Merge pull request #1025 from prometheus/model

Migrate promql to common/model

Godeps/Godeps.json

@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@
 		},
 		{
 			"ImportPath": "github.com/prometheus/common/expfmt",
-			"Rev": "2502df85be1b9482ed669faa6b7cfe7f850eb08e"
+			"Rev": "7cd9f43750daf997c60f33f46680780067410f28"
 		},
 		{
 			"ImportPath": "github.com/prometheus/common/model",
-			"Rev": "2502df85be1b9482ed669faa6b7cfe7f850eb08e"
+			"Rev": "7cd9f43750daf997c60f33f46680780067410f28"
 		},
 		{
 			"ImportPath": "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go",

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/labels.go

@@ -24,23 +24,23 @@ import (
 const (
 	// ExportedLabelPrefix is the prefix to prepend to the label names present in
 	// exported metrics if a label of the same name is added by the server.
-	ExportedLabelPrefix LabelName = "exported_"
+	ExportedLabelPrefix = "exported_"
 
 	// MetricNameLabel is the label name indicating the metric name of a
 	// timeseries.
-	MetricNameLabel LabelName = "__name__"
+	MetricNameLabel = "__name__"
 
 	// SchemeLabel is the name of the label that holds the scheme on which to
 	// scrape a target.
-	SchemeLabel LabelName = "__scheme__"
+	SchemeLabel = "__scheme__"
 
 	// AddressLabel is the name of the label that holds the address of
 	// a scrape target.
-	AddressLabel LabelName = "__address__"
+	AddressLabel = "__address__"
 
 	// MetricsPathLabel is the name of the label that holds the path on which to
 	// scrape a target.
-	MetricsPathLabel LabelName = "__metrics_path__"
+	MetricsPathLabel = "__metrics_path__"
 
 	// ReservedLabelPrefix is a prefix which is not legal in user-supplied
 	// label names.
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ const (
 
 	// JobLabel is the label name indicating the job from which a timeseries
 	// was scraped.
-	JobLabel LabelName = "job"
+	JobLabel = "job"
 
 	// InstanceLabel is the label name used for the instance label.
-	InstanceLabel LabelName = "instance"
+	InstanceLabel = "instance"
 
 	// BucketLabel is used for the label that defines the upper bound of a
 	// bucket of a histogram ("le" -> "less or equal").

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/metric.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package model
 
 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
@@ -80,41 +79,3 @@ func (m Metric) Fingerprint() Fingerprint {
 func (m Metric) FastFingerprint() Fingerprint {
 	return LabelSet(m).FastFingerprint()
 }
-
-// COWMetric wraps a Metric to enable copy-on-write access patterns.
-type COWMetric struct {
-	Copied bool
-	Metric Metric
-}
-
-// Set sets a label name in the wrapped Metric to a given value and copies the
-// Metric initially, if it is not already a copy.
-func (m *COWMetric) Set(ln LabelName, lv LabelValue) {
-	m.doCOW()
-	m.Metric[ln] = lv
-}
-
-// Delete deletes a given label name from the wrapped Metric and copies the
-// Metric initially, if it is not already a copy.
-func (m *COWMetric) Del(ln LabelName) {
-	m.doCOW()
-	delete(m.Metric, ln)
-}
-
-// doCOW copies the underlying Metric if it is not already a copy.
-func (m *COWMetric) doCOW() {
-	if !m.Copied {
-		m.Metric = m.Metric.Clone()
-		m.Copied = true
-	}
-}
-
-// String implements fmt.Stringer.
-func (m COWMetric) String() string {
-	return m.Metric.String()
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
-func (m COWMetric) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(m.Metric)
-}

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/metric_test.go

@@ -81,52 +81,3 @@ func BenchmarkMetric(b *testing.B) {
 		testMetric(b)
 	}
 }
-
-func TestCOWMetric(t *testing.T) {
-	testMetric := Metric{
-		"to_delete": "test1",
-		"to_change": "test2",
-	}
-
-	scenarios := []struct {
-		fn  func(*COWMetric)
-		out Metric
-	}{
-		{
-			fn: func(cm *COWMetric) {
-				cm.Del("to_delete")
-			},
-			out: Metric{
-				"to_change": "test2",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			fn: func(cm *COWMetric) {
-				cm.Set("to_change", "changed")
-			},
-			out: Metric{
-				"to_delete": "test1",
-				"to_change": "changed",
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for i, s := range scenarios {
-		orig := testMetric.Clone()
-		cm := &COWMetric{
-			Metric: orig,
-		}
-
-		s.fn(cm)
-
-		// Test that the original metric was not modified.
-		if !orig.Equal(testMetric) {
-			t.Fatalf("%d. original metric changed; expected %v, got %v", i, testMetric, orig)
-		}
-
-		// Test that the new metric has the right changes.
-		if !cm.Metric.Equal(s.out) {
-			t.Fatalf("%d. copied metric doesn't contain expected changes; expected %v, got %v", i, s.out, cm.Metric)
-		}
-	}
-}

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/signature_test.go

@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ func BenchmarkMetricToFastFingerprintTriple(b *testing.B) {
 	benchmarkMetricToFastFingerprint(b, LabelSet{"first-label": "first-label-value", "second-label": "second-label-value", "third-label": "third-label-value"}, 15738406913934009676)
 }
 
-func TestEmptyLabelSignature(t *testing.T) {
+func BenchmarkEmptyLabelSignature(b *testing.B) {
 	input := []map[string]string{nil, {}}
 
 	var ms runtime.MemStats
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ func TestEmptyLabelSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	runtime.ReadMemStats(&ms)
 
 	if got := ms.Alloc; alloc != got {
-		t.Fatal("expected LabelsToSignature with empty labels not to perform allocations")
+		b.Fatal("expected LabelsToSignature with empty labels not to perform allocations")
 	}
 }
 

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/time.go

@@ -112,9 +112,7 @@ var dotPrecision = int(math.Log10(float64(second)))
 
 // String returns a string representation of the Time.
 func (t Time) String() string {
-	s := strconv.FormatInt(int64(t), 10)
+	return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(t)/float64(second), 'f', -1, 64)
-	i := len(s) - dotPrecision
-	return s[:i] + "." + s[i:]
 }
 
 // MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/value.go

@@ -67,18 +67,13 @@ func (s SamplePair) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return json.Marshal([...]interface{}{t, v})
+	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("[%s,%s]", t, v)), nil
 }
 
 // UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
 func (s *SamplePair) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
-	if len(b) < 2 || b[0] != '"' || b[len(b)-1] != '"' {
+	v := [...]json.Unmarshaler{&s.Timestamp, &s.Value}
-		return fmt.Errorf("sample pair must be array")
+	return json.Unmarshal(b, &v)
-	}
-
-	b = b[1 : len(b)-1]
-
-	return json.Unmarshal(b, [...]json.Unmarshaler{&s.Timestamp, &s.Value})
 }
 
 // Equal returns true if this SamplePair and o have equal Values and equal
@@ -87,15 +82,15 @@ func (s *SamplePair) Equal(o *SamplePair) bool {
 	return s == o || (s.Value == o.Value && s.Timestamp.Equal(o.Timestamp))
 }
 
-func (s *SamplePair) String() string {
+func (s SamplePair) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s @[%s]", s.Value, s.Timestamp)
 }
 
 // Sample is a sample pair associated with a metric.
 type Sample struct {
-	Metric    Metric
+	Metric    Metric      `json:"metric"`
-	Value     SampleValue
+	Value     SampleValue `json:"value"`
-	Timestamp Time
+	Timestamp Time        `json:"timestamp"`
 }
 
 // Equal compares first the metrics, then the timestamp, then the value.
@@ -117,13 +112,53 @@ func (s *Sample) Equal(o *Sample) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-func (s *Sample) String() string {
+func (s Sample) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s => %s", s.Metric, SamplePair{
 		Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
 		Value:     s.Value,
 	})
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (s Sample) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	v := struct {
+		Metric Metric     `json:"metric"`
+		Value  SamplePair `json:"value"`
+	}{
+		Metric: s.Metric,
+		Value: SamplePair{
+			Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
+			Value:     s.Value,
+		},
+	}
+
+	return json.Marshal(&v)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (s *Sample) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	v := struct {
+		Metric Metric     `json:"metric"`
+		Value  SamplePair `json:"value"`
+	}{
+		Metric: s.Metric,
+		Value: SamplePair{
+			Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
+			Value:     s.Value,
+		},
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &v); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.Metric = v.Metric
+	s.Timestamp = v.Value.Timestamp
+	s.Value = v.Value.Value
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Samples is a sortable Sample slice. It implements sort.Interface.
 type Samples []*Sample
 
@@ -169,7 +204,7 @@ type SampleStream struct {
 	Values []SamplePair `json:"values"`
 }
 
-func (ss *SampleStream) String() string {
+func (ss SampleStream) String() string {
 	vals := make([]string, len(ss.Values))
 	for i, v := range ss.Values {
 		vals[i] = v.String()
@@ -247,10 +282,33 @@ type Scalar struct {
 	Timestamp Time        `json:"timestamp"`
 }
 
-func (s *Scalar) String() string {
+func (s Scalar) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("scalar: %v @[%v]", s.Value, s.Timestamp)
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (s Scalar) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	v := strconv.FormatFloat(float64(s.Value), 'f', -1, 64)
+	return json.Marshal([...]interface{}{s.Timestamp, string(v)})
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (s *Scalar) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	var f string
+	v := [...]interface{}{&s.Timestamp, &f}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &v); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(f, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error parsing sample value: %s", err)
+	}
+	s.Value = SampleValue(value)
+	return nil
+}
+
 // String is a string value evaluated at the set timestamp.
 type String struct {
 	Value     string `json:"value"`
@@ -261,6 +319,17 @@ func (s *String) String() string {
 	return s.Value
 }
 
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+func (s String) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal([]interface{}{s.Timestamp, s.Value})
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (s *String) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	v := [...]interface{}{&s.Timestamp, &s.Value}
+	return json.Unmarshal(b, &v)
+}
+
 // Vector is basically only an alias for Samples, but the
 // contract is that in a Vector, all Samples have the same timestamp.
 type Vector []*Sample

Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/prometheus/common/model/value_test.go

@@ -14,10 +14,258 @@
 package model
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 )
 
+func TestSamplePairJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []struct {
+		plain string
+		value SamplePair
+	}{
+		{
+			plain: `[1234.567,"123.1"]`,
+			value: SamplePair{
+				Value:     123.1,
+				Timestamp: 1234567,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range input {
+		b, err := json.Marshal(test.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if string(b) != test.plain {
+			t.Errorf("encoding error: expected %q, got %q", test.plain, b)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var sp SamplePair
+		err = json.Unmarshal(b, &sp)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if sp != test.value {
+			t.Errorf("decoding error: expected %v, got %v", test.value, sp)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSampleJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []struct {
+		plain string
+		value Sample
+	}{
+		{
+			plain: `{"metric":{"__name__":"test_metric"},"value":[1234.567,"123.1"]}`,
+			value: Sample{
+				Metric: Metric{
+					MetricNameLabel: "test_metric",
+				},
+				Value:     123.1,
+				Timestamp: 1234567,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range input {
+		b, err := json.Marshal(test.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if string(b) != test.plain {
+			t.Errorf("encoding error: expected %q, got %q", test.plain, b)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var sv Sample
+		err = json.Unmarshal(b, &sv)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(sv, test.value) {
+			t.Errorf("decoding error: expected %v, got %v", test.value, sv)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVectorJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []struct {
+		plain string
+		value Vector
+	}{
+		{
+			plain: `[]`,
+			value: Vector{},
+		},
+		{
+			plain: `[{"metric":{"__name__":"test_metric"},"value":[1234.567,"123.1"]}]`,
+			value: Vector{&Sample{
+				Metric: Metric{
+					MetricNameLabel: "test_metric",
+				},
+				Value:     123.1,
+				Timestamp: 1234567,
+			}},
+		},
+		{
+			plain: `[{"metric":{"__name__":"test_metric"},"value":[1234.567,"123.1"]},{"metric":{"foo":"bar"},"value":[1.234,"+Inf"]}]`,
+			value: Vector{
+				&Sample{
+					Metric: Metric{
+						MetricNameLabel: "test_metric",
+					},
+					Value:     123.1,
+					Timestamp: 1234567,
+				},
+				&Sample{
+					Metric: Metric{
+						"foo": "bar",
+					},
+					Value:     SampleValue(math.Inf(1)),
+					Timestamp: 1234,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range input {
+		b, err := json.Marshal(test.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if string(b) != test.plain {
+			t.Errorf("encoding error: expected %q, got %q", test.plain, b)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var vec Vector
+		err = json.Unmarshal(b, &vec)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(vec, test.value) {
+			t.Errorf("decoding error: expected %v, got %v", test.value, vec)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScalarJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []struct {
+		plain string
+		value Scalar
+	}{
+		{
+			plain: `[123.456,"456"]`,
+			value: Scalar{
+				Timestamp: 123456,
+				Value:     456,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			plain: `[123123.456,"+Inf"]`,
+			value: Scalar{
+				Timestamp: 123123456,
+				Value:     SampleValue(math.Inf(1)),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			plain: `[123123.456,"-Inf"]`,
+			value: Scalar{
+				Timestamp: 123123456,
+				Value:     SampleValue(math.Inf(-1)),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range input {
+		b, err := json.Marshal(test.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if string(b) != test.plain {
+			t.Errorf("encoding error: expected %q, got %q", test.plain, b)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var sv Scalar
+		err = json.Unmarshal(b, &sv)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if sv != test.value {
+			t.Errorf("decoding error: expected %v, got %v", test.value, sv)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStringJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []struct {
+		plain string
+		value String
+	}{
+		{
+			plain: `[123.456,"test"]`,
+			value: String{
+				Timestamp: 123456,
+				Value:     "test",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			plain: `[123123.456,"台北"]`,
+			value: String{
+				Timestamp: 123123456,
+				Value:     "台北",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range input {
+		b, err := json.Marshal(test.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if string(b) != test.plain {
+			t.Errorf("encoding error: expected %q, got %q", test.plain, b)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var sv String
+		err = json.Unmarshal(b, &sv)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if sv != test.value {
+			t.Errorf("decoding error: expected %v, got %v", test.value, sv)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestVectorSort(t *testing.T) {
 	input := Vector{
 		&Sample{

promql/ast.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package promql
 
 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
@@ -88,45 +87,13 @@ func (*AlertStmt) stmt()  {}
 func (*EvalStmt) stmt()   {}
 func (*RecordStmt) stmt() {}
 
-// ExprType is the type an evaluated expression returns.
-type ExprType int
-
-const (
-	ExprNone ExprType = iota
-	ExprScalar
-	ExprVector
-	ExprMatrix
-	ExprString
-)
-
-// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
-func (et ExprType) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(et.String())
-}
-
-func (e ExprType) String() string {
-	switch e {
-	case ExprNone:
-		return "<ExprNone>"
-	case ExprScalar:
-		return "scalar"
-	case ExprVector:
-		return "vector"
-	case ExprMatrix:
-		return "matrix"
-	case ExprString:
-		return "string"
-	}
-	panic("promql.ExprType.String: unhandled expression type")
-}
-
 // Expr is a generic interface for all expression types.
 type Expr interface {
 	Node
 
 	// Type returns the type the expression evaluates to. It does not perform
 	// in-depth checks as this is done at parsing-time.
-	Type() ExprType
+	Type() model.ValueType
 	// expr ensures that no other types accidentally implement the interface.
 	expr()
 }
@@ -167,7 +134,7 @@ type MatrixSelector struct {
 
 	// The series iterators are populated at query analysis time.
 	iterators map[model.Fingerprint]local.SeriesIterator
-	metrics   map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric
+	metrics   map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric
 }
 
 // NumberLiteral represents a number.
@@ -201,23 +168,23 @@ type VectorSelector struct {
 
 	// The series iterators are populated at query analysis time.
 	iterators map[model.Fingerprint]local.SeriesIterator
-	metrics   map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric
+	metrics   map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric
 }
 
-func (e *AggregateExpr) Type() ExprType  { return ExprVector }
+func (e *AggregateExpr) Type() model.ValueType  { return model.ValVector }
-func (e *Call) Type() ExprType           { return e.Func.ReturnType }
+func (e *Call) Type() model.ValueType           { return e.Func.ReturnType }
-func (e *MatrixSelector) Type() ExprType { return ExprMatrix }
+func (e *MatrixSelector) Type() model.ValueType { return model.ValMatrix }
-func (e *NumberLiteral) Type() ExprType  { return ExprScalar }
+func (e *NumberLiteral) Type() model.ValueType  { return model.ValScalar }
-func (e *ParenExpr) Type() ExprType      { return e.Expr.Type() }
+func (e *ParenExpr) Type() model.ValueType      { return e.Expr.Type() }
-func (e *StringLiteral) Type() ExprType  { return ExprString }
+func (e *StringLiteral) Type() model.ValueType  { return model.ValString }
-func (e *UnaryExpr) Type() ExprType      { return e.Expr.Type() }
+func (e *UnaryExpr) Type() model.ValueType      { return e.Expr.Type() }
-func (e *VectorSelector) Type() ExprType { return ExprVector }
+func (e *VectorSelector) Type() model.ValueType { return model.ValVector }
 
-func (e *BinaryExpr) Type() ExprType {
+func (e *BinaryExpr) Type() model.ValueType {
-	if e.LHS.Type() == ExprScalar && e.RHS.Type() == ExprScalar {
+	if e.LHS.Type() == model.ValScalar && e.RHS.Type() == model.ValScalar {
-		return ExprScalar
+		return model.ValScalar
 	}
-	return ExprVector
+	return model.ValVector
 }
 
 func (*AggregateExpr) expr()  {}

promql/engine.go

@@ -14,12 +14,10 @@
 package promql
 
 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"runtime"
 	"sort"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
@@ -31,114 +29,70 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/stats"
 )
 
-// SampleStream is a stream of Values belonging to an attached COWMetric.
+// sampleStream is a stream of Values belonging to an attached COWMetric.
-type SampleStream struct {
+type sampleStream struct {
-	Metric model.COWMetric    `json:"metric"`
+	Metric metric.Metric
-	Values []model.SamplePair `json:"values"`
+	Values []model.SamplePair
 }
 
-// Sample is a single sample belonging to a COWMetric.
+// sample is a single sample belonging to a COWMetric.
-type Sample struct {
+type sample struct {
-	Metric    model.COWMetric   `json:"metric"`
+	Metric    metric.Metric
-	Value     model.SampleValue `json:"value"`
+	Value     model.SampleValue
-	Timestamp model.Time        `json:"timestamp"`
+	Timestamp model.Time
 }
 
-// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
+// vector is basically only an alias for model.Samples, but the
-func (s *Sample) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	v := struct {
-		Metric model.COWMetric  `json:"metric"`
-		Value  model.SamplePair `json:"value"`
-	}{
-		Metric: s.Metric,
-		Value: model.SamplePair{
-			Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
-			Value:     s.Value,
-		},
-	}
-
-	return json.Marshal(&v)
-}
-
-// Scalar is a scalar value evaluated at the set timestamp.
-type Scalar struct {
-	Value     model.SampleValue `json:"value"`
-	Timestamp model.Time        `json:"timestamp"`
-}
-
-func (s *Scalar) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("scalar: %v @[%v]", s.Value, s.Timestamp)
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
-func (s *Scalar) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	v := strconv.FormatFloat(float64(s.Value), 'f', -1, 64)
-	return json.Marshal([]interface{}{s.Timestamp, string(v)})
-}
-
-// String is a string value evaluated at the set timestamp.
-type String struct {
-	Value     string     `json:"value"`
-	Timestamp model.Time `json:"timestamp"`
-}
-
-// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler.
-func (s *String) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal([]interface{}{s.Timestamp, s.Value})
-}
-
-func (s *String) String() string {
-	return s.Value
-}
-
-// Vector is basically only an alias for model.Samples, but the
 // contract is that in a Vector, all Samples have the same timestamp.
-type Vector []*Sample
+type vector []*sample
 
-// Matrix is a slice of SampleStreams that implements sort.Interface and
+func (vector) Type() model.ValueType { return model.ValVector }
+func (vec vector) String() string    { return vec.value().String() }
+
+func (vec vector) value() model.Vector {
+	val := make(model.Vector, len(vec))
+	for i, s := range vec {
+		val[i] = &model.Sample{
+			Metric:    s.Metric.Copy().Metric,
+			Value:     s.Value,
+			Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
+		}
+	}
+	return val
+}
+
+// matrix is a slice of SampleStreams that implements sort.Interface and
 // has a String method.
-type Matrix []*SampleStream
+type matrix []*sampleStream
 
-// Len implements sort.Interface.
+func (matrix) Type() model.ValueType { return model.ValMatrix }
-func (matrix Matrix) Len() int {
+func (mat matrix) String() string    { return mat.value().String() }
-	return len(matrix)
+
+func (mat matrix) value() model.Matrix {
+	val := make(model.Matrix, len(mat))
+	for i, ss := range mat {
+		val[i] = &model.SampleStream{
+			Metric: ss.Metric.Copy().Metric,
+			Values: ss.Values,
+		}
+	}
+	return val
 }
 
-// Less implements sort.Interface.
-func (matrix Matrix) Less(i, j int) bool {
-	return matrix[i].Metric.String() < matrix[j].Metric.String()
-}
-
-// Swap implements sort.Interface.
-func (matrix Matrix) Swap(i, j int) {
-	matrix[i], matrix[j] = matrix[j], matrix[i]
-}
-
-// Value is a generic interface for values resulting from a query evaluation.
-type Value interface {
-	Type() ExprType
-	String() string
-}
-
-func (Matrix) Type() ExprType  { return ExprMatrix }
-func (Vector) Type() ExprType  { return ExprVector }
-func (*Scalar) Type() ExprType { return ExprScalar }
-func (*String) Type() ExprType { return ExprString }
-
 // Result holds the resulting value of an execution or an error
 // if any occurred.
 type Result struct {
 	Err   error
-	Value Value
+	Value model.Value
 }
 
 // Vector returns a vector if the result value is one. An error is returned if
 // the result was an error or the result value is not a vector.
-func (r *Result) Vector() (Vector, error) {
+func (r *Result) Vector() (model.Vector, error) {
 	if r.Err != nil {
 		return nil, r.Err
 	}
-	v, ok := r.Value.(Vector)
+	v, ok := r.Value.(model.Vector)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query result is not a vector")
 	}
@@ -147,11 +101,11 @@ func (r *Result) Vector() (Vector, error) {
 
 // Matrix returns a matrix. An error is returned if
 // the result was an error or the result value is not a matrix.
-func (r *Result) Matrix() (Matrix, error) {
+func (r *Result) Matrix() (model.Matrix, error) {
 	if r.Err != nil {
 		return nil, r.Err
 	}
-	v, ok := r.Value.(Matrix)
+	v, ok := r.Value.(model.Matrix)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query result is not a matrix")
 	}
@@ -160,11 +114,11 @@ func (r *Result) Matrix() (Matrix, error) {
 
 // Scalar returns a scalar value. An error is returned if
 // the result was an error or the result value is not a scalar.
-func (r *Result) Scalar() (*Scalar, error) {
+func (r *Result) Scalar() (*model.Scalar, error) {
 	if r.Err != nil {
 		return nil, r.Err
 	}
-	v, ok := r.Value.(*Scalar)
+	v, ok := r.Value.(*model.Scalar)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query result is not a scalar")
 	}
@@ -326,7 +280,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) NewRangeQuery(qs string, start, end model.Time, interval time.
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if expr.Type() != ExprVector && expr.Type() != ExprScalar {
+	if expr.Type() != model.ValVector && expr.Type() != model.ValScalar {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid expression type %q for range query, must be scalar or vector", expr.Type())
 	}
 	qry := ng.newQuery(expr, start, end, interval)
@@ -372,7 +326,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) newTestQuery(f func(context.Context) error) Query {
 //
 // At this point per query only one EvalStmt is evaluated. Alert and record
 // statements are not handled by the Engine.
-func (ng *Engine) exec(q *query) (Value, error) {
+func (ng *Engine) exec(q *query) (model.Value, error) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(q.ng.baseCtx, ng.options.Timeout)
 	q.cancel = cancel
 
@@ -409,7 +363,7 @@ func (ng *Engine) exec(q *query) (Value, error) {
 }
 
 // execEvalStmt evaluates the expression of an evaluation statement for the given time range.
-func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (Value, error) {
+func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (model.Value, error) {
 	prepareTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.TotalQueryPreparationTime).Start()
 	analyzeTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.QueryAnalysisTime).Start()
 
@@ -452,13 +406,22 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
+		// Turn matrix and vector types with protected metrics into
+		// model.* types.
+		switch v := val.(type) {
+		case vector:
+			val = v.value()
+		case matrix:
+			val = v.value()
+		}
+
 		evalTimer.Stop()
 		return val, nil
 	}
 	numSteps := int(s.End.Sub(s.Start) / s.Interval)
 
 	// Range evaluation.
-	sampleStreams := map[model.Fingerprint]*SampleStream{}
+	sampleStreams := map[model.Fingerprint]*sampleStream{}
 	for ts := s.Start; !ts.After(s.End); ts = ts.Add(s.Interval) {
 
 		if err := contextDone(ctx, "range evaluation"); err != nil {
@@ -475,24 +438,24 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (
 		}
 
 		switch v := val.(type) {
-		case *Scalar:
+		case *model.Scalar:
 			// As the expression type does not change we can safely default to 0
 			// as the fingerprint for scalar expressions.
 			ss := sampleStreams[0]
 			if ss == nil {
-				ss = &SampleStream{Values: make([]model.SamplePair, 0, numSteps)}
+				ss = &sampleStream{Values: make([]model.SamplePair, 0, numSteps)}
 				sampleStreams[0] = ss
 			}
 			ss.Values = append(ss.Values, model.SamplePair{
 				Value:     v.Value,
 				Timestamp: v.Timestamp,
 			})
-		case Vector:
+		case vector:
 			for _, sample := range v {
 				fp := sample.Metric.Metric.Fingerprint()
 				ss := sampleStreams[fp]
 				if ss == nil {
-					ss = &SampleStream{
+					ss = &sampleStream{
 						Metric: sample.Metric,
 						Values: make([]model.SamplePair, 0, numSteps),
 					}
@@ -514,9 +477,9 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (
 	}
 
 	appendTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.ResultAppendTime).Start()
-	matrix := Matrix{}
+	mat := matrix{}
-	for _, sampleStream := range sampleStreams {
+	for _, ss := range sampleStreams {
-		matrix = append(matrix, sampleStream)
+		mat = append(mat, ss)
 	}
 	appendTimer.Stop()
 
@@ -524,11 +487,14 @@ func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Turn matrix type with protected metric into model.Matrix.
+	resMatrix := mat.value()
+
 	sortTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.ResultSortTime).Start()
-	sort.Sort(matrix)
+	sort.Sort(resMatrix)
 	sortTimer.Stop()
 
-	return matrix, nil
+	return resMatrix, nil
 }
 
 // An evaluator evaluates given expressions at a fixed timestamp. It is attached to an
@@ -568,9 +534,9 @@ func (ev *evaluator) recover(errp *error) {
 }
 
 // evalScalar attempts to evaluate e to a scalar value and errors otherwise.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalScalar(e Expr) *Scalar {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalScalar(e Expr) *model.Scalar {
 	val := ev.eval(e)
-	sv, ok := val.(*Scalar)
+	sv, ok := val.(*model.Scalar)
 	if !ok {
 		ev.errorf("expected scalar but got %s", val.Type())
 	}
@@ -578,9 +544,9 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalScalar(e Expr) *Scalar {
 }
 
 // evalVector attempts to evaluate e to a vector value and errors otherwise.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalVector(e Expr) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalVector(e Expr) vector {
 	val := ev.eval(e)
-	vec, ok := val.(Vector)
+	vec, ok := val.(vector)
 	if !ok {
 		ev.errorf("expected vector but got %s", val.Type())
 	}
@@ -600,9 +566,9 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalFloat(e Expr) float64 {
 }
 
 // evalMatrix attempts to evaluate e into a matrix and errors otherwise.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrix(e Expr) Matrix {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrix(e Expr) matrix {
 	val := ev.eval(e)
-	mat, ok := val.(Matrix)
+	mat, ok := val.(matrix)
 	if !ok {
 		ev.errorf("expected matrix but got %s", val.Type())
 	}
@@ -610,7 +576,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrix(e Expr) Matrix {
 }
 
 // evalMatrixBounds attempts to evaluate e to matrix boundaries and errors otherwise.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrixBounds(e Expr) Matrix {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrixBounds(e Expr) matrix {
 	ms, ok := e.(*MatrixSelector)
 	if !ok {
 		ev.errorf("matrix bounds can only be evaluated for matrix selectors, got %T", e)
@@ -619,9 +585,9 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrixBounds(e Expr) Matrix {
 }
 
 // evalString attempts to evaluate e to a string value and errors otherwise.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalString(e Expr) *String {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalString(e Expr) *model.String {
 	val := ev.eval(e)
-	sv, ok := val.(*String)
+	sv, ok := val.(*model.String)
 	if !ok {
 		ev.errorf("expected string but got %s", val.Type())
 	}
@@ -629,7 +595,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalString(e Expr) *String {
 }
 
 // evalOneOf evaluates e and errors unless the result is of one of the given types.
-func (ev *evaluator) evalOneOf(e Expr, t1, t2 ExprType) Value {
+func (ev *evaluator) evalOneOf(e Expr, t1, t2 model.ValueType) model.Value {
 	val := ev.eval(e)
 	if val.Type() != t1 && val.Type() != t2 {
 		ev.errorf("expected %s or %s but got %s", t1, t2, val.Type())
@@ -637,15 +603,15 @@ func (ev *evaluator) evalOneOf(e Expr, t1, t2 ExprType) Value {
 	return val
 }
 
-func (ev *evaluator) Eval(expr Expr) (v Value, err error) {
+func (ev *evaluator) Eval(expr Expr) (v model.Value, err error) {
 	defer ev.recover(&err)
 	return ev.eval(expr), nil
 }
 
 // eval evaluates the given expression as the given AST expression node requires.
-func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) Value {
+func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) model.Value {
 	// This is the top-level evaluation method.
-	// Thus, we check for timeout/cancellation here.
+	// Thus, we check for timeout/cancelation here.
 	if err := contextDone(ev.ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
 		ev.error(err)
 	}
@@ -656,30 +622,30 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) Value {
 		return ev.aggregation(e.Op, e.Grouping, e.KeepExtraLabels, vector)
 
 	case *BinaryExpr:
-		lhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.LHS, ExprScalar, ExprVector)
+		lhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.LHS, model.ValScalar, model.ValVector)
-		rhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.RHS, ExprScalar, ExprVector)
+		rhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.RHS, model.ValScalar, model.ValVector)
 
 		switch lt, rt := lhs.Type(), rhs.Type(); {
-		case lt == ExprScalar && rt == ExprScalar:
+		case lt == model.ValScalar && rt == model.ValScalar:
-			return &Scalar{
+			return &model.Scalar{
-				Value:     scalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(*Scalar).Value, rhs.(*Scalar).Value),
+				Value:     scalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(*model.Scalar).Value, rhs.(*model.Scalar).Value),
 				Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
 			}
 
-		case lt == ExprVector && rt == ExprVector:
+		case lt == model.ValVector && rt == model.ValVector:
 			switch e.Op {
 			case itemLAND:
-				return ev.vectorAnd(lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
+				return ev.vectorAnd(lhs.(vector), rhs.(vector), e.VectorMatching)
 			case itemLOR:
-				return ev.vectorOr(lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
+				return ev.vectorOr(lhs.(vector), rhs.(vector), e.VectorMatching)
 			default:
-				return ev.vectorBinop(e.Op, lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
+				return ev.vectorBinop(e.Op, lhs.(vector), rhs.(vector), e.VectorMatching)
 			}
-		case lt == ExprVector && rt == ExprScalar:
+		case lt == model.ValVector && rt == model.ValScalar:
-			return ev.vectorScalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(Vector), rhs.(*Scalar), false)
+			return ev.vectorScalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(vector), rhs.(*model.Scalar), false)
 
-		case lt == ExprScalar && rt == ExprVector:
+		case lt == model.ValScalar && rt == model.ValVector:
-			return ev.vectorScalarBinop(e.Op, rhs.(Vector), lhs.(*Scalar), true)
+			return ev.vectorScalarBinop(e.Op, rhs.(vector), lhs.(*model.Scalar), true)
 		}
 
 	case *Call:
@@ -689,22 +655,22 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) Value {
 		return ev.matrixSelector(e)
 
 	case *NumberLiteral:
-		return &Scalar{Value: e.Val, Timestamp: ev.Timestamp}
+		return &model.Scalar{Value: e.Val, Timestamp: ev.Timestamp}
 
 	case *ParenExpr:
 		return ev.eval(e.Expr)
 
 	case *StringLiteral:
-		return &String{Value: e.Val, Timestamp: ev.Timestamp}
+		return &model.String{Value: e.Val, Timestamp: ev.Timestamp}
 
 	case *UnaryExpr:
-		se := ev.evalOneOf(e.Expr, ExprScalar, ExprVector)
+		se := ev.evalOneOf(e.Expr, model.ValScalar, model.ValVector)
 		// Only + and - are possible operators.
 		if e.Op == itemSUB {
 			switch v := se.(type) {
-			case *Scalar:
+			case *model.Scalar:
 				v.Value = -v.Value
-			case Vector:
+			case vector:
 				for i, sv := range v {
 					v[i].Value = -sv.Value
 				}
@@ -719,13 +685,13 @@ func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) Value {
 }
 
 // vectorSelector evaluates a *VectorSelector expression.
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *VectorSelector) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *VectorSelector) vector {
-	vec := Vector{}
+	vec := vector{}
 	for fp, it := range node.iterators {
 		sampleCandidates := it.ValueAtTime(ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Offset))
 		samplePair := chooseClosestSample(sampleCandidates, ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Offset))
 		if samplePair != nil {
-			vec = append(vec, &Sample{
+			vec = append(vec, &sample{
 				Metric:    node.metrics[fp],
 				Value:     samplePair.Value,
 				Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -736,13 +702,13 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *VectorSelector) Vector {
 }
 
 // matrixSelector evaluates a *MatrixSelector expression.
-func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelector(node *MatrixSelector) Matrix {
+func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelector(node *MatrixSelector) matrix {
 	interval := metric.Interval{
 		OldestInclusive: ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Range - node.Offset),
 		NewestInclusive: ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Offset),
 	}
 
-	sampleStreams := make([]*SampleStream, 0, len(node.iterators))
+	sampleStreams := make([]*sampleStream, 0, len(node.iterators))
 	for fp, it := range node.iterators {
 		samplePairs := it.RangeValues(interval)
 		if len(samplePairs) == 0 {
@@ -755,46 +721,46 @@ func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelector(node *MatrixSelector) Matrix {
 			}
 		}
 
-		sampleStream := &SampleStream{
+		sampleStream := &sampleStream{
 			Metric: node.metrics[fp],
 			Values: samplePairs,
 		}
 		sampleStreams = append(sampleStreams, sampleStream)
 	}
-	return Matrix(sampleStreams)
+	return matrix(sampleStreams)
 }
 
 // matrixSelectorBounds evaluates the boundaries of a *MatrixSelector.
-func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelectorBounds(node *MatrixSelector) Matrix {
+func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelectorBounds(node *MatrixSelector) matrix {
 	interval := metric.Interval{
 		OldestInclusive: ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Range - node.Offset),
 		NewestInclusive: ev.Timestamp.Add(-node.Offset),
 	}
 
-	sampleStreams := make([]*SampleStream, 0, len(node.iterators))
+	sampleStreams := make([]*sampleStream, 0, len(node.iterators))
 	for fp, it := range node.iterators {
 		samplePairs := it.BoundaryValues(interval)
 		if len(samplePairs) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		sampleStream := &SampleStream{
+		ss := &sampleStream{
 			Metric: node.metrics[fp],
 			Values: samplePairs,
 		}
-		sampleStreams = append(sampleStreams, sampleStream)
+		sampleStreams = append(sampleStreams, ss)
 	}
-	return Matrix(sampleStreams)
+	return matrix(sampleStreams)
 }
 
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorAnd(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorAnd(lhs, rhs vector, matching *VectorMatching) vector {
 	if matching.Card != CardManyToMany {
 		panic("logical operations must always be many-to-many matching")
 	}
 	// If no matching labels are specified, match by all labels.
 	sigf := signatureFunc(matching.On...)
 
-	var result Vector
+	var result vector
 	// The set of signatures for the right-hand side vector.
 	rightSigs := map[uint64]struct{}{}
 	// Add all rhs samples to a map so we can easily find matches later.
@@ -811,13 +777,13 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorAnd(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector
 	return result
 }
 
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorOr(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorOr(lhs, rhs vector, matching *VectorMatching) vector {
 	if matching.Card != CardManyToMany {
 		panic("logical operations must always be many-to-many matching")
 	}
 	sigf := signatureFunc(matching.On...)
 
-	var result Vector
+	var result vector
 	leftSigs := map[uint64]struct{}{}
 	// Add everything from the left-hand-side vector.
 	for _, ls := range lhs {
@@ -834,12 +800,12 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorOr(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector
 }
 
 // vectorBinop evaluates a binary operation between two vector, excluding AND and OR.
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs vector, matching *VectorMatching) vector {
 	if matching.Card == CardManyToMany {
 		panic("many-to-many only allowed for AND and OR")
 	}
 	var (
-		result       = Vector{}
+		result       = vector{}
 		sigf         = signatureFunc(matching.On...)
 		resultLabels = append(matching.On, matching.Include...)
 	)
@@ -852,7 +818,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorM
 	}
 
 	// All samples from the rhs hashed by the matching label/values.
-	rightSigs := map[uint64]*Sample{}
+	rightSigs := map[uint64]*sample{}
 
 	// Add all rhs samples to a map so we can easily find matches later.
 	for _, rs := range rhs {
@@ -911,7 +877,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorM
 			insertedSigs[insertSig] = struct{}{}
 		}
 
-		result = append(result, &Sample{
+		result = append(result, &sample{
 			Metric:    metric,
 			Value:     value,
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -922,21 +888,21 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorM
 
 // signatureFunc returns a function that calculates the signature for a metric
 // based on the provided labels.
-func signatureFunc(labels ...model.LabelName) func(m model.COWMetric) uint64 {
+func signatureFunc(labels ...model.LabelName) func(m metric.Metric) uint64 {
 	if len(labels) == 0 {
-		return func(m model.COWMetric) uint64 {
+		return func(m metric.Metric) uint64 {
 			m.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
 			return uint64(m.Metric.Fingerprint())
 		}
 	}
-	return func(m model.COWMetric) uint64 {
+	return func(m metric.Metric) uint64 {
 		return model.SignatureForLabels(m.Metric, labels...)
 	}
 }
 
 // resultMetric returns the metric for the given sample(s) based on the vector
 // binary operation and the matching options.
-func resultMetric(met model.COWMetric, op itemType, labels ...model.LabelName) model.COWMetric {
+func resultMetric(met metric.Metric, op itemType, labels ...model.LabelName) metric.Metric {
 	if len(labels) == 0 {
 		if shouldDropMetricName(op) {
 			met.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -951,12 +917,12 @@ func resultMetric(met model.COWMetric, op itemType, labels ...model.LabelName) m
 			m[ln] = v
 		}
 	}
-	return model.COWMetric{Metric: m, Copied: false}
+	return metric.Metric{Metric: m, Copied: false}
 }
 
 // vectorScalarBinop evaluates a binary operation between a vector and a scalar.
-func (ev *evaluator) vectorScalarBinop(op itemType, lhs Vector, rhs *Scalar, swap bool) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) vectorScalarBinop(op itemType, lhs vector, rhs *model.Scalar, swap bool) vector {
-	vector := make(Vector, 0, len(lhs))
+	vec := make(vector, 0, len(lhs))
 
 	for _, lhsSample := range lhs {
 		lv, rv := lhsSample.Value, rhs.Value
@@ -971,10 +937,10 @@ func (ev *evaluator) vectorScalarBinop(op itemType, lhs Vector, rhs *Scalar, swa
 			if shouldDropMetricName(op) {
 				lhsSample.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
 			}
-			vector = append(vector, lhsSample)
+			vec = append(vec, lhsSample)
 		}
 	}
-	return vector
+	return vec
 }
 
 // scalarBinop evaluates a binary operation between two scalars.
@@ -1042,7 +1008,7 @@ func vectorElemBinop(op itemType, lhs, rhs model.SampleValue) (model.SampleValue
 }
 
 // labelIntersection returns the metric of common label/value pairs of two input metrics.
-func labelIntersection(metric1, metric2 model.COWMetric) model.COWMetric {
+func labelIntersection(metric1, metric2 metric.Metric) metric.Metric {
 	for label, value := range metric1.Metric {
 		if metric2.Metric[label] != value {
 			metric1.Del(label)
@@ -1052,29 +1018,29 @@ func labelIntersection(metric1, metric2 model.COWMetric) model.COWMetric {
 }
 
 type groupedAggregation struct {
-	labels           model.COWMetric
+	labels           metric.Metric
 	value            model.SampleValue
 	valuesSquaredSum model.SampleValue
 	groupCount       int
 }
 
 // aggregation evaluates an aggregation operation on a vector.
-func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op itemType, grouping model.LabelNames, keepExtra bool, vector Vector) Vector {
+func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op itemType, grouping model.LabelNames, keepExtra bool, vec vector) vector {
 
 	result := map[uint64]*groupedAggregation{}
 
-	for _, sample := range vector {
+	for _, sample := range vec {
 		groupingKey := model.SignatureForLabels(sample.Metric.Metric, grouping...)
 
 		groupedResult, ok := result[groupingKey]
 		// Add a new group if it doesn't exist.
 		if !ok {
-			var m model.COWMetric
+			var m metric.Metric
 			if keepExtra {
 				m = sample.Metric
 				m.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
 			} else {
-				m = model.COWMetric{
+				m = metric.Metric{
 					Metric: model.Metric{},
 					Copied: true,
 				}
@@ -1123,7 +1089,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op itemType, grouping model.LabelNames, keepExt
 	}
 
 	// Construct the result vector from the aggregated groups.
-	resultVector := make(Vector, 0, len(result))
+	resultVector := make(vector, 0, len(result))
 
 	for _, aggr := range result {
 		switch op {
@@ -1140,7 +1106,7 @@ func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op itemType, grouping model.LabelNames, keepExt
 		default:
 			// For other aggregations, we already have the right value.
 		}
-		sample := &Sample{
+		sample := &sample{
 			Metric:    aggr.labels,
 			Value:     aggr.value,
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,

promql/functions.go

@@ -30,29 +30,29 @@ import (
 // used by function nodes.
 type Function struct {
 	Name         string
-	ArgTypes     []ExprType
+	ArgTypes     []model.ValueType
 	OptionalArgs int
-	ReturnType   ExprType
+	ReturnType   model.ValueType
-	Call         func(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value
+	Call         func(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value
 }
 
 // === time() model.SampleValue ===
-func funcTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
-	return &Scalar{
+	return &model.Scalar{
 		Value:     model.SampleValue(ev.Timestamp.Unix()),
 		Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
 	}
 }
 
-// === delta(matrix ExprMatrix, isCounter=0 ExprScalar) Vector ===
+// === delta(matrix model.ValMatrix, isCounter=0 model.ValScalar) Vector ===
-func funcDelta(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcDelta(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	isCounter := len(args) >= 2 && ev.evalInt(args[1]) > 0
-	resultVector := Vector{}
+	resultVector := vector{}
 
 	// If we treat these metrics as counters, we need to fetch all values
 	// in the interval to find breaks in the timeseries' monotonicity.
 	// I.e. if a counter resets, we want to ignore that reset.
-	var matrixValue Matrix
+	var matrixValue matrix
 	if isCounter {
 		matrixValue = ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
 	} else {
@@ -65,8 +65,10 @@ func funcDelta(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		counterCorrection := model.SampleValue(0)
+		var (
-		lastValue := model.SampleValue(0)
+			counterCorrection model.SampleValue
+			lastValue         model.SampleValue
+		)
 		for _, sample := range samples.Values {
 			currentValue := sample.Value
 			if isCounter && currentValue < lastValue {
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ func funcDelta(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		intervalCorrection := model.SampleValue(targetInterval) / model.SampleValue(sampledInterval)
 		resultValue *= intervalCorrection
 
-		resultSample := &Sample{
+		resultSample := &sample{
 			Metric:    samples.Metric,
 			Value:     resultValue,
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -104,12 +106,12 @@ func funcDelta(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return resultVector
 }
 
-// === rate(node ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === rate(node model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcRate(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcRate(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	args = append(args, &NumberLiteral{1})
-	vector := funcDelta(ev, args).(Vector)
+	vector := funcDelta(ev, args).(vector)
 
-	// TODO: could be other type of ExprMatrix in the future (right now, only
+	// TODO: could be other type of model.ValMatrix in the future (right now, only
 	// MatrixSelector exists). Find a better way of getting the duration of a
 	// matrix, such as looking at the samples themselves.
 	interval := args[0].(*MatrixSelector).Range
@@ -119,38 +121,38 @@ func funcRate(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === increase(node ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === increase(node model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcIncrease(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcIncrease(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	args = append(args, &NumberLiteral{1})
-	vector := funcDelta(ev, args).(Vector)
+	return funcDelta(ev, args).(vector)
-	return vector
 }
 
-// === sort(node ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === sort(node model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcSort(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcSort(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	byValueSorter := vectorByValueHeap(ev.evalVector(args[0]))
 	sort.Sort(byValueSorter)
-	return Vector(byValueSorter)
+	return vector(byValueSorter)
 }
 
-// === sortDesc(node ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === sortDesc(node model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcSortDesc(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcSortDesc(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	byValueSorter := vectorByValueHeap(ev.evalVector(args[0]))
 	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(byValueSorter))
-	return Vector(byValueSorter)
+
+	return vector(byValueSorter)
 }
 
-// === topk(k ExprScalar, node ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === topk(k model.ValScalar, node model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcTopk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcTopk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	k := ev.evalInt(args[0])
 	if k < 1 {
-		return Vector{}
+		return vector{}
 	}
-	vector := ev.evalVector(args[1])
+	vec := ev.evalVector(args[1])
 
 	topk := make(vectorByValueHeap, 0, k)
 
-	for _, el := range vector {
+	for _, el := range vec {
 		if len(topk) < k || topk[0].Value < el.Value {
 			if len(topk) == k {
 				heap.Pop(&topk)
@@ -159,21 +161,21 @@ func funcTopk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		}
 	}
 	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(topk))
-	return Vector(topk)
+	return vector(topk)
 }
 
-// === bottomk(k ExprScalar, node ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === bottomk(k model.ValScalar, node model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcBottomk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcBottomk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	k := ev.evalInt(args[0])
 	if k < 1 {
-		return Vector{}
+		return vector{}
 	}
-	vector := ev.evalVector(args[1])
+	vec := ev.evalVector(args[1])
 
 	bottomk := make(vectorByValueHeap, 0, k)
 	bkHeap := reverseHeap{Interface: &bottomk}
 
-	for _, el := range vector {
+	for _, el := range vec {
 		if len(bottomk) < k || bottomk[0].Value > el.Value {
 			if len(bottomk) == k {
 				heap.Pop(&bkHeap)
@@ -182,17 +184,17 @@ func funcBottomk(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		}
 	}
 	sort.Sort(bottomk)
-	return Vector(bottomk)
+	return vector(bottomk)
 }
 
-// === drop_common_labels(node ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === drop_common_labels(node model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcDropCommonLabels(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcDropCommonLabels(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
-	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
+	vec := ev.evalVector(args[0])
-	if len(vector) < 1 {
+	if len(vec) < 1 {
-		return Vector{}
+		return vector{}
 	}
 	common := model.LabelSet{}
-	for k, v := range vector[0].Metric.Metric {
+	for k, v := range vec[0].Metric.Metric {
 		// TODO(julius): Should we also drop common metric names?
 		if k == model.MetricNameLabel {
 			continue
@@ -200,7 +202,7 @@ func funcDropCommonLabels(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		common[k] = v
 	}
 
-	for _, el := range vector[1:] {
+	for _, el := range vec[1:] {
 		for k, v := range common {
 			if el.Metric.Metric[k] != v {
 				// Deletion of map entries while iterating over them is safe.
@@ -212,18 +214,18 @@ func funcDropCommonLabels(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		}
 	}
 
-	for _, el := range vector {
+	for _, el := range vec {
 		for k := range el.Metric.Metric {
 			if _, ok := common[k]; ok {
 				el.Metric.Del(k)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return vector
+	return vec
 }
 
-// === round(vector ExprVector, toNearest=1 Scalar) Vector ===
+// === round(vector model.ValVector, toNearest=1 Scalar) Vector ===
-func funcRound(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcRound(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	// round returns a number rounded to toNearest.
 	// Ties are solved by rounding up.
 	toNearest := float64(1)
@@ -233,42 +235,42 @@ func funcRound(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	// Invert as it seems to cause fewer floating point accuracy issues.
 	toNearestInverse := 1.0 / toNearest
 
-	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
+	vec := ev.evalVector(args[0])
-	for _, el := range vector {
+	for _, el := range vec {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
 		el.Value = model.SampleValue(math.Floor(float64(el.Value)*toNearestInverse+0.5) / toNearestInverse)
 	}
-	return vector
+	return vec
 }
 
-// === scalar(node ExprVector) Scalar ===
+// === scalar(node model.ValVector) Scalar ===
-func funcScalar(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcScalar(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	v := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	if len(v) != 1 {
-		return &Scalar{model.SampleValue(math.NaN()), ev.Timestamp}
+		return &model.Scalar{model.SampleValue(math.NaN()), ev.Timestamp}
 	}
-	return &Scalar{model.SampleValue(v[0].Value), ev.Timestamp}
+	return &model.Scalar{model.SampleValue(v[0].Value), ev.Timestamp}
 }
 
-// === count_scalar(vector ExprVector) model.SampleValue ===
+// === count_scalar(vector model.ValVector) model.SampleValue ===
-func funcCountScalar(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcCountScalar(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
-	return &Scalar{
+	return &model.Scalar{
 		Value:     model.SampleValue(len(ev.evalVector(args[0]))),
 		Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
 	}
 }
 
-func aggrOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions, aggrFn func([]model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue) Value {
+func aggrOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions, aggrFn func([]model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue) model.Value {
-	matrix := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
+	mat := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
-	resultVector := Vector{}
+	resultVector := vector{}
 
-	for _, el := range matrix {
+	for _, el := range mat {
 		if len(el.Values) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
 
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
-		resultVector = append(resultVector, &Sample{
+		resultVector = append(resultVector, &sample{
 			Metric:    el.Metric,
 			Value:     aggrFn(el.Values),
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -277,8 +279,8 @@ func aggrOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions, aggrFn func([]model.SamplePai
 	return resultVector
 }
 
-// === avg_over_time(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === avg_over_time(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcAvgOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcAvgOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	return aggrOverTime(ev, args, func(values []model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue {
 		var sum model.SampleValue
 		for _, v := range values {
@@ -288,15 +290,15 @@ func funcAvgOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	})
 }
 
-// === count_over_time(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === count_over_time(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcCountOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcCountOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	return aggrOverTime(ev, args, func(values []model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue {
 		return model.SampleValue(len(values))
 	})
 }
 
-// === floor(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === floor(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcFloor(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcFloor(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -305,8 +307,8 @@ func funcFloor(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === max_over_time(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === max_over_time(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcMaxOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcMaxOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	return aggrOverTime(ev, args, func(values []model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue {
 		max := math.Inf(-1)
 		for _, v := range values {
@@ -316,8 +318,8 @@ func funcMaxOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	})
 }
 
-// === min_over_time(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === min_over_time(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcMinOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcMinOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	return aggrOverTime(ev, args, func(values []model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue {
 		min := math.Inf(1)
 		for _, v := range values {
@@ -327,8 +329,8 @@ func funcMinOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	})
 }
 
-// === sum_over_time(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === sum_over_time(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcSumOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcSumOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	return aggrOverTime(ev, args, func(values []model.SamplePair) model.SampleValue {
 		var sum model.SampleValue
 		for _, v := range values {
@@ -338,8 +340,8 @@ func funcSumOverTime(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	})
 }
 
-// === abs(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === abs(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcAbs(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcAbs(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -348,10 +350,10 @@ func funcAbs(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === absent(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === absent(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcAbsent(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcAbsent(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	if len(ev.evalVector(args[0])) > 0 {
-		return Vector{}
+		return vector{}
 	}
 	m := model.Metric{}
 	if vs, ok := args[0].(*VectorSelector); ok {
@@ -361,9 +363,9 @@ func funcAbsent(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return Vector{
+	return vector{
-		&Sample{
+		&sample{
-			Metric: model.COWMetric{
+			Metric: metric.Metric{
 				Metric: m,
 				Copied: true,
 			},
@@ -373,8 +375,8 @@ func funcAbsent(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	}
 }
 
-// === ceil(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === ceil(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcCeil(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcCeil(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -383,8 +385,8 @@ func funcCeil(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === exp(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === exp(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcExp(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcExp(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ func funcExp(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 }
 
 // === sqrt(vector VectorNode) Vector ===
-func funcSqrt(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcSqrt(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -403,8 +405,8 @@ func funcSqrt(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === ln(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === ln(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcLn(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcLn(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -413,8 +415,8 @@ func funcLn(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === log2(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === log2(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcLog2(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcLog2(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -423,8 +425,8 @@ func funcLog2(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === log10(vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === log10(vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcLog10(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcLog10(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	vector := ev.evalVector(args[0])
 	for _, el := range vector {
 		el.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -433,12 +435,12 @@ func funcLog10(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return vector
 }
 
-// === deriv(node ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === deriv(node model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcDeriv(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcDeriv(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
-	resultVector := Vector{}
+	resultVector := vector{}
-	matrix := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
+	mat := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
 
-	for _, samples := range matrix {
+	for _, samples := range mat {
 		// No sense in trying to compute a derivative without at least two points.
 		// Drop this vector element.
 		if len(samples.Values) < 2 {
@@ -464,7 +466,7 @@ func funcDeriv(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 
 		resultValue := numerator / denominator
 
-		resultSample := &Sample{
+		resultSample := &sample{
 			Metric:    samples.Metric,
 			Value:     resultValue,
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -475,9 +477,9 @@ func funcDeriv(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return resultVector
 }
 
-// === predict_linear(node ExprMatrix, k ExprScalar) Vector ===
+// === predict_linear(node model.ValMatrix, k model.ValScalar) Vector ===
-func funcPredictLinear(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcPredictLinear(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
-	vector := funcDeriv(ev, args[0:1]).(Vector)
+	vec := funcDeriv(ev, args[0:1]).(vector)
 	duration := model.SampleValue(model.SampleValue(ev.evalFloat(args[1])))
 
 	excludedLabels := map[model.LabelName]struct{}{
@@ -486,14 +488,14 @@ func funcPredictLinear(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 
 	// Calculate predicted delta over the duration.
 	signatureToDelta := map[uint64]model.SampleValue{}
-	for _, el := range vector {
+	for _, el := range vec {
 		signature := model.SignatureWithoutLabels(el.Metric.Metric, excludedLabels)
 		signatureToDelta[signature] = el.Value * duration
 	}
 
 	// add predicted delta to last value.
 	matrixBounds := ev.evalMatrixBounds(args[0])
-	outVec := make(Vector, 0, len(signatureToDelta))
+	outVec := make(vector, 0, len(signatureToDelta))
 	for _, samples := range matrixBounds {
 		if len(samples.Values) < 2 {
 			continue
@@ -502,7 +504,7 @@ func funcPredictLinear(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 		delta, ok := signatureToDelta[signature]
 		if ok {
 			samples.Metric.Del(model.MetricNameLabel)
-			outVec = append(outVec, &Sample{
+			outVec = append(outVec, &sample{
 				Metric:    samples.Metric,
 				Value:     delta + samples.Values[1].Value,
 				Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -512,12 +514,12 @@ func funcPredictLinear(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return outVec
 }
 
-// === histogram_quantile(k ExprScalar, vector ExprVector) Vector ===
+// === histogram_quantile(k model.ValScalar, vector model.ValVector) Vector ===
-func funcHistogramQuantile(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcHistogramQuantile(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	q := model.SampleValue(ev.evalFloat(args[0]))
 	inVec := ev.evalVector(args[1])
 
-	outVec := Vector{}
+	outVec := vector{}
 	signatureToMetricWithBuckets := map[uint64]*metricWithBuckets{}
 	for _, el := range inVec {
 		upperBound, err := strconv.ParseFloat(
@@ -540,7 +542,7 @@ func funcHistogramQuantile(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	}
 
 	for _, mb := range signatureToMetricWithBuckets {
-		outVec = append(outVec, &Sample{
+		outVec = append(outVec, &sample{
 			Metric:    mb.metric,
 			Value:     model.SampleValue(quantile(q, mb.buckets)),
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -550,10 +552,10 @@ func funcHistogramQuantile(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return outVec
 }
 
-// === resets(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === resets(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcResets(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcResets(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	in := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
-	out := make(Vector, 0, len(in))
+	out := make(vector, 0, len(in))
 
 	for _, samples := range in {
 		resets := 0
@@ -566,7 +568,7 @@ func funcResets(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 			prev = current
 		}
 
-		rs := &Sample{
+		rs := &sample{
 			Metric:    samples.Metric,
 			Value:     model.SampleValue(resets),
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -577,10 +579,10 @@ func funcResets(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return out
 }
 
-// === changes(matrix ExprMatrix) Vector ===
+// === changes(matrix model.ValMatrix) Vector ===
-func funcChanges(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcChanges(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	in := ev.evalMatrix(args[0])
-	out := make(Vector, 0, len(in))
+	out := make(vector, 0, len(in))
 
 	for _, samples := range in {
 		changes := 0
@@ -593,7 +595,7 @@ func funcChanges(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 			prev = current
 		}
 
-		rs := &Sample{
+		rs := &sample{
 			Metric:    samples.Metric,
 			Value:     model.SampleValue(changes),
 			Timestamp: ev.Timestamp,
@@ -604,8 +606,8 @@ func funcChanges(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 	return out
 }
 
-// === label_replace(vector ExprVector, dst_label, replacement, src_labelname, regex ExprString) Vector ===
+// === label_replace(vector model.ValVector, dst_label, replacement, src_labelname, regex model.ValString) Vector ===
-func funcLabelReplace(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
+func funcLabelReplace(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) model.Value {
 	var (
 		vector   = ev.evalVector(args[0])
 		dst      = model.LabelName(ev.evalString(args[1]).Value)
@@ -651,196 +653,196 @@ func funcLabelReplace(ev *evaluator, args Expressions) Value {
 var functions = map[string]*Function{
 	"abs": {
 		Name:       "abs",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcAbs,
 	},
 	"absent": {
 		Name:       "absent",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcAbsent,
 	},
 	"increase": {
 		Name:       "increase",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcIncrease,
 	},
 	"avg_over_time": {
 		Name:       "avg_over_time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcAvgOverTime,
 	},
 	"bottomk": {
 		Name:       "bottomk",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprScalar, ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValScalar, model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcBottomk,
 	},
 	"ceil": {
 		Name:       "ceil",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcCeil,
 	},
 	"changes": {
 		Name:       "changes",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcChanges,
 	},
 	"count_over_time": {
 		Name:       "count_over_time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcCountOverTime,
 	},
 	"count_scalar": {
 		Name:       "count_scalar",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprScalar,
+		ReturnType: model.ValScalar,
 		Call:       funcCountScalar,
 	},
 	"delta": {
 		Name:         "delta",
-		ArgTypes:     []ExprType{ExprMatrix, ExprScalar},
+		ArgTypes:     []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix, model.ValScalar},
 		OptionalArgs: 1, // The 2nd argument is deprecated.
-		ReturnType:   ExprVector,
+		ReturnType:   model.ValVector,
 		Call:         funcDelta,
 	},
 	"deriv": {
 		Name:       "deriv",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcDeriv,
 	},
 	"drop_common_labels": {
 		Name:       "drop_common_labels",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcDropCommonLabels,
 	},
 	"exp": {
 		Name:       "exp",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcExp,
 	},
 	"floor": {
 		Name:       "floor",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcFloor,
 	},
 	"histogram_quantile": {
 		Name:       "histogram_quantile",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprScalar, ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValScalar, model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcHistogramQuantile,
 	},
 	"label_replace": {
 		Name:       "label_replace",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector, ExprString, ExprString, ExprString, ExprString},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector, model.ValString, model.ValString, model.ValString, model.ValString},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcLabelReplace,
 	},
 	"ln": {
 		Name:       "ln",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcLn,
 	},
 	"log10": {
 		Name:       "log10",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcLog10,
 	},
 	"log2": {
 		Name:       "log2",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcLog2,
 	},
 	"max_over_time": {
 		Name:       "max_over_time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcMaxOverTime,
 	},
 	"min_over_time": {
 		Name:       "min_over_time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcMinOverTime,
 	},
 	"predict_linear": {
 		Name:       "predict_linear",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix, ExprScalar},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix, model.ValScalar},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcPredictLinear,
 	},
 	"rate": {
 		Name:       "rate",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcRate,
 	},
 	"resets": {
 		Name:       "resets",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcResets,
 	},
 	"round": {
 		Name:         "round",
-		ArgTypes:     []ExprType{ExprVector, ExprScalar},
+		ArgTypes:     []model.ValueType{model.ValVector, model.ValScalar},
 		OptionalArgs: 1,
-		ReturnType:   ExprVector,
+		ReturnType:   model.ValVector,
 		Call:         funcRound,
 	},
 	"scalar": {
 		Name:       "scalar",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprScalar,
+		ReturnType: model.ValScalar,
 		Call:       funcScalar,
 	},
 	"sort": {
 		Name:       "sort",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcSort,
 	},
 	"sort_desc": {
 		Name:       "sort_desc",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcSortDesc,
 	},
 	"sqrt": {
 		Name:       "sqrt",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcSqrt,
 	},
 	"sum_over_time": {
 		Name:       "sum_over_time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprMatrix},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValMatrix},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcSumOverTime,
 	},
 	"time": {
 		Name:       "time",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{},
-		ReturnType: ExprScalar,
+		ReturnType: model.ValScalar,
 		Call:       funcTime,
 	},
 	"topk": {
 		Name:       "topk",
-		ArgTypes:   []ExprType{ExprScalar, ExprVector},
+		ArgTypes:   []model.ValueType{model.ValScalar, model.ValVector},
-		ReturnType: ExprVector,
+		ReturnType: model.ValVector,
 		Call:       funcTopk,
 	},
 }
@@ -851,7 +853,7 @@ func getFunction(name string) (*Function, bool) {
 	return function, ok
 }
 
-type vectorByValueHeap Vector
+type vectorByValueHeap vector
 
 func (s vectorByValueHeap) Len() int {
 	return len(s)
@@ -869,7 +871,7 @@ func (s vectorByValueHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
 }
 
 func (s *vectorByValueHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
-	*s = append(*s, x.(*Sample))
+	*s = append(*s, x.(*sample))
 }
 
 func (s *vectorByValueHeap) Pop() interface{} {

promql/parse.go

@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ func (p *parser) vectorSelector(name string) *VectorSelector {
 
 // expectType checks the type of the node and raises an error if it
 // is not of the expected type.
-func (p *parser) expectType(node Node, want ExprType, context string) {
+func (p *parser) expectType(node Node, want model.ValueType, context string) {
 	t := p.checkType(node)
 	if t != want {
 		p.errorf("expected type %s in %s, got %s", want, context, t)
@@ -979,12 +979,12 @@ func (p *parser) expectType(node Node, want ExprType, context string) {
 //
 // Some of these checks are redundant as the the parsing stage does not allow
 // them, but the costs are small and might reveal errors when making changes.
-func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
+func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ model.ValueType) {
 	// For expressions the type is determined by their Type function.
 	// Statements and lists do not have a type but are not invalid either.
 	switch n := node.(type) {
 	case Statements, Expressions, Statement:
-		typ = ExprNone
+		typ = model.ValNone
 	case Expr:
 		typ = n.Type()
 	default:
@@ -996,27 +996,27 @@ func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
 	switch n := node.(type) {
 	case Statements:
 		for _, s := range n {
-			p.expectType(s, ExprNone, "statement list")
+			p.expectType(s, model.ValNone, "statement list")
 		}
 	case *AlertStmt:
-		p.expectType(n.Expr, ExprVector, "alert statement")
+		p.expectType(n.Expr, model.ValVector, "alert statement")
 
 	case *EvalStmt:
 		ty := p.checkType(n.Expr)
-		if ty == ExprNone {
+		if ty == model.ValNone {
 			p.errorf("evaluation statement must have a valid expression type but got %s", ty)
 		}
 
 	case *RecordStmt:
 		ty := p.checkType(n.Expr)
-		if ty != ExprVector && ty != ExprScalar {
+		if ty != model.ValVector && ty != model.ValScalar {
 			p.errorf("record statement must have a valid expression of type vector or scalar but got %s", ty)
 		}
 
 	case Expressions:
 		for _, e := range n {
 			ty := p.checkType(e)
-			if ty == ExprNone {
+			if ty == model.ValNone {
 				p.errorf("expression must have a valid expression type but got %s", ty)
 			}
 		}
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
 		if !n.Op.isAggregator() {
 			p.errorf("aggregation operator expected in aggregation expression but got %q", n.Op)
 		}
-		p.expectType(n.Expr, ExprVector, "aggregation expression")
+		p.expectType(n.Expr, model.ValVector, "aggregation expression")
 
 	case *BinaryExpr:
 		lt := p.checkType(n.LHS)
@@ -1033,11 +1033,11 @@ func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
 		if !n.Op.isOperator() {
 			p.errorf("only logical and arithmetic operators allowed in binary expression, got %q", n.Op)
 		}
-		if (lt != ExprScalar && lt != ExprVector) || (rt != ExprScalar && rt != ExprVector) {
+		if (lt != model.ValScalar && lt != model.ValVector) || (rt != model.ValScalar && rt != model.ValVector) {
 			p.errorf("binary expression must contain only scalar and vector types")
 		}
 
-		if (lt != ExprVector || rt != ExprVector) && n.VectorMatching != nil {
+		if (lt != model.ValVector || rt != model.ValVector) && n.VectorMatching != nil {
 			if len(n.VectorMatching.On) > 0 {
 				p.errorf("vector matching only allowed between vectors")
 			}
@@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (lt == ExprScalar || rt == ExprScalar) && (n.Op == itemLAND || n.Op == itemLOR) {
+		if (lt == model.ValScalar || rt == model.ValScalar) && (n.Op == itemLAND || n.Op == itemLOR) {
 			p.errorf("AND and OR not allowed in binary scalar expression")
 		}
 
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ func (p *parser) checkType(node Node) (typ ExprType) {
 		if n.Op != itemADD && n.Op != itemSUB {
 			p.errorf("only + and - operators allowed for unary expressions")
 		}
-		if t := p.checkType(n.Expr); t != ExprScalar && t != ExprVector {
+		if t := p.checkType(n.Expr); t != model.ValScalar && t != model.ValVector {
 			p.errorf("unary expression only allowed on expressions of type scalar or vector, got %q", t)
 		}
 

promql/printer.go

@@ -24,47 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/strutil"
 )
 
-func (matrix Matrix) String() string {
-	metricStrings := make([]string, 0, len(matrix))
-	for _, sampleStream := range matrix {
-		metricName, hasName := sampleStream.Metric.Metric[model.MetricNameLabel]
-		numLabels := len(sampleStream.Metric.Metric)
-		if hasName {
-			numLabels--
-		}
-		labelStrings := make([]string, 0, numLabels)
-		for label, value := range sampleStream.Metric.Metric {
-			if label != model.MetricNameLabel {
-				labelStrings = append(labelStrings, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", label, value))
-			}
-		}
-		sort.Strings(labelStrings)
-		valueStrings := make([]string, 0, len(sampleStream.Values))
-		for _, value := range sampleStream.Values {
-			valueStrings = append(valueStrings,
-				fmt.Sprintf("\n%v @[%v]", value.Value, value.Timestamp))
-		}
-		metricStrings = append(metricStrings,
-			fmt.Sprintf("%s{%s} => %s",
-				metricName,
-				strings.Join(labelStrings, ", "),
-				strings.Join(valueStrings, ", ")))
-	}
-	sort.Strings(metricStrings)
-	return strings.Join(metricStrings, "\n")
-}
-
-func (vector Vector) String() string {
-	metricStrings := make([]string, 0, len(vector))
-	for _, sample := range vector {
-		metricStrings = append(metricStrings,
-			fmt.Sprintf("%s => %v @[%v]",
-				sample.Metric,
-				sample.Value, sample.Timestamp))
-	}
-	return strings.Join(metricStrings, "\n")
-}
-
 // Tree returns a string of the tree structure of the given node.
 func Tree(node Node) string {
 	return tree(node, "")

promql/quantile.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/metric"
 )
 
 // Helpers to calculate quantiles.
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ func (b buckets) Swap(i, j int)      { b[i], b[j] = b[j], b[i] }
 func (b buckets) Less(i, j int) bool { return b[i].upperBound < b[j].upperBound }
 
 type metricWithBuckets struct {
-	metric  model.COWMetric
+	metric  metric.Metric
 	buckets buckets
 }
 

promql/test.go

@@ -340,25 +340,25 @@ func (ev *evalCmd) expect(pos int, m model.Metric, vals ...sequenceValue) {
 }
 
 // compareResult compares the result value with the defined expectation.
-func (ev *evalCmd) compareResult(result Value) error {
+func (ev *evalCmd) compareResult(result model.Value) error {
 	switch val := result.(type) {
-	case Matrix:
+	case model.Matrix:
 		if ev.instant {
 			return fmt.Errorf("received range result on instant evaluation")
 		}
 		seen := map[model.Fingerprint]bool{}
 		for pos, v := range val {
-			fp := v.Metric.Metric.Fingerprint()
+			fp := v.Metric.Fingerprint()
 			if _, ok := ev.metrics[fp]; !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected metric %s in result", v.Metric.Metric)
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected metric %s in result", v.Metric)
 			}
 			exp := ev.expected[fp]
 			if ev.ordered && exp.pos != pos+1 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("expected metric %s with %v at position %d but was at %d", v.Metric.Metric, exp.vals, exp.pos, pos+1)
+				return fmt.Errorf("expected metric %s with %v at position %d but was at %d", v.Metric, exp.vals, exp.pos, pos+1)
 			}
 			for i, expVal := range exp.vals {
 				if !almostEqual(float64(expVal.value), float64(v.Values[i].Value)) {
-					return fmt.Errorf("expected %v for %s but got %v", expVal, v.Metric.Metric, v.Values)
+					return fmt.Errorf("expected %v for %s but got %v", expVal, v.Metric, v.Values)
 				}
 			}
 			seen[fp] = true
@@ -369,22 +369,22 @@ func (ev *evalCmd) compareResult(result Value) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-	case Vector:
+	case model.Vector:
 		if !ev.instant {
 			fmt.Errorf("received instant result on range evaluation")
 		}
 		seen := map[model.Fingerprint]bool{}
 		for pos, v := range val {
-			fp := v.Metric.Metric.Fingerprint()
+			fp := v.Metric.Fingerprint()
 			if _, ok := ev.metrics[fp]; !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected metric %s in result", v.Metric.Metric)
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected metric %s in result", v.Metric)
 			}
 			exp := ev.expected[fp]
 			if ev.ordered && exp.pos != pos+1 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("expected metric %s with %v at position %d but was at %d", v.Metric.Metric, exp.vals, exp.pos, pos+1)
+				return fmt.Errorf("expected metric %s with %v at position %d but was at %d", v.Metric, exp.vals, exp.pos, pos+1)
 			}
 			if !almostEqual(float64(exp.vals[0].value), float64(v.Value)) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("expected %v for %s but got %v", exp.vals[0].value, v.Metric.Metric, v.Value)
+				return fmt.Errorf("expected %v for %s but got %v", exp.vals[0].value, v.Metric, v.Value)
 			}
 
 			seen[fp] = true
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ func (ev *evalCmd) compareResult(result Value) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-	case *Scalar:
+	case *model.Scalar:
 		if !almostEqual(float64(ev.expected[0].vals[0].value), float64(val.Value)) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("expected scalar %v but got %v", val.Value, ev.expected[0].vals[0].value)
 		}

rules/alerting.go

@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ type Alert struct {
 }
 
 // sample returns a Sample suitable for recording the alert.
-func (a Alert) sample(timestamp model.Time, value model.SampleValue) *promql.Sample {
+func (a Alert) sample(timestamp model.Time, value model.SampleValue) *model.Sample {
-	recordedMetric := model.Metric{}
+	recordedMetric := make(model.Metric, len(a.Labels)+3)
 	for label, value := range a.Labels {
 		recordedMetric[label] = value
 	}
@@ -87,11 +87,8 @@ func (a Alert) sample(timestamp model.Time, value model.SampleValue) *promql.Sam
 	recordedMetric[alertNameLabel] = model.LabelValue(a.Name)
 	recordedMetric[alertStateLabel] = model.LabelValue(a.State.String())
 
-	return &promql.Sample{
+	return &model.Sample{
-		Metric: model.COWMetric{
+		Metric:    recordedMetric,
-			Metric: recordedMetric,
-			Copied: true,
-		},
 		Value:     value,
 		Timestamp: timestamp,
 	}
@@ -152,7 +149,7 @@ func (rule *AlertingRule) Name() string {
 
 // eval evaluates the rule expression and then creates pending alerts and fires
 // or removes previously pending alerts accordingly.
-func (rule *AlertingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (promql.Vector, error) {
+func (rule *AlertingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (model.Vector, error) {
 	query, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(rule.vector.String(), timestamp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -169,11 +166,11 @@ func (rule *AlertingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (pro
 	// or update the expression value for existing elements.
 	resultFPs := map[model.Fingerprint]struct{}{}
 	for _, sample := range exprResult {
-		fp := sample.Metric.Metric.Fingerprint()
+		fp := sample.Metric.Fingerprint()
 		resultFPs[fp] = struct{}{}
 
 		if alert, ok := rule.activeAlerts[fp]; !ok {
-			labels := model.LabelSet(sample.Metric.Metric.Clone())
+			labels := model.LabelSet(sample.Metric.Clone())
 			labels = labels.Merge(rule.labels)
 			if _, ok := labels[model.MetricNameLabel]; ok {
 				delete(labels, model.MetricNameLabel)
@@ -190,7 +187,7 @@ func (rule *AlertingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (pro
 		}
 	}
 
-	vector := promql.Vector{}
+	var vector model.Vector
 
 	// Check if any pending alerts should be removed or fire now. Write out alert timeseries.
 	for fp, activeAlert := range rule.activeAlerts {

rules/manager.go

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ type Rule interface {
 	// Name returns the name of the rule.
 	Name() string
 	// Eval evaluates the rule, including any associated recording or alerting actions.
-	eval(model.Time, *promql.Engine) (promql.Vector, error)
+	eval(model.Time, *promql.Engine) (model.Vector, error)
 	// String returns a human-readable string representation of the rule.
 	String() string
 	// HTMLSnippet returns a human-readable string representation of the rule,
@@ -273,11 +273,7 @@ func (m *Manager) runIteration() {
 			}
 
 			for _, s := range vector {
-				m.sampleAppender.Append(&model.Sample{
+				m.sampleAppender.Append(s)
-					Metric:    s.Metric.Metric,
-					Value:     s.Value,
-					Timestamp: s.Timestamp,
-				})
 			}
 		}(rule)
 	}

rules/recording.go

@@ -43,38 +43,44 @@ func NewRecordingRule(name string, vector promql.Expr, labels model.LabelSet) *R
 func (rule RecordingRule) Name() string { return rule.name }
 
 // eval evaluates the rule and then overrides the metric names and labels accordingly.
-func (rule RecordingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (promql.Vector, error) {
+func (rule RecordingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (model.Vector, error) {
 	query, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(rule.vector.String(), timestamp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	result := query.Exec()
+	var (
-	var vector promql.Vector
+		result = query.Exec()
+		vector model.Vector
+	)
 	switch result.Value.(type) {
-	case promql.Vector:
+	case model.Vector:
 		vector, err = result.Vector()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-	case *promql.Scalar:
+	case *model.Scalar:
 		scalar, err := result.Scalar()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		vector = promql.Vector{&promql.Sample{Value: scalar.Value, Timestamp: scalar.Timestamp}}
+		vector = model.Vector{&model.Sample{
+			Value:     scalar.Value,
+			Timestamp: scalar.Timestamp,
+		}}
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rule result is not a vector or scalar")
 	}
 
 	// Override the metric name and labels.
 	for _, sample := range vector {
-		sample.Metric.Set(model.MetricNameLabel, model.LabelValue(rule.name))
+		sample.Metric[model.MetricNameLabel] = model.LabelValue(rule.name)
+
 		for label, value := range rule.labels {
 			if value == "" {
-				sample.Metric.Del(label)
+				delete(sample.Metric, label)
 			} else {
-				sample.Metric.Set(label, value)
+				sample.Metric[label] = value
 			}
 		}
 	}

storage/local/interface.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type Storage interface {
 	// MetricsForLabelMatchers returns the metrics from storage that satisfy the given
 	// label matchers. At least one label matcher must be specified that does not
 	// match the empty string.
-	MetricsForLabelMatchers(...*metric.LabelMatcher) map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric
+	MetricsForLabelMatchers(...*metric.LabelMatcher) map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric
 	// LastSamplePairForFingerprint returns the last sample pair for the
 	// provided fingerprint. If the respective time series does not exist or
 	// has an evicted head chunk, nil is returned.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ type Storage interface {
 	// Get all of the label values that are associated with a given label name.
 	LabelValuesForLabelName(model.LabelName) model.LabelValues
 	// Get the metric associated with the provided fingerprint.
-	MetricForFingerprint(model.Fingerprint) model.COWMetric
+	MetricForFingerprint(model.Fingerprint) metric.Metric
 	// Construct an iterator for a given fingerprint.
 	// The iterator will never return samples older than retention time,
 	// relative to the time NewIterator was called.

storage/local/storage.go

@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func (s *memorySeriesStorage) fingerprintsForLabelPairs(pairs ...model.LabelPair
 }
 
 // MetricsForLabelMatchers implements Storage.
-func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricsForLabelMatchers(matchers ...*metric.LabelMatcher) map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric {
+func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricsForLabelMatchers(matchers ...*metric.LabelMatcher) map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric {
 	var (
 		equals  []model.LabelPair
 		filters []*metric.LabelMatcher
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricsForLabelMatchers(matchers ...*metric.LabelM
 		filters = remaining
 	}
 
-	result := make(map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric, len(resFPs))
+	result := make(map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric, len(resFPs))
 	for fp := range resFPs {
 		result[fp] = s.MetricForFingerprint(fp)
 	}
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ func (s *memorySeriesStorage) LabelValuesForLabelName(labelName model.LabelName)
 }
 
 // MetricForFingerprint implements Storage.
-func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricForFingerprint(fp model.Fingerprint) model.COWMetric {
+func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricForFingerprint(fp model.Fingerprint) metric.Metric {
 	s.fpLocker.Lock(fp)
 	defer s.fpLocker.Unlock(fp)
 
@@ -494,16 +494,18 @@ func (s *memorySeriesStorage) MetricForFingerprint(fp model.Fingerprint) model.C
 	if ok {
 		// Wrap the returned metric in a copy-on-write (COW) metric here because
 		// the caller might mutate it.
-		return model.COWMetric{
+		return metric.Metric{
 			Metric: series.metric,
 		}
 	}
-	metric, err := s.persistence.archivedMetric(fp)
+	met, err := s.persistence.archivedMetric(fp)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("Error retrieving archived metric for fingerprint %v: %v", fp, err)
 	}
-	return model.COWMetric{
+
-		Metric: metric,
+	return metric.Metric{
+		Metric: met,
+		Copied: false,
 	}
 }
 

storage/local/storage_test.go

@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func TestFingerprintsForLabels(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-var benchLabelMatchingRes map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric
+var benchLabelMatchingRes map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric
 
 func BenchmarkLabelMatching(b *testing.B) {
 	s, closer := NewTestStorage(b, 1)
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ func BenchmarkLabelMatching(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		benchLabelMatchingRes = map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric{}
+		benchLabelMatchingRes = map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric{}
 		for _, mt := range matcherTests {
 			benchLabelMatchingRes = s.MetricsForLabelMatchers(mt...)
 		}

storage/metric/metric.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package metric
+
+import "github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
+// Metric wraps a model.Metric and copies it upon modification if Copied is false.
+type Metric struct {
+	Copied bool
+	Metric model.Metric
+}
+
+// Set sets a label name in the wrapped Metric to a given value and copies the
+// Metric initially, if it is not already a copy.
+func (m *Metric) Set(ln model.LabelName, lv model.LabelValue) {
+	m.Copy()
+	m.Metric[ln] = lv
+}
+
+// Del deletes a given label name from the wrapped Metric and copies the
+// Metric initially, if it is not already a copy.
+func (m *Metric) Del(ln model.LabelName) {
+	m.Copy()
+	delete(m.Metric, ln)
+}
+
+// Get the value for the given label name. An empty value is returned
+// if the label does not exist in the metric.
+func (m *Metric) Get(ln model.LabelName) model.LabelValue {
+	return m.Metric[ln]
+}
+
+// Gets behaves as Get but the returned boolean is false iff the label
+// does not exist.
+func (m *Metric) Gets(ln model.LabelName) (model.LabelValue, bool) {
+	lv, ok := m.Metric[ln]
+	return lv, ok
+}
+
+// Copy the underlying Metric if it is not already a copy.
+func (m *Metric) Copy() *Metric {
+	if !m.Copied {
+		m.Metric = m.Metric.Clone()
+		m.Copied = true
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer.
+func (m Metric) String() string {
+	return m.Metric.String()
+}

storage/metric/metric_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package metric
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+)
+
+func TestMetric(t *testing.T) {
+	testMetric := model.Metric{
+		"to_delete": "test1",
+		"to_change": "test2",
+	}
+
+	scenarios := []struct {
+		fn  func(*Metric)
+		out model.Metric
+	}{
+		{
+			fn: func(cm *Metric) {
+				cm.Del("to_delete")
+			},
+			out: model.Metric{
+				"to_change": "test2",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			fn: func(cm *Metric) {
+				cm.Set("to_change", "changed")
+			},
+			out: model.Metric{
+				"to_delete": "test1",
+				"to_change": "changed",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, s := range scenarios {
+		orig := testMetric.Clone()
+		cm := &Metric{
+			Metric: orig,
+			Copied: false,
+		}
+
+		s.fn(cm)
+
+		// Test that the original metric was not modified.
+		if !orig.Equal(testMetric) {
+			t.Fatalf("%d. original metric changed; expected %v, got %v", i, testMetric, orig)
+		}
+
+		// Test that the new metric has the right changes.
+		if !cm.Metric.Equal(s.out) {
+			t.Fatalf("%d. copied metric doesn't contain expected changes; expected %v, got %v", i, s.out, cm.Metric)
+		}
+	}
+}

template/template.go

@@ -64,24 +64,21 @@ func query(q string, timestamp model.Time, queryEngine *promql.Engine) (queryRes
 	if res.Err != nil {
 		return nil, res.Err
 	}
-	var vector promql.Vector
+	var vector model.Vector
 
 	switch v := res.Value.(type) {
-	case promql.Matrix:
+	case model.Matrix:
 		return nil, errors.New("matrix return values not supported")
-	case promql.Vector:
+	case model.Vector:
 		vector = v
-	case *promql.Scalar:
+	case *model.Scalar:
-		vector = promql.Vector{&promql.Sample{
+		vector = model.Vector{&model.Sample{
 			Value:     v.Value,
 			Timestamp: v.Timestamp,
 		}}
-	case *promql.String:
+	case *model.String:
-		vector = promql.Vector{&promql.Sample{
+		vector = model.Vector{&model.Sample{
-			Metric: model.COWMetric{
+			Metric:    model.Metric{"__value__": model.LabelValue(v.Value)},
-				Metric: model.Metric{"__value__": model.LabelValue(v.Value)},
-				Copied: true,
-			},
 			Timestamp: v.Timestamp,
 		}}
 	default:
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@ func query(q string, timestamp model.Time, queryEngine *promql.Engine) (queryRes
 			Value:  float64(v.Value),
 			Labels: make(map[string]string),
 		}
-		for label, value := range v.Metric.Metric {
+		for label, value := range v.Metric {
 			s.Labels[string(label)] = string(value)
 		}
 		result[n] = &s

web/api/legacy/query.go

@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"github.com/prometheus/log"
-
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
 )
 
 // Enables cross-site script calls.
@@ -89,15 +87,15 @@ func (api *API) Query(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	log.Debugf("Instant query: %s\nQuery stats:\n%s\n", expr, query.Stats())
 
-	if vec, ok := res.Value.(promql.Vector); ok {
+	if vec, ok := res.Value.(model.Vector); ok {
 		respondJSON(w, plainVec(vec))
 		return
 	}
-	if sca, ok := res.Value.(*promql.Scalar); ok {
+	if sca, ok := res.Value.(*model.Scalar); ok {
 		respondJSON(w, (*plainScalar)(sca))
 		return
 	}
-	if str, ok := res.Value.(*promql.String); ok {
+	if str, ok := res.Value.(*model.String); ok {
 		respondJSON(w, (*plainString)(str))
 		return
 	}
@@ -107,10 +105,10 @@ func (api *API) Query(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 // plainVec is an indirection that hides the original MarshalJSON method
 // which does not fit the response format for the legacy API.
-type plainVec promql.Vector
+type plainVec model.Vector
 
 func (pv plainVec) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type plainSmpl promql.Sample
+	type plainSmpl model.Sample
 
 	v := make([]*plainSmpl, len(pv))
 	for i, sv := range pv {
@@ -120,8 +118,8 @@ func (pv plainVec) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return json.Marshal(&v)
 }
 
-func (pv plainVec) Type() promql.ExprType {
+func (pv plainVec) Type() model.ValueType {
-	return promql.ExprVector
+	return model.ValVector
 }
 
 func (pv plainVec) String() string {
@@ -130,15 +128,15 @@ func (pv plainVec) String() string {
 
 // plainScalar is an indirection that hides the original MarshalJSON method
 // which does not fit the response format for the legacy API.
-type plainScalar promql.Scalar
+type plainScalar model.Scalar
 
 func (ps plainScalar) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	s := strconv.FormatFloat(float64(ps.Value), 'f', -1, 64)
 	return json.Marshal(&s)
 }
 
-func (plainScalar) Type() promql.ExprType {
+func (plainScalar) Type() model.ValueType {
-	return promql.ExprScalar
+	return model.ValScalar
 }
 
 func (plainScalar) String() string {
@@ -147,10 +145,10 @@ func (plainScalar) String() string {
 
 // plainString is an indirection that hides the original MarshalJSON method
 // which does not fit the response format for the legacy API.
-type plainString promql.String
+type plainString model.String
 
-func (pv plainString) Type() promql.ExprType {
+func (pv plainString) Type() model.ValueType {
-	return promql.ExprString
+	return model.ValString
 }
 
 func (pv plainString) String() string {
@@ -257,7 +255,7 @@ func errorJSON(w io.Writer, err error) error {
 }
 
 // RespondJSON converts the given data value to JSON and writes it to w.
-func respondJSON(w io.Writer, val promql.Value) error {
+func respondJSON(w io.Writer, val model.Value) error {
 	data := struct {
 		Type    string      `json:"type"`
 		Value   interface{} `json:"value"`
@@ -268,7 +266,7 @@ func respondJSON(w io.Writer, val promql.Value) error {
 		Version: jsonFormatVersion,
 	}
 	// TODO(fabxc): Adding MarshalJSON to promql.Values might be a good idea.
-	if sc, ok := val.(*promql.Scalar); ok {
+	if sc, ok := val.(*model.Scalar); ok {
 		data.Value = sc.Value
 	}
 	enc := json.NewEncoder(w)

web/api/v1/api.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/local"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/metric"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/route"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/strutil"
 )
@@ -98,8 +99,8 @@ func (api *API) Register(r *route.Router) {
 }
 
 type queryData struct {
-	ResultType promql.ExprType `json:"resultType"`
+	ResultType model.ValueType `json:"resultType"`
-	Result     promql.Value    `json:"result"`
+	Result     model.Value     `json:"result"`
 }
 
 func (api *API) query(r *http.Request) (interface{}, *apiError) {
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ func (api *API) series(r *http.Request) (interface{}, *apiError) {
 	if len(r.Form["match[]"]) == 0 {
 		return nil, &apiError{errorBadData, fmt.Errorf("no match[] parameter provided")}
 	}
-	res := map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric{}
+	res := map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric{}
 
 	for _, lm := range r.Form["match[]"] {
 		matchers, err := promql.ParseMetricSelector(lm)

web/api/v1/api_test.go

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ func TestEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 				"time":  []string{"123.3"},
 			},
 			response: &queryData{
-				ResultType: promql.ExprScalar,
+				ResultType: model.ValScalar,
-				Result: &promql.Scalar{
+				Result: &model.Scalar{
 					Value:     2,
 					Timestamp: start.Add(123*time.Second + 300*time.Millisecond),
 				},
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ func TestEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 				"time":  []string{"1970-01-01T00:02:03Z"},
 			},
 			response: &queryData{
-				ResultType: promql.ExprScalar,
+				ResultType: model.ValScalar,
-				Result: &promql.Scalar{
+				Result: &model.Scalar{
 					Value:     0.333,
 					Timestamp: start.Add(123 * time.Second),
 				},
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ func TestEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 				"time":  []string{"1970-01-01T01:02:03+01:00"},
 			},
 			response: &queryData{
-				ResultType: promql.ExprScalar,
+				ResultType: model.ValScalar,
-				Result: &promql.Scalar{
+				Result: &model.Scalar{
 					Value:     0.333,
 					Timestamp: start.Add(123 * time.Second),
 				},
@@ -99,14 +99,15 @@ func TestEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 				"step":  []string{"1"},
 			},
 			response: &queryData{
-				ResultType: promql.ExprMatrix,
+				ResultType: model.ValMatrix,
-				Result: promql.Matrix{
+				Result: model.Matrix{
-					&promql.SampleStream{
+					&model.SampleStream{
 						Values: []model.SamplePair{
 							{Value: 0, Timestamp: start},
 							{Value: 1, Timestamp: start.Add(1 * time.Second)},
 							{Value: 2, Timestamp: start.Add(2 * time.Second)},
 						},
+						Metric: model.Metric{},
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ func TestEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("Expected error of type %q but got none", test.errType)
 		}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(resp, test.response) {
-			t.Fatalf("Response does not match, expected:\n%#v\ngot:\n%#v", test.response, resp)
+			t.Fatalf("Response does not match, expected:\n%+v\ngot:\n%+v", test.response, resp)
 		}
 		// Ensure that removed metrics are unindexed before the next request.
 		suite.Storage().WaitForIndexing()

web/federate.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/local"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/metric"
 
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/expfmt"
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ type Federation struct {
 func (fed *Federation) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 	req.ParseForm()
 
-	metrics := map[model.Fingerprint]model.COWMetric{}
+	metrics := map[model.Fingerprint]metric.Metric{}
 
 	for _, s := range req.Form["match[]"] {
 		matchers, err := promql.ParseMetricSelector(s)