wal: add write ahead log package

This adds a new WAL that's agnostic to the actual record contents.
It's much simpler and should be more resilient than the existing one.

Signed-off-by: Fabian Reinartz <freinartz@google.com>
This commit is contained in:
Fabian Reinartz 2018-05-16 08:02:55 -04:00
parent 99a2c4314f
commit 8e1f97fad4
2 changed files with 892 additions and 0 deletions

627
wal/wal.go Normal file
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// Copyright 2017 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package wal
import (
"bufio"
"encoding/binary"
"fmt"
"hash/crc32"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"strconv"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log/level"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/fileutil"
)
const (
version = 1
defaultSegmentSize = 128 * 1024 * 1024 // 128 MB
maxRecordSize = 1 * 1024 * 1024 // 1MB
pageSize = 32 * 1024 // 32KB
recordHeaderSize = 7
)
// The table gets initialized with sync.Once but may still cause a race
// with any other use of the crc32 package anywhere. Thus we initialize it
// before.
var castagnoliTable = crc32.MakeTable(crc32.Castagnoli)
type page struct {
alloc int
flushed int
buf [pageSize]byte
}
func (p *page) remaining() int {
return pageSize - p.alloc
}
func (p *page) full() bool {
return pageSize-p.alloc < recordHeaderSize
}
// WAL is a write ahead log that stores records in segment files.
// Segments are written to in pages of 32KB, with records possibly split
// across page boundaries.
// Records are never split across segments to allow full segments to be
// safely truncated.
// Segments are terminated by one full zero page to allow tailing readers
// to detect segment boundaries.
type WAL struct {
dir string
logger log.Logger
segmentSize int
mtx sync.RWMutex
segment *os.File // active segment
donePages int // pages written to the segment
page *page // active page
stopc chan chan struct{}
actorc chan func()
fsyncDuration prometheus.Summary
pageFlushes prometheus.Counter
pageCompletions prometheus.Counter
}
// New returns a new WAL over the given directory.
func New(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, dir string) (*WAL, error) {
return newWAL(logger, reg, dir, defaultSegmentSize)
}
func newWAL(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, dir string, segmentSize int) (*WAL, error) {
if segmentSize%pageSize != 0 {
return nil, errors.New("invalid segment size")
}
if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0777); err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "create dir")
}
if logger == nil {
logger = log.NewNopLogger()
}
w := &WAL{
dir: dir,
logger: logger,
segmentSize: segmentSize,
page: &page{},
actorc: make(chan func(), 100),
stopc: make(chan chan struct{}),
}
w.fsyncDuration = prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
Name: "prometheus_tsdb_wal_fsync_duration_seconds",
Help: "Duration of WAL fsync.",
})
w.pageFlushes = prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
Name: "prometheus_tsdb_wal_page_flushes_total",
Help: "Total number of page flushes.",
})
w.pageCompletions = prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
Name: "prometheus_tsdb_wal_completed_pages_total",
Help: "Total number of completed pages.",
})
if reg != nil {
reg.MustRegister(w.fsyncDuration, w.pageFlushes, w.pageCompletions)
}
_, j, err := w.Segments()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// Fresh dir, no segments yet.
if j == -1 {
w.segment, err = os.OpenFile(SegmentName(w.dir, 0), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)
} else {
w.segment, err = os.OpenFile(SegmentName(w.dir, j), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND, 0666)
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
go w.run()
return w, nil
}
// Dir returns the directory of the WAL.
func (w *WAL) Dir() string {
return w.dir
}
func (w *WAL) run() {
for {
// Processing all pending functions has precedence over shutdown.
select {
case f := <-w.actorc:
f()
default:
}
select {
case f := <-w.actorc:
f()
case donec := <-w.stopc:
close(donec)
return
}
}
}
// SegmentName builds a segment name for the directory.
func SegmentName(dir string, i int) string {
return filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("%06d", i))
}
// nextSegment creates the next segment and closes the previous one.
func (w *WAL) nextSegment() error {
if err := w.flushPage(true); err != nil {
return err
}
k, err := strconv.Atoi(filepath.Base(w.segment.Name()))
if err != nil {
return errors.Errorf("current segment %q not numerical", w.segment.Name())
}
// TODO(fabxc): write initialization page with meta info?
next, err := os.OpenFile(SegmentName(w.dir, k+1), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "create new segment file")
}
prev := w.segment
w.segment = next
w.donePages = 0
// Don't block further writes by handling the last segment.
// TODO(fabxc): write a termination page as a marker to detect torn segments?
w.actorc <- func() {
if err := w.fsync(prev); err != nil {
level.Error(w.logger).Log("msg", "sync previous segment", "err", err)
}
if err := prev.Close(); err != nil {
level.Error(w.logger).Log("msg", "close previous segment", "err", err)
}
}
return nil
}
// flushPage writes the new contents of the page to disk. If no more records will fit into
// the page, the remaining bytes will be set to zero and a new page will be started.
// If clear is true, this is enforced regardless of how many bytes are left in the page.
func (w *WAL) flushPage(clear bool) error {
w.pageFlushes.Inc()
p := w.page
clear = clear || p.full()
// No more data will fit into the page. Enqueue and clear it.
if clear {
p.alloc = pageSize // write till end of page
w.pageCompletions.Inc()
}
n, err := w.segment.Write(p.buf[p.flushed:p.alloc])
if err != nil {
return err
}
p.flushed += n
if clear {
for i := range p.buf {
p.buf[i] = 0
}
p.alloc = 0
p.flushed = 0
w.donePages++
}
return nil
}
type recType uint8
const (
recPageTerm recType = 0 // rest of page is empty
recFull recType = 1 // full record
recFirst recType = 2 // first fragment of a record
recMiddle recType = 3 // middle fragments of a record
recLast recType = 4 // final fragment of a record
)
func (t recType) String() string {
switch t {
case recPageTerm:
return "zero"
case recFull:
return "full"
case recFirst:
return "first"
case recMiddle:
return "middle"
case recLast:
return "last"
default:
return "<invalid>"
}
}
func (w *WAL) pagesPerSegment() int {
return w.segmentSize / pageSize
}
// Log writes the records into the log.
// Multiple records can be passed at once to reduce writes and increase throughput.
func (w *WAL) Log(recs ...[]byte) error {
// Callers could just implement their own list record format but adding
// a bit of extra logic here frees them from that overhead.
for i, r := range recs {
if err := w.log(r, i == len(recs)-1); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// log writes rec to the log and forces a flush of the current page if its
// the final record of a batch.
func (w *WAL) log(rec []byte, final bool) error {
w.mtx.Lock()
defer w.mtx.Unlock()
// If the record is too big to fit within pages in the current
// segment, terminate the active segment and advance to the next one.
// This ensures that records do not cross segment boundaries.
left := w.page.remaining() - recordHeaderSize // active page
left += (pageSize - recordHeaderSize) * (w.pagesPerSegment() - w.donePages - 1) // free pages
if len(rec) > left {
if err := w.nextSegment(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
// Populate as many pages as necessary to fit the record.
// Be careful to always do one pass to ensure we write zero-length records.
for i := 0; i == 0 || len(rec) > 0; i++ {
p := w.page
// Find how much of the record we can fit into the page.
var (
l = min(len(rec), (pageSize-p.alloc)-recordHeaderSize)
part = rec[:l]
buf = p.buf[p.alloc:]
typ recType
)
switch {
case i == 0 && len(part) == len(rec):
typ = recFull
case len(part) == len(rec):
typ = recLast
case i == 0:
typ = recFirst
default:
typ = recMiddle
}
buf[0] = byte(typ)
crc := crc32.Checksum(part, castagnoliTable)
binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf[1:], uint16(len(part)))
binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[3:], crc)
copy(buf[7:], part)
p.alloc += len(part) + recordHeaderSize
// If we wrote a full record, we can fit more records of the batch
// into the page before flushing it.
if final || typ != recFull || w.page.full() {
if err := w.flushPage(false); err != nil {
return err
}
}
rec = rec[l:]
}
return nil
}
// Segments returns the range [m, n] of currently existing segments.
// If no segments are found, m and n are -1.
func (w *WAL) Segments() (m, n int, err error) {
refs, err := listSegments(w.dir)
if err != nil {
return 0, 0, err
}
if len(refs) == 0 {
return -1, -1, nil
}
return refs[0].n, refs[len(refs)-1].n, nil
}
// Truncate drops all segments before i.
func (w *WAL) Truncate(i int) error {
refs, err := listSegments(w.dir)
if err != nil {
return err
}
for _, r := range refs {
if r.n >= i {
break
}
if err := os.Remove(filepath.Join(w.dir, r.s)); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func (w *WAL) fsync(f *os.File) error {
start := time.Now()
err := fileutil.Fsync(f)
w.fsyncDuration.Observe(time.Since(start).Seconds())
return err
}
// Close flushes all writes and closes active segment.
func (w *WAL) Close() (err error) {
w.mtx.Lock()
defer w.mtx.Unlock()
// Flush the last page and zero out all its remaining size.
// We must not flush an empty page as it would falsely signal
// the segment is done if we start writing to it again after opening.
if w.page.alloc > 0 {
if err := w.flushPage(true); err != nil {
return err
}
}
donec := make(chan struct{})
w.stopc <- donec
<-donec
if err = w.fsync(w.segment); err != nil {
level.Error(w.logger).Log("msg", "sync previous segment", "err", err)
}
if err := w.segment.Close(); err != nil {
level.Error(w.logger).Log("msg", "close previous segment", "err", err)
}
return nil
}
type segmentRef struct {
s string
n int
}
func listSegments(dir string) (refs []segmentRef, err error) {
files, err := fileutil.ReadDir(dir)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var last int
for _, fn := range files {
k, err := strconv.Atoi(fn)
if err != nil {
continue
}
if len(refs) > 0 && k > last+1 {
return nil, errors.New("segments are not sequential")
}
refs = append(refs, segmentRef{s: fn, n: k})
last = k
}
return refs, nil
}
type multiReadCloser struct {
io.Reader
files []*os.File
}
// NewSegmentsReader returns a new reader over all segments in the directory.
func NewSegmentsReader(dir string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
refs, err := listSegments(dir)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var rdrs []io.Reader
var files []*os.File
for _, r := range refs {
f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dir, r.s))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
files = append(files, f)
}
return &multiReadCloser{
Reader: io.MultiReader(rdrs...),
files: files,
}, nil
}
// NewSegmentsRangeReader returns a new reader over the given WAL segment range.
func NewSegmentsRangeReader(dir string, m, n int) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
refs, err := listSegments(dir)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var rdrs []io.Reader
var files []*os.File
for _, r := range refs {
if r.n < m {
continue
}
if r.n > n {
break
}
f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dir, r.s))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
files = append(files, f)
}
return &multiReadCloser{
Reader: io.MultiReader(rdrs...),
files: files,
}, nil
}
func (r *multiReadCloser) Close() (err error) {
for _, s := range r.files {
if e := s.Close(); e != nil {
err = e
}
}
return err
}
// Reader reads WAL records from an io.Reader.
type Reader struct {
rdr *bufio.Reader
err error
rec []byte
total int // total bytes processed.
}
// NewReader returns a new reader.
func NewReader(r io.Reader) *Reader {
return &Reader{rdr: bufio.NewReader(r)}
}
// Next advances the reader to the next records and returns true if it exists.
// It must not be called once after it returned false.
func (r *Reader) Next() bool {
err := r.next()
if err == io.EOF {
return false
}
r.err = err
return r.err == nil
}
func (r *Reader) next() (err error) {
var hdr [recordHeaderSize]byte
var buf [pageSize]byte
r.rec = r.rec[:0]
i := 0
for {
hdr[0], err = r.rdr.ReadByte()
if err != nil {
return err
}
r.total++
typ := recType(hdr[0])
// Gobble up zero bytes.
if typ == recPageTerm {
// We are pedantic and check whether the zeros are actually up
// to a page boundary.
// It's not strictly necessary but may catch sketchy state early.
k := pageSize - (r.total % pageSize)
if k == pageSize {
continue // initial 0 byte was last page byte
}
n, err := io.ReadFull(r.rdr, buf[:k])
if err != nil {
return err
}
r.total += n
for _, c := range buf[:k] {
if c != 0 {
return errors.New("unexpected non-zero byte in padded page")
}
}
continue
}
n, err := io.ReadFull(r.rdr, hdr[1:])
if err != nil {
return err
}
r.total += n
var (
length = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hdr[1:])
crc = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(hdr[3:])
)
if length > pageSize {
return errors.Errorf("invalid record size %d", length)
}
n, err = io.ReadFull(r.rdr, buf[:length])
if err != nil {
return err
}
r.total += n
if n != int(length) {
return errors.Errorf("invalid size: expected %d, got %d", length, n)
}
if c := crc32.Checksum(buf[:length], castagnoliTable); c != crc {
return errors.Errorf("unexpected checksum %x, expected %x", c, crc)
}
r.rec = append(r.rec, buf[:length]...)
switch typ {
case recFull:
if i != 0 {
return errors.New("unexpected full record")
}
return nil
case recFirst:
if i != 0 {
return errors.New("unexpected first record")
}
case recMiddle:
if i == 0 {
return errors.New("unexpected middle record")
}
case recLast:
if i == 0 {
return errors.New("unexpected last record")
}
return nil
default:
return errors.Errorf("unexpected record type %d", typ)
}
// Only increment i for non-zero records since we use it
// to determine valid content record sequences.
i++
}
}
// Err returns the last encountered error.
func (r *Reader) Err() error {
return r.err
}
// Record returns the current record. The returned byte slice is only
// valid until the next call to Next.
func (r *Reader) Record() []byte {
return r.rec
}
func min(i, j int) int {
if i < j {
return i
}
return j
}

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// Copyright 2017 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package wal
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/binary"
"hash/crc32"
"io/ioutil"
"math/rand"
"os"
"testing"
"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/testutil"
)
func encodedRecord(t recType, b []byte) []byte {
if t == recPageTerm {
return append([]byte{0}, b...)
}
r := make([]byte, recordHeaderSize)
r[0] = byte(t)
binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(r[1:], uint16(len(b)))
binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(r[3:], crc32.Checksum(b, castagnoliTable))
return append(r, b...)
}
// TestReader feeds the reader a stream of encoded records with different types.
func TestReader(t *testing.T) {
data := make([]byte, 100000)
_, err := rand.Read(data)
testutil.Ok(t, err)
type record struct {
t recType
b []byte
}
cases := []struct {
t []record
exp [][]byte
fail bool
}{
// Sequence of valid records.
{
t: []record{
{recFull, data[0:200]},
{recFirst, data[200:300]},
{recLast, data[300:400]},
{recFirst, data[400:800]},
{recMiddle, data[800:900]},
{recPageTerm, make([]byte, pageSize-900-recordHeaderSize*5-1)}, // exactly lines up with page boundary.
{recLast, data[900:900]},
{recFirst, data[900:1000]},
{recMiddle, data[1000:1200]},
{recMiddle, data[1200:30000]},
{recMiddle, data[30000:30001]},
{recMiddle, data[30001:30001]},
{recLast, data[30001:32000]},
},
exp: [][]byte{
data[0:200],
data[200:400],
data[400:900],
data[900:32000],
},
},
// Exactly at the limit of one page minus the header size
{
t: []record{
{recFull, data[0 : pageSize-recordHeaderSize]},
},
exp: [][]byte{
data[:pageSize-recordHeaderSize],
},
},
// More than a full page, this exceeds our buffer and can never happen
// when written by the WAL.
{
t: []record{
{recFull, data[0 : pageSize+1]},
},
fail: true,
},
// Invalid orders of record types.
{
t: []record{{recMiddle, data[:200]}},
fail: true,
},
{
t: []record{{recLast, data[:200]}},
fail: true,
},
{
t: []record{
{recFirst, data[:200]},
{recFull, data[200:400]},
},
fail: true,
},
{
t: []record{
{recFirst, data[:100]},
{recMiddle, data[100:200]},
{recFull, data[200:400]},
},
fail: true,
},
// Non-zero data after page termination.
{
t: []record{
{recFull, data[:100]},
{recPageTerm, append(make([]byte, 1000), 1)},
},
exp: [][]byte{data[:100]},
fail: true,
},
}
for i, c := range cases {
t.Logf("test %d", i)
var buf []byte
for _, r := range c.t {
buf = append(buf, encodedRecord(r.t, r.b)...)
}
r := NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf))
for j := 0; r.Next(); j++ {
t.Logf("record %d", j)
rec := r.Record()
if j >= len(c.exp) {
t.Fatal("received more records than inserted")
}
testutil.Equals(t, c.exp[j], rec)
}
if !c.fail && r.Err() != nil {
t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", r.Err())
}
if c.fail && r.Err() == nil {
t.Fatalf("expected error but got none")
}
}
}
func TestWAL_FuzzWriteRead(t *testing.T) {
const count = 25000
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "walfuzz")
testutil.Ok(t, err)
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
w, err := newWAL(nil, nil, dir, 128*pageSize)
testutil.Ok(t, err)
var input [][]byte
var recs [][]byte
for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
var sz int
switch i % 5 {
case 0, 1:
sz = 50
case 2, 3:
sz = pageSize
default:
sz = 8 * pageSize
}
rec := make([]byte, rand.Intn(sz))
_, err := rand.Read(rec)
testutil.Ok(t, err)
input = append(input, rec)
recs = append(recs, rec)
// Randomly batch up records.
if rand.Intn(4) < 3 {
testutil.Ok(t, w.Log(recs...))
recs = recs[:0]
}
}
testutil.Ok(t, w.Log(recs...))
m, n, err := w.Segments()
testutil.Ok(t, err)
rc, err := NewSegmentsRangeReader(dir, m, n)
testutil.Ok(t, err)
defer rc.Close()
rdr := NewReader(rc)
for i := 0; rdr.Next(); i++ {
rec := rdr.Record()
if i >= len(input) {
t.Fatal("read too many records")
}
if !bytes.Equal(input[i], rec) {
t.Fatalf("record %d (len %d) does not match (expected len %d)",
i, len(rec), len(input[i]))
}
}
testutil.Ok(t, rdr.Err())
}
func BenchmarkWAL_LogBatched(b *testing.B) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "bench_logbatch")
testutil.Ok(b, err)
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
w, err := New(nil, nil, "testdir")
testutil.Ok(b, err)
defer w.Close()
var buf [2048]byte
var recs [][]byte
b.SetBytes(2048)
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
recs = append(recs, buf[:])
if len(recs) < 1000 {
continue
}
err := w.Log(recs...)
testutil.Ok(b, err)
recs = recs[:0]
}
// Stop timer to not count fsync time on close.
// If it's counted batched vs. single benchmarks are very similar but
// do not show burst throughput well.
b.StopTimer()
}
func BenchmarkWAL_Log(b *testing.B) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "bench_logsingle")
testutil.Ok(b, err)
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
w, err := New(nil, nil, "testdir")
testutil.Ok(b, err)
defer w.Close()
var buf [2048]byte
b.SetBytes(2048)
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
err := w.Log(buf[:])
testutil.Ok(b, err)
}
// Stop timer to not count fsync time on close.
// If it's counted batched vs. single benchmarks are very similar but
// do not show burst throughput well.
b.StopTimer()
}