.Add(prev)
+			}
+			prev = curr
+		}
+	}
+	return h.Compact(0)
+}
+
 // === delta(Matrix parser.ValueTypeMatrix) Vector ===
 func funcDelta(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper) Vector {
 	return extrapolatedRate(vals, args, enh, false, false)
@@ -793,6 +868,59 @@ func funcPredictLinear(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNo
 	})
 }
 
+// === histogram_count(Vector parser.ValueTypeVector) Vector ===
+func funcHistogramCount(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper) Vector {
+	inVec := vals[0].(Vector)
+
+	for _, sample := range inVec {
+		// Skip non-histogram samples.
+		if sample.H == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+			Metric: enh.DropMetricName(sample.Metric),
+			Point:  Point{V: sample.H.Count},
+		})
+	}
+	return enh.Out
+}
+
+// === histogram_sum(Vector parser.ValueTypeVector) Vector ===
+func funcHistogramSum(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper) Vector {
+	inVec := vals[0].(Vector)
+
+	for _, sample := range inVec {
+		// Skip non-histogram samples.
+		if sample.H == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+			Metric: enh.DropMetricName(sample.Metric),
+			Point:  Point{V: sample.H.Sum},
+		})
+	}
+	return enh.Out
+}
+
+// === histogram_fraction(lower, upper parser.ValueTypeScalar, Vector parser.ValueTypeVector) Vector ===
+func funcHistogramFraction(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper) Vector {
+	lower := vals[0].(Vector)[0].V
+	upper := vals[1].(Vector)[0].V
+	inVec := vals[2].(Vector)
+
+	for _, sample := range inVec {
+		// Skip non-histogram samples.
+		if sample.H == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+			Metric: enh.DropMetricName(sample.Metric),
+			Point:  Point{V: histogramFraction(lower, upper, sample.H)},
+		})
+	}
+	return enh.Out
+}
+
 // === histogram_quantile(k parser.ValueTypeScalar, Vector parser.ValueTypeVector) Vector ===
 func funcHistogramQuantile(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *EvalNodeHelper) Vector {
 	q := vals[0].(Vector)[0].V
@@ -805,26 +933,57 @@ func funcHistogramQuantile(vals []parser.Value, args parser.Expressions, enh *Ev
 			v.buckets = v.buckets[:0]
 		}
 	}
-	for _, el := range inVec {
+
+	var histogramSamples []Sample
+
+	for _, sample := range inVec {
+		// We are only looking for conventional buckets here. Remember
+		// the histograms for later treatment.
+		if sample.H != nil {
+			histogramSamples = append(histogramSamples, sample)
+			continue
+		}
+
 		upperBound, err := strconv.ParseFloat(
-			el.Metric.Get(model.BucketLabel), 64,
+			sample.Metric.Get(model.BucketLabel), 64,
 		)
 		if err != nil {
 			// Oops, no bucket label or malformed label value. Skip.
 			// TODO(beorn7): Issue a warning somehow.
 			continue
 		}
-		enh.lblBuf = el.Metric.BytesWithoutLabels(enh.lblBuf, labels.BucketLabel)
+		enh.lblBuf = sample.Metric.BytesWithoutLabels(enh.lblBuf, labels.BucketLabel)
 		mb, ok := enh.signatureToMetricWithBuckets[string(enh.lblBuf)]
 		if !ok {
-			el.Metric = labels.NewBuilder(el.Metric).
+			sample.Metric = labels.NewBuilder(sample.Metric).
 				Del(excludedLabels...).
 				Labels(nil)
 
-			mb = &metricWithBuckets{el.Metric, nil}
+			mb = &metricWithBuckets{sample.Metric, nil}
 			enh.signatureToMetricWithBuckets[string(enh.lblBuf)] = mb
 		}
-		mb.buckets = append(mb.buckets, bucket{upperBound, el.V})
+		mb.buckets = append(mb.buckets, bucket{upperBound, sample.V})
+
+	}
+
+	// Now deal with the histograms.
+	for _, sample := range histogramSamples {
+		// We have to reconstruct the exact same signature as above for
+		// a conventional histogram, just ignoring any le label.
+		enh.lblBuf = sample.Metric.Bytes(enh.lblBuf)
+		if mb, ok := enh.signatureToMetricWithBuckets[string(enh.lblBuf)]; ok && len(mb.buckets) > 0 {
+			// At this data point, we have conventional histogram
+			// buckets and a native histogram with the same name and
+			// labels. Do not evaluate anything.
+			// TODO(beorn7): Issue a warning somehow.
+			delete(enh.signatureToMetricWithBuckets, string(enh.lblBuf))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		enh.Out = append(enh.Out, Sample{
+			Metric: enh.DropMetricName(sample.Metric),
+			Point:  Point{V: histogramQuantile(q, sample.H)},
+		})
 	}
 
 	for _, mb := range enh.signatureToMetricWithBuckets {
@@ -1103,7 +1262,10 @@ var FunctionCalls = map[string]FunctionCall{
 	"deriv":              funcDeriv,
 	"exp":                funcExp,
 	"floor":              funcFloor,
+	"histogram_count":    funcHistogramCount,
+	"histogram_fraction": funcHistogramFraction,
 	"histogram_quantile": funcHistogramQuantile,
+	"histogram_sum":      funcHistogramSum,
 	"holt_winters":       funcHoltWinters,
 	"hour":               funcHour,
 	"idelta":             funcIdelta,

promql/parser/functions.go

@@ -163,6 +163,21 @@ var Functions = map[string]*Function{
 		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeVector},
 		ReturnType: ValueTypeVector,
 	},
+	"histogram_count": {
+		Name:       "histogram_count",
+		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeVector},
+		ReturnType: ValueTypeVector,
+	},
+	"histogram_sum": {
+		Name:       "histogram_sum",
+		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeVector},
+		ReturnType: ValueTypeVector,
+	},
+	"histogram_fraction": {
+		Name:       "histogram_fraction",
+		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeVector},
+		ReturnType: ValueTypeVector,
+	},
 	"histogram_quantile": {
 		Name:       "histogram_quantile",
 		ArgTypes:   []ValueType{ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeVector},

promql/quantile.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"sort"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 )
 
@@ -119,6 +120,176 @@ func bucketQuantile(q float64, buckets buckets) float64 {
 	return bucketStart + (bucketEnd-bucketStart)*(rank/count)
 }
 
+// histogramQuantile calculates the quantile 'q' based on the given histogram.
+//
+// The quantile value is interpolated assuming a linear distribution within a
+// bucket.
+// TODO(beorn7): Find an interpolation method that is a better fit for
+// exponential buckets (and think about configurable interpolation).
+//
+// A natural lower bound of 0 is assumed if the histogram has only positive
+// buckets. Likewise, a natural upper bound of 0 is assumed if the histogram has
+// only negative buckets.
+// TODO(beorn7): Come to terms if we want that.
+//
+// There are a number of special cases (once we have a way to report errors
+// happening during evaluations of AST functions, we should report those
+// explicitly):
+//
+// If the histogram has 0 observations, NaN is returned.
+//
+// If q<0, -Inf is returned.
+//
+// If q>1, +Inf is returned.
+//
+// If q is NaN, NaN is returned.
+func histogramQuantile(q float64, h *histogram.FloatHistogram) float64 {
+	if q < 0 {
+		return math.Inf(-1)
+	}
+	if q > 1 {
+		return math.Inf(+1)
+	}
+
+	if h.Count == 0 || math.IsNaN(q) {
+		return math.NaN()
+	}
+
+	var (
+		bucket histogram.Bucket[float64]
+		count  float64
+		it     = h.AllBucketIterator()
+		rank   = q * h.Count
+	)
+	for it.Next() {
+		bucket = it.At()
+		count += bucket.Count
+		if count >= rank {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if bucket.Lower < 0 && bucket.Upper > 0 {
+		if len(h.NegativeBuckets) == 0 && len(h.PositiveBuckets) > 0 {
+			// The result is in the zero bucket and the histogram has only
+			// positive buckets. So we consider 0 to be the lower bound.
+			bucket.Lower = 0
+		} else if len(h.PositiveBuckets) == 0 && len(h.NegativeBuckets) > 0 {
+			// The result is in the zero bucket and the histogram has only
+			// negative buckets. So we consider 0 to be the upper bound.
+			bucket.Upper = 0
+		}
+	}
+	// Due to numerical inaccuracies, we could end up with a higher count
+	// than h.Count. Thus, make sure count is never higher than h.Count.
+	if count > h.Count {
+		count = h.Count
+	}
+	// We could have hit the highest bucket without even reaching the rank
+	// (this should only happen if the histogram contains observations of
+	// the value NaN), in which case we simply return the upper limit of the
+	// highest explicit bucket.
+	if count < rank {
+		return bucket.Upper
+	}
+
+	rank -= count - bucket.Count
+	// TODO(codesome): Use a better estimation than linear.
+	return bucket.Lower + (bucket.Upper-bucket.Lower)*(rank/bucket.Count)
+}
+
+// histogramFraction calculates the fraction of observations between the
+// provided lower and upper bounds, based on the provided histogram.
+//
+// histogramFraction is in a certain way the inverse of histogramQuantile.  If
+// histogramQuantile(0.9, h) returns 123.4, then histogramFraction(-Inf, 123.4, h)
+// returns 0.9.
+//
+// The same notes (and TODOs) with regard to interpolation and assumptions about
+// the zero bucket boundaries apply as for histogramQuantile.
+//
+// Whether either boundary is inclusive or exclusive doesn’t actually matter as
+// long as interpolation has to be performed anyway. In the case of a boundary
+// coinciding with a bucket boundary, the inclusive or exclusive nature of the
+// boundary determines the exact behavior of the threshold. With the current
+// implementation, that means that lower is exclusive for positive values and
+// inclusive for negative values, while upper is inclusive for positive values
+// and exclusive for negative values.
+//
+// Special cases:
+//
+// If the histogram has 0 observations, NaN is returned.
+//
+// Use a lower bound of -Inf to get the fraction of all observations below the
+// upper bound.
+//
+// Use an upper bound of +Inf to get the fraction of all observations above the
+// lower bound.
+//
+// If lower or upper is NaN, NaN is returned.
+//
+// If lower >= upper and the histogram has at least 1 observation, zero is returned.
+func histogramFraction(lower, upper float64, h *histogram.FloatHistogram) float64 {
+	if h.Count == 0 || math.IsNaN(lower) || math.IsNaN(upper) {
+		return math.NaN()
+	}
+	if lower >= upper {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	var (
+		rank, lowerRank, upperRank float64
+		lowerSet, upperSet         bool
+		it                         = h.AllBucketIterator()
+	)
+	for it.Next() {
+		b := it.At()
+		if b.Lower < 0 && b.Upper > 0 {
+			if len(h.NegativeBuckets) == 0 && len(h.PositiveBuckets) > 0 {
+				// This is the zero bucket and the histogram has only
+				// positive buckets. So we consider 0 to be the lower
+				// bound.
+				b.Lower = 0
+			} else if len(h.PositiveBuckets) == 0 && len(h.NegativeBuckets) > 0 {
+				// This is in the zero bucket and the histogram has only
+				// negative buckets. So we consider 0 to be the upper
+				// bound.
+				b.Upper = 0
+			}
+		}
+		if !lowerSet && b.Lower >= lower {
+			lowerRank = rank
+			lowerSet = true
+		}
+		if !upperSet && b.Lower >= upper {
+			upperRank = rank
+			upperSet = true
+		}
+		if lowerSet && upperSet {
+			break
+		}
+		if !lowerSet && b.Lower < lower && b.Upper > lower {
+			lowerRank = rank + b.Count*(lower-b.Lower)/(b.Upper-b.Lower)
+			lowerSet = true
+		}
+		if !upperSet && b.Lower < upper && b.Upper > upper {
+			upperRank = rank + b.Count*(upper-b.Lower)/(b.Upper-b.Lower)
+			upperSet = true
+		}
+		if lowerSet && upperSet {
+			break
+		}
+		rank += b.Count
+	}
+	if !lowerSet || lowerRank > h.Count {
+		lowerRank = h.Count
+	}
+	if !upperSet || upperRank > h.Count {
+		upperRank = h.Count
+	}
+
+	return (upperRank - lowerRank) / h.Count
+}
+
 // coalesceBuckets merges buckets with the same upper bound.
 //
 // The input buckets must be sorted.

promql/test_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
 func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
 						{
 							Metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric1"),
 							Points: []Point{
-								{0, 1}, {10000, 2}, {20000, 3}, {30000, 4}, {40000, 5},
+								{0, 1, nil}, {10000, 2, nil}, {20000, 3, nil}, {30000, 4, nil}, {40000, 5, nil},
 							},
 						},
 					},
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
 						{
 							Metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric1"),
 							Points: []Point{
-								{0, 1}, {10000, 2}, {20000, 3}, {30000, 4}, {40000, 5},
+								{0, 1, nil}, {10000, 2, nil}, {20000, 3, nil}, {30000, 4, nil}, {40000, 5, nil},
 							},
 						},
 					},
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
 						{
 							Metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric1"),
 							Points: []Point{
-								{0, 1}, {10000, 2}, {20000, 3}, {30000, 4}, {40000, 5}, {50000, 6}, {60000, 7},
+								{0, 1, nil}, {10000, 2, nil}, {20000, 3, nil}, {30000, 4, nil}, {40000, 5, nil}, {50000, 6, nil}, {60000, 7, nil},
 							},
 						},
 					},
@@ -89,13 +90,13 @@ func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
 						{
 							Metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric1"),
 							Points: []Point{
-								{0, 1}, {10000, 1}, {20000, 1}, {30000, 1}, {40000, 1}, {50000, 1},
+								{0, 1, nil}, {10000, 1, nil}, {20000, 1, nil}, {30000, 1, nil}, {40000, 1, nil}, {50000, 1, nil},
 							},
 						},
 						{
 							Metric: labels.FromStrings("__name__", "metric2"),
 							Points: []Point{
-								{0, 1}, {10000, 2}, {20000, 3}, {30000, 4}, {40000, 5}, {50000, 6}, {60000, 7}, {70000, 8},
+								{0, 1, nil}, {10000, 2, nil}, {20000, 3, nil}, {30000, 4, nil}, {40000, 5, nil}, {50000, 6, nil}, {60000, 7, nil}, {70000, 8, nil},
 							},
 						},
 					},
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func TestLazyLoader_WithSamplesTill(t *testing.T) {
 						Metric: storageSeries.Labels(),
 					}
 					it := storageSeries.Iterator()
-					for it.Next() {
+					for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 						t, v := it.At()
 						got.Points = append(got.Points, Point{T: t, V: v})
 					}

promql/value.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
@@ -63,8 +64,8 @@ func (s Scalar) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 
 // Series is a stream of data points belonging to a metric.
 type Series struct {
-	Metric labels.Labels `json:"metric"`
-	Points []Point       `json:"values"`
+	Metric labels.Labels
+	Points []Point
 }
 
 func (s Series) String() string {
@@ -75,15 +76,48 @@ func (s Series) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s =>\n%s", s.Metric, strings.Join(vals, "\n"))
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON is mirrored in web/api/v1/api.go for efficiency reasons.
+// This implementation is still provided for debug purposes and usage
+// without jsoniter.
+func (s Series) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	// Note that this is rather inefficient because it re-creates the whole
+	// series, just separated by Histogram Points and Value Points. For API
+	// purposes, there is a more efficcient jsoniter implementation in
+	// web/api/v1/api.go.
+	series := struct {
+		M labels.Labels `json:"metric"`
+		V []Point       `json:"values,omitempty"`
+		H []Point       `json:"histograms,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		M: s.Metric,
+	}
+	for _, p := range s.Points {
+		if p.H == nil {
+			series.V = append(series.V, p)
+			continue
+		}
+		series.H = append(series.H, p)
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(series)
+}
+
 // Point represents a single data point for a given timestamp.
+// If H is not nil, then this is a histogram point and only (T, H) is valid.
+// If H is nil, then only (T, V) is valid.
 type Point struct {
 	T int64
 	V float64
+	H *histogram.FloatHistogram
 }
 
 func (p Point) String() string {
-	v := strconv.FormatFloat(p.V, 'f', -1, 64)
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%v @[%v]", v, p.T)
+	var s string
+	if p.H != nil {
+		s = p.H.String()
+	} else {
+		s = strconv.FormatFloat(p.V, 'f', -1, 64)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s @[%v]", s, p.T)
 }
 
 // MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
@@ -96,8 +130,45 @@ func (p Point) String() string {
 // slightly different results in terms of formatting and rounding of the
 // timestamp.
 func (p Point) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	v := strconv.FormatFloat(p.V, 'f', -1, 64)
-	return json.Marshal([...]interface{}{float64(p.T) / 1000, v})
+	if p.H == nil {
+		v := strconv.FormatFloat(p.V, 'f', -1, 64)
+		return json.Marshal([...]interface{}{float64(p.T) / 1000, v})
+	}
+	h := struct {
+		Count   string          `json:"count"`
+		Sum     string          `json:"sum"`
+		Buckets [][]interface{} `json:"buckets,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Count: strconv.FormatFloat(p.H.Count, 'f', -1, 64),
+		Sum:   strconv.FormatFloat(p.H.Sum, 'f', -1, 64),
+	}
+	it := p.H.AllBucketIterator()
+	for it.Next() {
+		bucket := it.At()
+		if bucket.Count == 0 {
+			continue // No need to expose empty buckets in JSON.
+		}
+		boundaries := 2 // Exclusive on both sides AKA open interval.
+		if bucket.LowerInclusive {
+			if bucket.UpperInclusive {
+				boundaries = 3 // Inclusive on both sides AKA closed interval.
+			} else {
+				boundaries = 1 // Inclusive only on lower end AKA right open.
+			}
+		} else {
+			if bucket.UpperInclusive {
+				boundaries = 0 // Inclusive only on upper end AKA left open.
+			}
+		}
+		bucketToMarshal := []interface{}{
+			boundaries,
+			strconv.FormatFloat(bucket.Lower, 'f', -1, 64),
+			strconv.FormatFloat(bucket.Upper, 'f', -1, 64),
+			strconv.FormatFloat(bucket.Count, 'f', -1, 64),
+		}
+		h.Buckets = append(h.Buckets, bucketToMarshal)
+	}
+	return json.Marshal([...]interface{}{float64(p.T) / 1000, h})
 }
 
 // Sample is a single sample belonging to a metric.
@@ -111,15 +182,27 @@ func (s Sample) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s => %s", s.Metric, s.Point)
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON is mirrored in web/api/v1/api.go with jsoniter because Point
+// wouldn't be marshaled with jsoniter in all cases otherwise.
 func (s Sample) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	v := struct {
+	if s.Point.H == nil {
+		v := struct {
+			M labels.Labels `json:"metric"`
+			V Point         `json:"value"`
+		}{
+			M: s.Metric,
+			V: s.Point,
+		}
+		return json.Marshal(v)
+	}
+	h := struct {
 		M labels.Labels `json:"metric"`
-		V Point         `json:"value"`
+		H Point         `json:"histogram"`
 	}{
 		M: s.Metric,
-		V: s.Point,
+		H: s.Point,
 	}
-	return json.Marshal(v)
+	return json.Marshal(h)
 }
 
 // Vector is basically only an alias for model.Samples, but the
@@ -296,19 +379,23 @@ func newStorageSeriesIterator(series Series) *storageSeriesIterator {
 	}
 }
 
-func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) bool {
+func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 	i := ssi.curr
 	if i < 0 {
 		i = 0
 	}
 	for ; i < len(ssi.points); i++ {
-		if ssi.points[i].T >= t {
+		p := ssi.points[i]
+		if p.T >= t {
 			ssi.curr = i
-			return true
+			if p.H != nil {
+				return chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram
+			}
+			return chunkenc.ValFloat
 		}
 	}
 	ssi.curr = len(ssi.points) - 1
-	return false
+	return chunkenc.ValNone
 }
 
 func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) At() (t int64, v float64) {
@@ -316,9 +403,30 @@ func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) At() (t int64, v float64) {
 	return p.T, p.V
 }
 
-func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) Next() bool {
+func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	panic(errors.New("storageSeriesIterator: AtHistogram not supported"))
+}
+
+func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	p := ssi.points[ssi.curr]
+	return p.T, p.H
+}
+
+func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	p := ssi.points[ssi.curr]
+	return p.T
+}
+
+func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
 	ssi.curr++
-	return ssi.curr < len(ssi.points)
+	if ssi.curr >= len(ssi.points) {
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	}
+	p := ssi.points[ssi.curr]
+	if p.H != nil {
+		return chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram
+	}
+	return chunkenc.ValFloat
 }
 
 func (ssi *storageSeriesIterator) Err() error {

rules/alerting_test.go

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleLabelsUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	results := []promql.Vector{
 		{
-			{
+			promql.Sample{
 				Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 					"__name__", "ALERTS",
 					"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleLabelsUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			{
+			promql.Sample{
 				Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 					"__name__", "ALERTS",
 					"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleLabelsUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			{
+			promql.Sample{
 				Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 					"__name__", "ALERTS",
 					"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleLabelsUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			{
+			promql.Sample{
 				Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 					"__name__", "ALERTS",
 					"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExternalLabelsInTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 		true, log.NewNopLogger(),
 	)
 	result := promql.Vector{
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "ExternalLabelDoesNotExist",
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExternalLabelsInTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "ExternalLabelExists",
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExternalURLInTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 		true, log.NewNopLogger(),
 	)
 	result := promql.Vector{
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "ExternalURLDoesNotExist",
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleExternalURLInTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "ExternalURLExists",
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ func TestAlertingRuleEmptyLabelFromTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 		true, log.NewNopLogger(),
 	)
 	result := promql.Vector{
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "EmptyLabel",

rules/manager.go

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/strutil"
 )
 
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ func EngineQueryFunc(engine *promql.Engine, q storage.Queryable) QueryFunc {
 			return v, nil
 		case promql.Scalar:
 			return promql.Vector{promql.Sample{
-				Point:  promql.Point(v),
+				Point:  promql.Point{T: v.T, V: v.V},
 				Metric: labels.Labels{},
 			}}, nil
 		default:
@@ -798,7 +799,7 @@ func (g *Group) RestoreForState(ts time.Time) {
 			var t int64
 			var v float64
 			it := s.Iterator()
-			for it.Next() {
+			for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 				t, v = it.At()
 			}
 			if it.Err() != nil {

rules/manager_test.go

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/teststorage"
 )
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule(t *testing.T) {
 		labels.EmptyLabels(), labels.EmptyLabels(), "", true, nil,
 	)
 	result := promql.Vector{
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ func TestAlertingRule(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ func TestForStateAddSamples(t *testing.T) {
 		labels.EmptyLabels(), labels.EmptyLabels(), "", true, nil,
 	)
 	result := promql.Vector{
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS_FOR_STATE",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ func TestForStateAddSamples(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS_FOR_STATE",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ func TestForStateAddSamples(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS_FOR_STATE",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ func TestForStateAddSamples(t *testing.T) {
 			),
 			Point: promql.Point{V: 1},
 		},
-		{
+		promql.Sample{
 			Metric: labels.FromStrings(
 				"__name__", "ALERTS_FOR_STATE",
 				"alertname", "HTTPRequestRateLow",
@@ -597,7 +598,7 @@ func readSeriesSet(ss storage.SeriesSet) (map[string][]promql.Point, error) {
 
 		points := []promql.Point{}
 		it := series.Iterator()
-		for it.Next() {
+		for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 			t, v := it.At()
 			points = append(points, promql.Point{T: t, V: v})
 		}

scrape/helpers_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/metadata"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
@@ -41,6 +42,10 @@ func (a nopAppender) AppendExemplar(storage.SeriesRef, labels.Labels, exemplar.E
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
+func (a nopAppender) AppendHistogram(storage.SeriesRef, labels.Labels, int64, *histogram.Histogram) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
 func (a nopAppender) UpdateMetadata(storage.SeriesRef, labels.Labels, metadata.Metadata) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
 	return 0, nil
 }
@@ -54,17 +59,25 @@ type sample struct {
 	v      float64
 }
 
+type histogramSample struct {
+	t int64
+	h *histogram.Histogram
+}
+
 // collectResultAppender records all samples that were added through the appender.
 // It can be used as its zero value or be backed by another appender it writes samples through.
 type collectResultAppender struct {
-	next             storage.Appender
-	result           []sample
-	pendingResult    []sample
-	rolledbackResult []sample
-	pendingExemplars []exemplar.Exemplar
-	resultExemplars  []exemplar.Exemplar
-	pendingMetadata  []metadata.Metadata
-	resultMetadata   []metadata.Metadata
+	next                 storage.Appender
+	result               []sample
+	pendingResult        []sample
+	rolledbackResult     []sample
+	pendingExemplars     []exemplar.Exemplar
+	resultExemplars      []exemplar.Exemplar
+	resultHistograms     []histogramSample
+	pendingHistograms    []histogramSample
+	rolledbackHistograms []histogramSample
+	pendingMetadata      []metadata.Metadata
+	resultMetadata       []metadata.Metadata
 }
 
 func (a *collectResultAppender) Append(ref storage.SeriesRef, lset labels.Labels, t int64, v float64) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
@@ -97,6 +110,15 @@ func (a *collectResultAppender) AppendExemplar(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.L
 	return a.next.AppendExemplar(ref, l, e)
 }
 
+func (a *collectResultAppender) AppendHistogram(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
+	a.pendingHistograms = append(a.pendingHistograms, histogramSample{h: h, t: t})
+	if a.next == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	return a.next.AppendHistogram(ref, l, t, h)
+}
+
 func (a *collectResultAppender) UpdateMetadata(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, m metadata.Metadata) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
 	a.pendingMetadata = append(a.pendingMetadata, m)
 	if ref == 0 {
@@ -112,9 +134,11 @@ func (a *collectResultAppender) UpdateMetadata(ref storage.SeriesRef, l labels.L
 func (a *collectResultAppender) Commit() error {
 	a.result = append(a.result, a.pendingResult...)
 	a.resultExemplars = append(a.resultExemplars, a.pendingExemplars...)
+	a.resultHistograms = append(a.resultHistograms, a.pendingHistograms...)
 	a.resultMetadata = append(a.resultMetadata, a.pendingMetadata...)
 	a.pendingResult = nil
 	a.pendingExemplars = nil
+	a.pendingHistograms = nil
 	a.pendingMetadata = nil
 	if a.next == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -124,7 +148,9 @@ func (a *collectResultAppender) Commit() error {
 
 func (a *collectResultAppender) Rollback() error {
 	a.rolledbackResult = a.pendingResult
+	a.rolledbackHistograms = a.pendingHistograms
 	a.pendingResult = nil
+	a.pendingHistograms = nil
 	if a.next == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

scrape/manager.go

@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ type Options struct {
 	// Option to enable the experimental in-memory metadata storage and append
 	// metadata to the WAL.
 	EnableMetadataStorage bool
+	// Option to enable protobuf negotiation with the client. Note that the client can already
+	// send protobuf without needing to enable this.
+	EnableProtobufNegotiation bool
 	// Option to increase the interval used by scrape manager to throttle target groups updates.
 	DiscoveryReloadInterval model.Duration
 

scrape/scrape.go

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/discovery/targetgroup"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/metadata"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/relabel"
@@ -242,6 +243,8 @@ type scrapePool struct {
 	newLoop func(scrapeLoopOptions) loop
 
 	noDefaultPort bool
+
+	enableProtobufNegotiation bool
 }
 
 type labelLimits struct {
@@ -283,15 +286,16 @@ func newScrapePool(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig, app storage.Appendable, jitterSeed
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	sp := &scrapePool{
-		cancel:        cancel,
-		appendable:    app,
-		config:        cfg,
-		client:        client,
-		activeTargets: map[uint64]*Target{},
-		loops:         map[uint64]loop{},
-		logger:        logger,
-		httpOpts:      options.HTTPClientOptions,
-		noDefaultPort: options.NoDefaultPort,
+		cancel:                    cancel,
+		appendable:                app,
+		config:                    cfg,
+		client:                    client,
+		activeTargets:             map[uint64]*Target{},
+		loops:                     map[uint64]loop{},
+		logger:                    logger,
+		httpOpts:                  options.HTTPClientOptions,
+		noDefaultPort:             options.NoDefaultPort,
+		enableProtobufNegotiation: options.EnableProtobufNegotiation,
 	}
 	sp.newLoop = func(opts scrapeLoopOptions) loop {
 		// Update the targets retrieval function for metadata to a new scrape cache.
@@ -432,8 +436,12 @@ func (sp *scrapePool) reload(cfg *config.ScrapeConfig) error {
 
 		t := sp.activeTargets[fp]
 		interval, timeout, err := t.intervalAndTimeout(interval, timeout)
+		acceptHeader := scrapeAcceptHeader
+		if sp.enableProtobufNegotiation {
+			acceptHeader = scrapeAcceptHeaderWithProtobuf
+		}
 		var (
-			s       = &targetScraper{Target: t, client: sp.client, timeout: timeout, bodySizeLimit: bodySizeLimit}
+			s       = &targetScraper{Target: t, client: sp.client, timeout: timeout, bodySizeLimit: bodySizeLimit, acceptHeader: acceptHeader}
 			newLoop = sp.newLoop(scrapeLoopOptions{
 				target:          t,
 				scraper:         s,
@@ -536,8 +544,11 @@ func (sp *scrapePool) sync(targets []*Target) {
 			// for every target.
 			var err error
 			interval, timeout, err = t.intervalAndTimeout(interval, timeout)
-
-			s := &targetScraper{Target: t, client: sp.client, timeout: timeout, bodySizeLimit: bodySizeLimit}
+			acceptHeader := scrapeAcceptHeader
+			if sp.enableProtobufNegotiation {
+				acceptHeader = scrapeAcceptHeaderWithProtobuf
+			}
+			s := &targetScraper{Target: t, client: sp.client, timeout: timeout, bodySizeLimit: bodySizeLimit, acceptHeader: acceptHeader}
 			l := sp.newLoop(scrapeLoopOptions{
 				target:          t,
 				scraper:         s,
@@ -756,11 +767,15 @@ type targetScraper struct {
 	buf   *bufio.Reader
 
 	bodySizeLimit int64
+	acceptHeader  string
 }
 
 var errBodySizeLimit = errors.New("body size limit exceeded")
 
-const acceptHeader = `application/openmetrics-text;version=1.0.0,application/openmetrics-text;version=0.0.1;q=0.75,text/plain;version=0.0.4;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.1`
+const (
+	scrapeAcceptHeader             = `application/openmetrics-text;version=1.0.0,application/openmetrics-text;version=0.0.1;q=0.75,text/plain;version=0.0.4;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.1`
+	scrapeAcceptHeaderWithProtobuf = `application/vnd.google.protobuf;proto=io.prometheus.client.MetricFamily;encoding=delimited,application/openmetrics-text;version=1.0.0;q=0.8,application/openmetrics-text;version=0.0.1;q=0.75,text/plain;version=0.0.4;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.1`
+)
 
 var UserAgent = fmt.Sprintf("Prometheus/%s", version.Version)
 
@@ -770,7 +785,7 @@ func (s *targetScraper) scrape(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer) (string, error)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
-		req.Header.Add("Accept", acceptHeader)
+		req.Header.Add("Accept", s.acceptHeader)
 		req.Header.Add("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")
 		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
 		req.Header.Set("X-Prometheus-Scrape-Timeout-Seconds", strconv.FormatFloat(s.timeout.Seconds(), 'f', -1, 64))
@@ -1510,8 +1525,12 @@ func (sl *scrapeLoop) append(app storage.Appender, b []byte, contentType string,
 loop:
 	for {
 		var (
-			et          textparse.Entry
-			sampleAdded bool
+			et                       textparse.Entry
+			sampleAdded, isHistogram bool
+			met                      []byte
+			parsedTimestamp          *int64
+			val                      float64
+			h                        *histogram.Histogram
 		)
 		if et, err = p.Next(); err != nil {
 			if err == io.EOF {
@@ -1531,17 +1550,24 @@ loop:
 			continue
 		case textparse.EntryComment:
 			continue
+		case textparse.EntryHistogram:
+			isHistogram = true
 		default:
 		}
 		total++
 
 		t := defTime
-		met, tp, v := p.Series()
-		if !sl.honorTimestamps {
-			tp = nil
+		if isHistogram {
+			met, parsedTimestamp, h, _ = p.Histogram()
+			// TODO: ingest float histograms in tsdb.
+		} else {
+			met, parsedTimestamp, val = p.Series()
 		}
-		if tp != nil {
-			t = *tp
+		if !sl.honorTimestamps {
+			parsedTimestamp = nil
+		}
+		if parsedTimestamp != nil {
+			t = *parsedTimestamp
 		}
 
 		// Zero metadata out for current iteration until it's resolved.
@@ -1594,8 +1620,14 @@ loop:
 			updateMetadata(lset, true)
 		}
 
-		ref, err = app.Append(ref, lset, t, v)
-		sampleAdded, err = sl.checkAddError(ce, met, tp, err, &sampleLimitErr, &appErrs)
+		if isHistogram {
+			if h != nil {
+				ref, err = app.AppendHistogram(ref, lset, t, h)
+			}
+		} else {
+			ref, err = app.Append(ref, lset, t, val)
+		}
+		sampleAdded, err = sl.checkAddError(ce, met, parsedTimestamp, err, &sampleLimitErr, &appErrs)
 		if err != nil {
 			if err != storage.ErrNotFound {
 				level.Debug(sl.l).Log("msg", "Unexpected error", "series", string(met), "err", err)
@@ -1604,7 +1636,7 @@ loop:
 		}
 
 		if !ok {
-			if tp == nil {
+			if parsedTimestamp == nil {
 				// Bypass staleness logic if there is an explicit timestamp.
 				sl.cache.trackStaleness(hash, lset)
 			}

scrape/scrape_test.go

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/timestamp"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/value"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/teststorage"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/testutil"
 )
@@ -2146,11 +2147,15 @@ func TestTargetScraperScrapeOK(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedTimeout = "1.5"
 	)
 
+	var protobufParsing bool
+
 	server := httptest.NewServer(
 		http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			accept := r.Header.Get("Accept")
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(accept, "application/openmetrics-text;") {
-				t.Errorf("Expected Accept header to prefer application/openmetrics-text, got %q", accept)
+			if protobufParsing {
+				accept := r.Header.Get("Accept")
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(accept, "application/vnd.google.protobuf;") {
+					t.Errorf("Expected Accept header to prefer application/vnd.google.protobuf, got %q", accept)
+				}
 			}
 
 			timeout := r.Header.Get("X-Prometheus-Scrape-Timeout-Seconds")
@@ -2169,22 +2174,29 @@ func TestTargetScraperScrapeOK(t *testing.T) {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	ts := &targetScraper{
-		Target: &Target{
-			labels: labels.FromStrings(
-				model.SchemeLabel, serverURL.Scheme,
-				model.AddressLabel, serverURL.Host,
-			),
-		},
-		client:  http.DefaultClient,
-		timeout: configTimeout,
-	}
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	runTest := func(acceptHeader string) {
+		ts := &targetScraper{
+			Target: &Target{
+				labels: labels.FromStrings(
+					model.SchemeLabel, serverURL.Scheme,
+					model.AddressLabel, serverURL.Host,
+				),
+			},
+			client:       http.DefaultClient,
+			timeout:      configTimeout,
+			acceptHeader: acceptHeader,
+		}
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
 
-	contentType, err := ts.scrape(context.Background(), &buf)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, "text/plain; version=0.0.4", contentType)
-	require.Equal(t, "metric_a 1\nmetric_b 2\n", buf.String())
+		contentType, err := ts.scrape(context.Background(), &buf)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "text/plain; version=0.0.4", contentType)
+		require.Equal(t, "metric_a 1\nmetric_b 2\n", buf.String())
+	}
+
+	runTest(scrapeAcceptHeader)
+	protobufParsing = true
+	runTest(scrapeAcceptHeaderWithProtobuf)
 }
 
 func TestTargetScrapeScrapeCancel(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2209,7 +2221,8 @@ func TestTargetScrapeScrapeCancel(t *testing.T) {
 				model.AddressLabel, serverURL.Host,
 			),
 		},
-		client: http.DefaultClient,
+		client:       http.DefaultClient,
+		acceptHeader: scrapeAcceptHeader,
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 
@@ -2262,7 +2275,8 @@ func TestTargetScrapeScrapeNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 				model.AddressLabel, serverURL.Host,
 			),
 		},
-		client: http.DefaultClient,
+		client:       http.DefaultClient,
+		acceptHeader: scrapeAcceptHeader,
 	}
 
 	_, err = ts.scrape(context.Background(), io.Discard)
@@ -2304,6 +2318,7 @@ func TestTargetScraperBodySizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		client:        http.DefaultClient,
 		bodySizeLimit: bodySizeLimit,
+		acceptHeader:  scrapeAcceptHeader,
 	}
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 
@@ -2900,7 +2915,7 @@ func TestScrapeReportSingleAppender(t *testing.T) {
 		c := 0
 		for series.Next() {
 			i := series.At().Iterator()
-			for i.Next() {
+			for i.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
 				c++
 			}
 		}
@@ -2973,7 +2988,7 @@ func TestScrapeReportLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	var found bool
 	for series.Next() {
 		i := series.At().Iterator()
-		for i.Next() {
+		for i.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 			_, v := i.At()
 			require.Equal(t, 1.0, v)
 			found = true

scripts/genproto.sh

@@ -40,14 +40,16 @@ for dir in ${DIRS}; do
             -I="${PROM_PATH}" \
             -I="${GRPC_GATEWAY_ROOT}/third_party/googleapis" \
             ./*.proto
-
+		protoc --gogofast_out=Mgoogle/protobuf/timestamp.proto=github.com/gogo/protobuf/types,paths=source_relative:. -I=. \
+            -I="${GOGOPROTO_PATH}" \
+            ./io/prometheus/client/*.proto
 		sed -i.bak -E 's/import _ \"github.com\/gogo\/protobuf\/gogoproto\"//g' -- *.pb.go
 		sed -i.bak -E 's/import _ \"google\/protobuf\"//g' -- *.pb.go
 		sed -i.bak -E 's/\t_ \"google\/protobuf\"//g' -- *.pb.go
 		sed -i.bak -E 's/golang\/protobuf\/descriptor/gogo\/protobuf\/protoc-gen-gogo\/descriptor/g' -- *.go
 		sed -i.bak -E 's/golang\/protobuf/gogo\/protobuf/g' -- *.go
 		rm -f -- *.bak
-		goimports -w ./*.go
+		goimports -w ./*.go ./io/prometheus/client/*.go
 	popd
 done
 

storage/buffer.go

@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"math"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
@@ -25,8 +27,8 @@ type BufferedSeriesIterator struct {
 	buf   *sampleRing
 	delta int64
 
-	lastTime int64
-	ok       bool
+	lastTime  int64
+	valueType chunkenc.ValueType
 }
 
 // NewBuffer returns a new iterator that buffers the values within the time range
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ func NewBuffer(delta int64) *BufferedSeriesIterator {
 // NewBufferIterator returns a new iterator that buffers the values within the
 // time range of the current element and the duration of delta before.
 func NewBufferIterator(it chunkenc.Iterator, delta int64) *BufferedSeriesIterator {
+	// TODO(codesome): based on encoding, allocate different buffer.
 	bit := &BufferedSeriesIterator{
 		buf:   newSampleRing(delta, 16),
 		delta: delta,
@@ -53,10 +56,9 @@ func NewBufferIterator(it chunkenc.Iterator, delta int64) *BufferedSeriesIterato
 func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Reset(it chunkenc.Iterator) {
 	b.it = it
 	b.lastTime = math.MinInt64
-	b.ok = true
 	b.buf.reset()
 	b.buf.delta = b.delta
-	it.Next()
+	b.valueType = it.Next()
 }
 
 // ReduceDelta lowers the buffered time delta, for the current SeriesIterator only.
@@ -66,8 +68,9 @@ func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) ReduceDelta(delta int64) bool {
 
 // PeekBack returns the nth previous element of the iterator. If there is none buffered,
 // ok is false.
-func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) PeekBack(n int) (t int64, v float64, ok bool) {
-	return b.buf.nthLast(n)
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) PeekBack(n int) (t int64, v float64, h *histogram.Histogram, ok bool) {
+	s, ok := b.buf.nthLast(n)
+	return s.t, s.v, s.h, ok
 }
 
 // Buffer returns an iterator over the buffered data. Invalidates previously
@@ -77,63 +80,96 @@ func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Buffer() chunkenc.Iterator {
 }
 
 // Seek advances the iterator to the element at time t or greater.
-func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) bool {
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 	t0 := t - b.buf.delta
 
 	// If the delta would cause us to seek backwards, preserve the buffer
 	// and just continue regular advancement while filling the buffer on the way.
-	if b.ok && t0 > b.lastTime {
+	if b.valueType != chunkenc.ValNone && t0 > b.lastTime {
 		b.buf.reset()
 
-		b.ok = b.it.Seek(t0)
-		if !b.ok {
-			return false
+		b.valueType = b.it.Seek(t0)
+		switch b.valueType {
+		case chunkenc.ValNone:
+			return chunkenc.ValNone
+		case chunkenc.ValFloat:
+			b.lastTime, _ = b.At()
+		case chunkenc.ValHistogram:
+			b.lastTime, _ = b.AtHistogram()
+		case chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram:
+			b.lastTime, _ = b.AtFloatHistogram()
+		default:
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BufferedSeriesIterator: unknown value type %v", b.valueType))
 		}
-		b.lastTime, _ = b.At()
 	}
 
 	if b.lastTime >= t {
-		return true
+		return b.valueType
 	}
-	for b.Next() {
-		if b.lastTime >= t {
-			return true
+	for {
+		if b.valueType = b.Next(); b.valueType == chunkenc.ValNone || b.lastTime >= t {
+			return b.valueType
 		}
 	}
-
-	return false
 }
 
 // Next advances the iterator to the next element.
-func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Next() bool {
-	if !b.ok {
-		return false
-	}
-
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
 	// Add current element to buffer before advancing.
-	b.buf.add(b.it.At())
-
-	b.ok = b.it.Next()
-	if b.ok {
-		b.lastTime, _ = b.At()
+	switch b.valueType {
+	case chunkenc.ValNone:
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	case chunkenc.ValFloat:
+		t, v := b.it.At()
+		b.buf.add(sample{t: t, v: v})
+	case chunkenc.ValHistogram:
+		t, h := b.it.AtHistogram()
+		b.buf.add(sample{t: t, h: h})
+	case chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram:
+		t, fh := b.it.AtFloatHistogram()
+		b.buf.add(sample{t: t, fh: fh})
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BufferedSeriesIterator: unknown value type %v", b.valueType))
 	}
 
-	return b.ok
+	b.valueType = b.it.Next()
+	if b.valueType != chunkenc.ValNone {
+		b.lastTime = b.AtT()
+	}
+	return b.valueType
 }
 
-// At returns the current element of the iterator.
+// At returns the current float element of the iterator.
 func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
 	return b.it.At()
 }
 
+// AtHistogram returns the current histogram element of the iterator.
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	return b.it.AtHistogram()
+}
+
+// AtFloatHistogram returns the current float-histogram element of the iterator.
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return b.it.AtFloatHistogram()
+}
+
+// AtT returns the current timestamp of the iterator.
+func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return b.it.AtT()
+}
+
 // Err returns the last encountered error.
 func (b *BufferedSeriesIterator) Err() error {
 	return b.it.Err()
 }
 
+// TODO(beorn7): Consider having different sample types for different value types.
 type sample struct {
-	t int64
-	v float64
+	t  int64
+	v  float64
+	h  *histogram.Histogram
+	fh *histogram.FloatHistogram
 }
 
 func (s sample) T() int64 {
@@ -144,6 +180,25 @@ func (s sample) V() float64 {
 	return s.v
 }
 
+func (s sample) H() *histogram.Histogram {
+	return s.h
+}
+
+func (s sample) FH() *histogram.FloatHistogram {
+	return s.fh
+}
+
+func (s sample) Type() chunkenc.ValueType {
+	switch {
+	case s.h != nil:
+		return chunkenc.ValHistogram
+	case s.fh != nil:
+		return chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram
+	default:
+		return chunkenc.ValFloat
+	}
+}
+
 type sampleRing struct {
 	delta int64
 
@@ -176,17 +231,36 @@ func (r *sampleRing) iterator() chunkenc.Iterator {
 }
 
 type sampleRingIterator struct {
-	r *sampleRing
-	i int
+	r  *sampleRing
+	i  int
+	t  int64
+	v  float64
+	h  *histogram.Histogram
+	fh *histogram.FloatHistogram
 }
 
-func (it *sampleRingIterator) Next() bool {
+func (it *sampleRingIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
 	it.i++
-	return it.i < it.r.l
+	if it.i >= it.r.l {
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	}
+	s := it.r.at(it.i)
+	it.t = s.t
+	switch {
+	case s.h != nil:
+		it.h = s.h
+		return chunkenc.ValHistogram
+	case s.fh != nil:
+		it.fh = s.fh
+		return chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram
+	default:
+		it.v = s.v
+		return chunkenc.ValFloat
+	}
 }
 
-func (it *sampleRingIterator) Seek(int64) bool {
-	return false
+func (it *sampleRingIterator) Seek(int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
+	return chunkenc.ValNone
 }
 
 func (it *sampleRingIterator) Err() error {
@@ -194,18 +268,32 @@ func (it *sampleRingIterator) Err() error {
 }
 
 func (it *sampleRingIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
-	return it.r.at(it.i)
+	return it.t, it.v
 }
 
-func (r *sampleRing) at(i int) (int64, float64) {
+func (it *sampleRingIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	return it.t, it.h
+}
+
+func (it *sampleRingIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	if it.fh == nil {
+		return it.t, it.h.ToFloat()
+	}
+	return it.t, it.fh
+}
+
+func (it *sampleRingIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return it.t
+}
+
+func (r *sampleRing) at(i int) sample {
 	j := (r.f + i) % len(r.buf)
-	s := r.buf[j]
-	return s.t, s.v
+	return r.buf[j]
 }
 
 // add adds a sample to the ring buffer and frees all samples that fall
 // out of the delta range.
-func (r *sampleRing) add(t int64, v float64) {
+func (r *sampleRing) add(s sample) {
 	l := len(r.buf)
 	// Grow the ring buffer if it fits no more elements.
 	if l == r.l {
@@ -224,11 +312,11 @@ func (r *sampleRing) add(t int64, v float64) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	r.buf[r.i] = sample{t: t, v: v}
+	r.buf[r.i] = s
 	r.l++
 
 	// Free head of the buffer of samples that just fell out of the range.
-	tmin := t - r.delta
+	tmin := s.t - r.delta
 	for r.buf[r.f].t < tmin {
 		r.f++
 		if r.f >= l {
@@ -264,12 +352,11 @@ func (r *sampleRing) reduceDelta(delta int64) bool {
 }
 
 // nthLast returns the nth most recent element added to the ring.
-func (r *sampleRing) nthLast(n int) (int64, float64, bool) {
+func (r *sampleRing) nthLast(n int) (sample, bool) {
 	if n > r.l {
-		return 0, 0, false
+		return sample{}, false
 	}
-	t, v := r.at(r.l - n)
-	return t, v, true
+	return r.at(r.l - n), true
 }
 
 func (r *sampleRing) samples() []sample {

storage/buffer_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
 func TestSampleRing(t *testing.T) {
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ func TestSampleRing(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for i, s := range input {
-			r.add(s.t, s.v)
+			r.add(s)
 			buffered := r.samples()
 
 			for _, sold := range input[:i] {
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ func TestBufferedSeriesIterator(t *testing.T) {
 	bufferEq := func(exp []sample) {
 		var b []sample
 		bit := it.Buffer()
-		for bit.Next() {
+		for bit.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 			t, v := bit.At()
 			b = append(b, sample{t: t, v: v})
 		}
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ func TestBufferedSeriesIterator(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, ev, v, "value mismatch")
 	}
 	prevSampleEq := func(ets int64, ev float64, eok bool) {
-		ts, v, ok := it.PeekBack(1)
+		ts, v, _, ok := it.PeekBack(1)
 		require.Equal(t, eok, ok, "exist mismatch")
 		require.Equal(t, ets, ts, "timestamp mismatch")
 		require.Equal(t, ev, v, "value mismatch")
@@ -121,35 +124,35 @@ func TestBufferedSeriesIterator(t *testing.T) {
 		sample{t: 101, v: 10},
 	}), 2)
 
-	require.True(t, it.Seek(-123), "seek failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Seek(-123), "seek failed")
 	sampleEq(1, 2)
 	prevSampleEq(0, 0, false)
 	bufferEq(nil)
 
-	require.True(t, it.Next(), "next failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Next(), "next failed")
 	sampleEq(2, 3)
 	prevSampleEq(1, 2, true)
 	bufferEq([]sample{{t: 1, v: 2}})
 
-	require.True(t, it.Next(), "next failed")
-	require.True(t, it.Next(), "next failed")
-	require.True(t, it.Next(), "next failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Next(), "next failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Next(), "next failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Next(), "next failed")
 	sampleEq(5, 6)
 	prevSampleEq(4, 5, true)
 	bufferEq([]sample{{t: 2, v: 3}, {t: 3, v: 4}, {t: 4, v: 5}})
 
-	require.True(t, it.Seek(5), "seek failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Seek(5), "seek failed")
 	sampleEq(5, 6)
 	prevSampleEq(4, 5, true)
 	bufferEq([]sample{{t: 2, v: 3}, {t: 3, v: 4}, {t: 4, v: 5}})
 
-	require.True(t, it.Seek(101), "seek failed")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValFloat, it.Seek(101), "seek failed")
 	sampleEq(101, 10)
 	prevSampleEq(100, 9, true)
 	bufferEq([]sample{{t: 99, v: 8}, {t: 100, v: 9}})
 
-	require.False(t, it.Next(), "next succeeded unexpectedly")
-	require.False(t, it.Seek(1024), "seek succeeded unexpectedly")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValNone, it.Next(), "next succeeded unexpectedly")
+	require.Equal(t, chunkenc.ValNone, it.Seek(1024), "seek succeeded unexpectedly")
 }
 
 // At() should not be called once Next() returns false.
@@ -157,14 +160,19 @@ func TestBufferedSeriesIteratorNoBadAt(t *testing.T) {
 	done := false
 
 	m := &mockSeriesIterator{
-		seek: func(int64) bool { return false },
+		seek: func(int64) chunkenc.ValueType { return chunkenc.ValNone },
 		at: func() (int64, float64) {
 			require.False(t, done, "unexpectedly done")
 			done = true
 			return 0, 0
 		},
-		next: func() bool { return !done },
-		err:  func() error { return nil },
+		next: func() chunkenc.ValueType {
+			if done {
+				return chunkenc.ValNone
+			}
+			return chunkenc.ValFloat
+		},
+		err: func() error { return nil },
 	}
 
 	it := NewBufferIterator(m, 60)
@@ -176,27 +184,39 @@ func BenchmarkBufferedSeriesIterator(b *testing.B) {
 	// Simulate a 5 minute rate.
 	it := NewBufferIterator(newFakeSeriesIterator(int64(b.N), 30), 5*60)
 
-	b.SetBytes(int64(b.N * 16))
+	b.SetBytes(16)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 
-	for it.Next() {
+	for it.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
 		// scan everything
 	}
 	require.NoError(b, it.Err())
 }
 
 type mockSeriesIterator struct {
-	seek func(int64) bool
+	seek func(int64) chunkenc.ValueType
 	at   func() (int64, float64)
-	next func() bool
+	next func() chunkenc.ValueType
 	err  func() error
 }
 
-func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) bool    { return m.seek(t) }
-func (m *mockSeriesIterator) At() (int64, float64) { return m.at() }
-func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Next() bool           { return m.next() }
-func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Err() error           { return m.err() }
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType { return m.seek(t) }
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) At() (int64, float64)            { return m.at() }
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType        { return m.next() }
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) Err() error                      { return m.err() }
+
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	return 0, nil // Not really mocked.
+}
+
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return 0, nil // Not really mocked.
+}
+
+func (m *mockSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return 0 // Not really mocked.
+}
 
 type fakeSeriesIterator struct {
 	nsamples int64
@@ -209,17 +229,35 @@ func newFakeSeriesIterator(nsamples, step int64) *fakeSeriesIterator {
 }
 
 func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
-	return it.idx * it.step, 123 // value doesn't matter
+	return it.idx * it.step, 123 // Value doesn't matter.
 }
 
-func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) Next() bool {
+func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	return it.idx * it.step, &histogram.Histogram{} // Value doesn't matter.
+}
+
+func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return it.idx * it.step, &histogram.FloatHistogram{} // Value doesn't matter.
+}
+
+func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return it.idx * it.step
+}
+
+func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
 	it.idx++
-	return it.idx < it.nsamples
+	if it.idx >= it.nsamples {
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	}
+	return chunkenc.ValFloat
 }
 
-func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) bool {
+func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 	it.idx = t / it.step
-	return it.idx < it.nsamples
+	if it.idx >= it.nsamples {
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	}
+	return chunkenc.ValFloat
 }
 
 func (it *fakeSeriesIterator) Err() error { return nil }

storage/fanout.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/metadata"
 	tsdb_errors "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/errors"
@@ -173,6 +174,20 @@ func (f *fanoutAppender) AppendExemplar(ref SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, e exempl
 	return ref, nil
 }
 
+func (f *fanoutAppender) AppendHistogram(ref SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) (SeriesRef, error) {
+	ref, err := f.primary.AppendHistogram(ref, l, t, h)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ref, err
+	}
+
+	for _, appender := range f.secondaries {
+		if _, err := appender.AppendHistogram(ref, l, t, h); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	return ref, nil
+}
+
 func (f *fanoutAppender) UpdateMetadata(ref SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, m metadata.Metadata) (SeriesRef, error) {
 	ref, err := f.primary.UpdateMetadata(ref, l, m)
 	if err != nil {

storage/fanout_test.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/teststorage"
 )
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ func TestFanout_SelectSorted(t *testing.T) {
 			seriesLabels := series.Labels()
 			labelsResult = seriesLabels
 			iterator := series.Iterator()
-			for iterator.Next() {
+			for iterator.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 				timestamp, value := iterator.At()
 				result[timestamp] = value
 			}
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func TestFanout_SelectSorted(t *testing.T) {
 			seriesLabels := series.Labels()
 			labelsResult = seriesLabels
 			iterator := series.Iterator()
-			for iterator.Next() {
+			for iterator.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
 				timestamp, value := iterator.At()
 				result[timestamp] = value
 			}

storage/interface.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/metadata"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
@@ -35,11 +36,16 @@ var (
 	// ErrTooOldSample is when out of order support is enabled but the sample is outside the time window allowed.
 	ErrTooOldSample = errors.New("too old sample")
 	// ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp is when the sample has same timestamp but different value.
-	ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp = errors.New("duplicate sample for timestamp")
-	ErrOutOfOrderExemplar          = errors.New("out of order exemplar")
-	ErrDuplicateExemplar           = errors.New("duplicate exemplar")
-	ErrExemplarLabelLength         = fmt.Errorf("label length for exemplar exceeds maximum of %d UTF-8 characters", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength)
-	ErrExemplarsDisabled           = fmt.Errorf("exemplar storage is disabled or max exemplars is less than or equal to 0")
+	ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp   = errors.New("duplicate sample for timestamp")
+	ErrOutOfOrderExemplar            = errors.New("out of order exemplar")
+	ErrDuplicateExemplar             = errors.New("duplicate exemplar")
+	ErrExemplarLabelLength           = fmt.Errorf("label length for exemplar exceeds maximum of %d UTF-8 characters", exemplar.ExemplarMaxLabelSetLength)
+	ErrExemplarsDisabled             = fmt.Errorf("exemplar storage is disabled or max exemplars is less than or equal to 0")
+	ErrNativeHistogramsDisabled      = fmt.Errorf("native histograms are disabled")
+	ErrHistogramCountNotBigEnough    = errors.New("histogram's observation count should be at least the number of observations found in the buckets")
+	ErrHistogramNegativeBucketCount  = errors.New("histogram has a bucket whose observation count is negative")
+	ErrHistogramSpanNegativeOffset   = errors.New("histogram has a span whose offset is negative")
+	ErrHistogramSpansBucketsMismatch = errors.New("histogram spans specify different number of buckets than provided")
 )
 
 // SeriesRef is a generic series reference. In prometheus it is either a
@@ -207,6 +213,9 @@ func (f QueryableFunc) Querier(ctx context.Context, mint, maxt int64) (Querier,
 // It must be completed with a call to Commit or Rollback and must not be reused afterwards.
 //
 // Operations on the Appender interface are not goroutine-safe.
+//
+// The type of samples (float64, histogram, etc) appended for a given series must remain same within an Appender.
+// The behaviour is undefined if samples of different types are appended to the same series in a single Commit().
 type Appender interface {
 	// Append adds a sample pair for the given series.
 	// An optional series reference can be provided to accelerate calls.
@@ -227,7 +236,9 @@ type Appender interface {
 	// Rollback rolls back all modifications made in the appender so far.
 	// Appender has to be discarded after rollback.
 	Rollback() error
+
 	ExemplarAppender
+	HistogramAppender
 	MetadataUpdater
 }
 
@@ -257,6 +268,22 @@ type ExemplarAppender interface {
 	AppendExemplar(ref SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, e exemplar.Exemplar) (SeriesRef, error)
 }
 
+// HistogramAppender provides an interface for appending histograms to the storage.
+type HistogramAppender interface {
+	// AppendHistogram adds a histogram for the given series labels. An
+	// optional reference number can be provided to accelerate calls. A
+	// reference number is returned which can be used to add further
+	// histograms in the same or later transactions. Returned reference
+	// numbers are ephemeral and may be rejected in calls to Append() at any
+	// point. Adding the sample via Append() returns a new reference number.
+	// If the reference is 0, it must not be used for caching.
+	//
+	// For efficiency reasons, the histogram is passed as a
+	// pointer. AppendHistogram won't mutate the histogram, but in turn
+	// depends on the caller to not mutate it either.
+	AppendHistogram(ref SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) (SeriesRef, error)
+}
+
 // MetadataUpdater provides an interface for associating metadata to stored series.
 type MetadataUpdater interface {
 	// UpdateMetadata updates a metadata entry for the given series and labels.

storage/memoized_iterator.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package storage
 import (
 	"math"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 )
 
@@ -24,12 +25,18 @@ type MemoizedSeriesIterator struct {
 	it    chunkenc.Iterator
 	delta int64
 
-	lastTime int64
-	ok       bool
+	lastTime  int64
+	valueType chunkenc.ValueType
 
 	// Keep track of the previously returned value.
-	prevTime  int64
-	prevValue float64
+	prevTime           int64
+	prevValue          float64
+	prevHistogram      *histogram.Histogram
+	prevFloatHistogram *histogram.FloatHistogram
+	// TODO(beorn7): MemoizedSeriesIterator is currently only used by the
+	// PromQL engine, which only works with FloatHistograms. For better
+	// performance, we could change MemoizedSeriesIterator to also only
+	// handle FloatHistograms.
 }
 
 // NewMemoizedEmptyIterator is like NewMemoizedIterator but it's initialised with an empty iterator.
@@ -53,70 +60,93 @@ func NewMemoizedIterator(it chunkenc.Iterator, delta int64) *MemoizedSeriesItera
 func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Reset(it chunkenc.Iterator) {
 	b.it = it
 	b.lastTime = math.MinInt64
-	b.ok = true
 	b.prevTime = math.MinInt64
-	it.Next()
+	b.valueType = it.Next()
 }
 
 // PeekPrev returns the previous element of the iterator. If there is none buffered,
 // ok is false.
-func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) PeekPrev() (t int64, v float64, ok bool) {
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) PeekPrev() (t int64, v float64, h *histogram.Histogram, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram, ok bool) {
 	if b.prevTime == math.MinInt64 {
-		return 0, 0, false
+		return 0, 0, nil, nil, false
 	}
-	return b.prevTime, b.prevValue, true
+	return b.prevTime, b.prevValue, b.prevHistogram, b.prevFloatHistogram, true
 }
 
 // Seek advances the iterator to the element at time t or greater.
-func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) bool {
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 	t0 := t - b.delta
 
-	if b.ok && t0 > b.lastTime {
+	if b.valueType != chunkenc.ValNone && t0 > b.lastTime {
 		// Reset the previously stored element because the seek advanced
 		// more than the delta.
 		b.prevTime = math.MinInt64
 
-		b.ok = b.it.Seek(t0)
-		if !b.ok {
-			return false
+		b.valueType = b.it.Seek(t0)
+		if b.valueType == chunkenc.ValNone {
+			return chunkenc.ValNone
 		}
-		b.lastTime, _ = b.it.At()
+		b.lastTime = b.it.AtT()
 	}
-
 	if b.lastTime >= t {
-		return true
+		return b.valueType
 	}
-	for b.Next() {
+	for b.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
 		if b.lastTime >= t {
-			return true
+			return b.valueType
 		}
 	}
 
-	return false
+	return chunkenc.ValNone
 }
 
 // Next advances the iterator to the next element.
-func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Next() bool {
-	if !b.ok {
-		return false
-	}
-
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
 	// Keep track of the previous element.
-	b.prevTime, b.prevValue = b.it.At()
-
-	b.ok = b.it.Next()
-	if b.ok {
-		b.lastTime, _ = b.it.At()
+	switch b.valueType {
+	case chunkenc.ValNone:
+		return chunkenc.ValNone
+	case chunkenc.ValFloat:
+		b.prevTime, b.prevValue = b.it.At()
+		b.prevHistogram = nil
+		b.prevFloatHistogram = nil
+	case chunkenc.ValHistogram:
+		b.prevValue = 0
+		b.prevTime, b.prevHistogram = b.it.AtHistogram()
+		_, b.prevFloatHistogram = b.it.AtFloatHistogram()
+	case chunkenc.ValFloatHistogram:
+		b.prevValue = 0
+		b.prevHistogram = nil
+		b.prevTime, b.prevFloatHistogram = b.it.AtFloatHistogram()
 	}
 
-	return b.ok
+	b.valueType = b.it.Next()
+	if b.valueType != chunkenc.ValNone {
+		b.lastTime = b.it.AtT()
+	}
+	return b.valueType
 }
 
-// At returns the current element of the iterator.
+// At returns the current float element of the iterator.
 func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
 	return b.it.At()
 }
 
+// AtHistogram returns the current histogram element of the iterator.
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) AtHistogram() (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
+	return b.it.AtHistogram()
+}
+
+// AtFloatHistogram returns the current float-histogram element of the iterator.
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
+	return b.it.AtFloatHistogram()
+}
+
+// AtT returns the current timestamp of the iterator.
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return b.it.AtT()
+}
+
 // Err returns the last encountered error.
 func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Err() error {
 	return b.it.Err()