working version

Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com>

cmd/promtool/metrics.go

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func parseAndPushMetrics(client *remote.Client, data []byte, labels map[string]s
 		return false
 	}
 
-	raw, err := metricsData.Marshal()
+	raw, err := metricsData.MarshalVT()
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  FAILED:", err)
 		return false

model/histogram/float_histogram.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ type FloatHistogram struct {
 	// Sum of observations. This is also used as the stale marker.
 	Sum float64
 	// Spans for positive and negative buckets (see Span below).
-	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []Span
+	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []*Span
 	// Observation counts in buckets. Each represents an absolute count and
 	// must be zero or positive.
 	PositiveBuckets, NegativeBuckets []float64
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) Copy() *FloatHistogram {
 	c := *h
 
 	if h.PositiveSpans != nil {
-		c.PositiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		c.PositiveSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
 		copy(c.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
 	}
 	if h.NegativeSpans != nil {
-		c.NegativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		c.NegativeSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
 		copy(c.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
 	}
 	if h.PositiveBuckets != nil {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) TestExpression() string {
 		res = append(res, fmt.Sprintf("z_bucket_w:%g", m.ZeroThreshold))
 	}
 
-	addBuckets := func(kind, bucketsKey, offsetKey string, buckets []float64, spans []Span) []string {
+	addBuckets := func(kind, bucketsKey, offsetKey string, buckets []float64, spans []*Span) []string {
 		if len(spans) > 1 {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("histogram with multiple %s spans not supported", kind))
 		}
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ func (h *FloatHistogram) floatBucketIterator(
 
 // reverseFloatBucketIterator is a low-level constructor for reverse bucket iterators.
 func newReverseFloatBucketIterator(
-	spans []Span, buckets []float64, schema int32, positive bool,
+	spans []*Span, buckets []float64, schema int32, positive bool,
 ) reverseFloatBucketIterator {
 	r := reverseFloatBucketIterator{
 		baseBucketIterator: baseBucketIterator[float64, float64]{
@@ -996,9 +996,9 @@ func targetIdx(idx, originSchema, targetSchema int32) int32 {
 // If negative is true, the buckets in spansB/bucketsB are subtracted rather than added.
 func addBuckets(
 	schema int32, threshold float64, negative bool,
-	spansA []Span, bucketsA []float64,
-	spansB []Span, bucketsB []float64,
-) ([]Span, []float64) {
+	spansA []*Span, bucketsA []float64,
+	spansB []*Span, bucketsB []float64,
+) ([]*Span, []float64) {
 	var (
 		iSpan              int = -1
 		iBucket            int = -1
@@ -1035,9 +1035,9 @@ func addBuckets(
 						spansA[0].Offset--
 						goto nextLoop
 					} else {
-						spansA = append(spansA, Span{})
+						spansA = append(spansA, &Span{})
 						copy(spansA[1:], spansA)
-						spansA[0] = Span{Offset: indexB, Length: 1}
+						spansA[0] = &Span{Offset: indexB, Length: 1}
 						if len(spansA) > 1 {
 							// Convert the absolute offset in the formerly
 							// first span to a relative offset.
@@ -1094,9 +1094,9 @@ func addBuckets(
 							if iSpan < len(spansA) {
 								spansA[iSpan].Offset -= deltaIndex + 1
 							}
-							spansA = append(spansA, Span{})
+							spansA = append(spansA, &Span{})
 							copy(spansA[iSpan+1:], spansA[iSpan:])
-							spansA[iSpan] = Span{Length: 1, Offset: deltaIndex}
+							spansA[iSpan] = &Span{Length: 1, Offset: deltaIndex}
 							goto nextLoop
 						}
 					} else {

model/histogram/generic.go

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ type BucketIterator[BC BucketCount] interface {
 // code replication.
 type baseBucketIterator[BC BucketCount, IBC InternalBucketCount] struct {
 	schema  int32
-	spans   []Span
+	spans   []*Span
 	buckets []IBC
 
 	positive bool // Whether this is for positive buckets.
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (b *baseBucketIterator[BC, IBC]) strippedAt() strippedBucket[BC] {
 // compactBuckets is a generic function used by both Histogram.Compact and
 // FloatHistogram.Compact. Set deltaBuckets to true if the provided buckets are
 // deltas. Set it to false if the buckets contain absolute counts.
-func compactBuckets[IBC InternalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []Span, maxEmptyBuckets int, deltaBuckets bool) ([]IBC, []Span) {
+func compactBuckets[IBC InternalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []*Span, maxEmptyBuckets int, deltaBuckets bool) ([]IBC, []*Span) {
 	// Fast path: If there are no empty buckets AND no offset in any span is
 	// <= maxEmptyBuckets AND no span has length 0, there is nothing to do and we can return
 	// immediately. We check that first because it's cheap and presumably
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func compactBuckets[IBC InternalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []Span, maxEmp
 			}
 			// It's in the middle or in the end of the span.
 			// Split the current span.
-			newSpan := Span{
+			newSpan := &Span{
 				Offset: int32(nEmpty),
 				Length: spans[iSpan].Length - posInSpan - uint32(nEmpty),
 			}
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ func compactBuckets[IBC InternalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []Span, maxEmp
 				continue
 			}
 			// Insert the new span.
-			spans = append(spans, Span{})
+			spans = append(spans, &Span{})
 			if iSpan+1 < len(spans) {
 				copy(spans[iSpan+1:], spans[iSpan:])
 			}
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ func compactBuckets[IBC InternalBucketCount](buckets []IBC, spans []Span, maxEmp
 	return buckets, spans
 }
 
-func checkHistogramSpans(spans []Span, numBuckets int) error {
+func checkHistogramSpans(spans []*Span, numBuckets int) error {
 	var spanBuckets int
 	for n, span := range spans {
 		if n > 0 && span.Offset < 0 {
@@ -608,15 +608,15 @@ var exponentialBounds = [][]float64{
 // Set inplace to true to reuse input slices and avoid allocations (otherwise
 // new slices will be allocated for result).
 func reduceResolution[IBC InternalBucketCount](
-	originSpans []Span,
+	originSpans []*Span,
 	originBuckets []IBC,
 	originSchema,
 	targetSchema int32,
 	deltaBuckets bool,
 	inplace bool,
-) ([]Span, []IBC) {
+) ([]*Span, []IBC) {
 	var (
-		targetSpans           []Span // The spans in the target schema.
+		targetSpans           []*Span // The spans in the target schema.
 		targetBuckets         []IBC   // The bucket counts in the target schema.
 		bucketIdx             int32   // The index of bucket in the origin schema.
 		bucketCountIdx        int     // The position of a bucket in origin bucket count slice `originBuckets`.
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ func reduceResolution[IBC InternalBucketCount](
 			switch {
 			case len(targetSpans) == 0:
 				// This is the first span in the targetSpans.
-				span := Span{
+				span := &Span{
 					Offset: targetBucketIdx,
 					Length: 1,
 				}
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ func reduceResolution[IBC InternalBucketCount](
 				// The current bucket has to go into a new target bucket,
 				// and that bucket is separated by a gap from the previous target bucket,
 				// so we need to add a new target span.
-				span := Span{
+				span := &Span{
 					Offset: targetBucketIdx - lastTargetBucketIdx - 1,
 					Length: 1,
 				}

model/histogram/histogram.go

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ type Histogram struct {
 	// Sum of observations. This is also used as the stale marker.
 	Sum float64
 	// Spans for positive and negative buckets (see Span below).
-	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []Span
+	PositiveSpans, NegativeSpans []*Span
 	// Observation counts in buckets. The first element is an absolute
 	// count. All following ones are deltas relative to the previous
 	// element.
@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ func (h *Histogram) Copy() *Histogram {
 	c := *h
 
 	if len(h.PositiveSpans) != 0 {
-		c.PositiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		c.PositiveSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
 		copy(c.PositiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
 	}
 	if len(h.NegativeSpans) != 0 {
-		c.NegativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		c.NegativeSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
 		copy(c.NegativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
 	}
 	if len(h.PositiveBuckets) != 0 {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func (h *Histogram) Equals(h2 *Histogram) bool {
 
 // spansMatch returns true if both spans represent the same bucket layout
 // after combining zero length spans with the next non-zero length span.
-func spansMatch(s1, s2 []Span) bool {
+func spansMatch(s1, s2 []*Span) bool {
 	if len(s1) == 0 && len(s2) == 0 {
 		return true
 	}
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ func spansMatch(s1, s2 []Span) bool {
 	}
 }
 
-func allEmptySpans(s []Span) bool {
+func allEmptySpans(s []*Span) bool {
 	for _, ss := range s {
 		if ss.Length > 0 {
 			return false
@@ -286,15 +286,15 @@ func (h *Histogram) Compact(maxEmptyBuckets int) *Histogram {
 // deep copy (e.g. spans are not shared).
 func (h *Histogram) ToFloat() *FloatHistogram {
 	var (
-		positiveSpans, negativeSpans     []Span
+		positiveSpans, negativeSpans     []*Span
 		positiveBuckets, negativeBuckets []float64
 	)
 	if len(h.PositiveSpans) != 0 {
-		positiveSpans = make([]Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+		positiveSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
 		copy(positiveSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
 	}
 	if len(h.NegativeSpans) != 0 {
-		negativeSpans = make([]Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+		negativeSpans = make([]*Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
 		copy(negativeSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
 	}
 	if len(h.PositiveBuckets) != 0 {
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ type regularBucketIterator struct {
 	baseBucketIterator[uint64, int64]
 }
 
-func newRegularBucketIterator(spans []Span, buckets []int64, schema int32, positive bool) regularBucketIterator {
+func newRegularBucketIterator(spans []*Span, buckets []int64, schema int32, positive bool) regularBucketIterator {
 	i := baseBucketIterator[uint64, int64]{
 		schema:   schema,
 		spans:    spans,

model/histogram/test_utils.go

@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ func GenerateBigTestHistograms(numHistograms, numBuckets int) []*Histogram {
 			ZeroThreshold:   1e-128,
 			Sum:             18.4 * float64(i+1),
 			Schema:          2,
-			NegativeSpans:   make([]Span, numSpans),
-			PositiveSpans:   make([]Span, numSpans),
+			NegativeSpans:   make([]*Span, numSpans),
+			PositiveSpans:   make([]*Span, numSpans),
 			NegativeBuckets: make([]int64, bucketsPerSide),
 			PositiveBuckets: make([]int64, bucketsPerSide),
 		}
 
 		for j := 0; j < numSpans; j++ {
-			s := Span{Offset: 1, Length: spanLength}
+			s := &Span{Offset: 1, Length: spanLength}
 			h.NegativeSpans[j] = s
 			h.PositiveSpans[j] = s
 		}

model/textparse/protobufparse.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 
-	dto "github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb/io/prometheus/client"
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 )
 
 // ProtobufParser is a very inefficient way of unmarshaling the old Prometheus
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ func (p *ProtobufParser) Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *his
 			ZeroThreshold:   h.GetZeroThreshold(),
 			ZeroCount:       h.GetZeroCountFloat(),
 			Schema:          h.GetSchema(),
-			PositiveSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
+			PositiveSpans:   make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
 			PositiveBuckets: h.GetPositiveCount(),
-			NegativeSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
+			NegativeSpans:   make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
 			NegativeBuckets: h.GetNegativeCount(),
 		}
 		for i, span := range h.GetPositiveSpan() {
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ func (p *ProtobufParser) Histogram() ([]byte, *int64, *histogram.Histogram, *his
 		ZeroThreshold:   h.GetZeroThreshold(),
 		ZeroCount:       h.GetZeroCount(),
 		Schema:          h.GetSchema(),
-		PositiveSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
+		PositiveSpans:   make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.GetPositiveSpan())),
 		PositiveBuckets: h.GetPositiveDelta(),
-		NegativeSpans:   make([]histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
+		NegativeSpans:   make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.GetNegativeSpan())),
 		NegativeBuckets: h.GetNegativeDelta(),
 	}
 	for i, span := range h.GetPositiveSpan() {
@@ -363,12 +363,13 @@ func (p *ProtobufParser) Exemplar(ex *exemplar.Exemplar) bool {
 func (p *ProtobufParser) CreatedTimestamp(ct *types.Timestamp) bool {
 	var foundCT *types.Timestamp
 	switch p.mf.GetType() {
-	case dto.MetricType_COUNTER:
-		foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetCounter().GetCreatedTimestamp()
-	case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
-		foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetSummary().GetCreatedTimestamp()
-	case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM, dto.MetricType_GAUGE_HISTOGRAM:
-		foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetHistogram().GetCreatedTimestamp()
+	// TODO: fix, what to do about timestamp types?
+	//case dto.MetricType_COUNTER:
+	//	foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetCounter().GetCreatedTimestamp()
+	//case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
+	//	foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetSummary().GetCreatedTimestamp()
+	//case dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM, dto.MetricType_GAUGE_HISTOGRAM:
+	//	foundCT = p.mf.GetMetric()[p.metricPos].GetHistogram().GetCreatedTimestamp()
 	default:
 	}
 	if foundCT == nil {
@@ -566,7 +567,7 @@ func readDelimited(b []byte, mf *dto.MetricFamily) (n int, err error) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("protobufparse: insufficient length of buffer, expected at least %d bytes, got %d bytes", totalLength, len(b))
 	}
 	mf.Reset()
-	return totalLength, mf.Unmarshal(b[varIntLength:totalLength])
+	return totalLength, proto.Unmarshal(b[varIntLength:totalLength], mf)
 }
 
 // formatOpenMetricsFloat works like the usual Go string formatting of a fleat

prompb/custom.go

@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ func (h Histogram) IsFloatHistogram() bool {
 }
 
 func (r *ChunkedReadResponse) PooledMarshal(p *sync.Pool) ([]byte, error) {
-	size := r.Size()
+	size := r.SizeVT()
 	data, ok := p.Get().(*[]byte)
 	if ok && cap(*data) >= size {
-		n, err := r.MarshalToSizedBuffer((*data)[:size])
+		n, err := r.MarshalToVT((*data)[:size])
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return (*data)[:n], nil
 	}
-	return r.Marshal()
+	return r.MarshalVT()
 }

prompb/io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2013 Prometheus Team
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-// This is copied and lightly edited from
-// github.com/prometheus/client_model/io/prometheus/client/metrics.proto
-// and finally converted to proto3 syntax to make it usable for the
-// gogo-protobuf approach taken within prometheus/prometheus.
-
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package io.prometheus.client;
-option go_package = "io_prometheus_client";
-
-import "gogoproto/gogo.proto";
-import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
-
-message LabelPair {
-  string name  = 1;
-  string value = 2;
-}
-
-enum MetricType {
-  // COUNTER must use the Metric field "counter".
-  COUNTER = 0;
-  // GAUGE must use the Metric field "gauge".
-  GAUGE = 1;
-  // SUMMARY must use the Metric field "summary".
-  SUMMARY = 2;
-  // UNTYPED must use the Metric field "untyped".
-  UNTYPED = 3;
-  // HISTOGRAM must use the Metric field "histogram".
-  HISTOGRAM = 4;
-  // GAUGE_HISTOGRAM must use the Metric field "histogram".
-  GAUGE_HISTOGRAM = 5;
-}
-
-message Gauge {
-  double value = 1;
-}
-
-message Counter {
-  double   value    = 1;
-  Exemplar exemplar = 2;
-
-  google.protobuf.Timestamp  created_timestamp = 3;
-}
-
-message Quantile {
-  double quantile = 1;
-  double value    = 2;
-}
-
-message Summary {
-  uint64            sample_count = 1;
-  double            sample_sum   = 2;
-  repeated Quantile quantile     = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-
-  google.protobuf.Timestamp  created_timestamp = 4;
-}
-
-message Untyped {
-  double value = 1;
-}
-
-message Histogram {
-  uint64 sample_count       = 1;
-  double sample_count_float = 4; // Overrides sample_count if > 0.
-  double sample_sum         = 2;
-  // Buckets for the conventional histogram.
-  repeated Bucket bucket = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false]; // Ordered in increasing order of upper_bound, +Inf bucket is optional.
-
-  google.protobuf.Timestamp created_timestamp = 15;
-
-  // Everything below here is for native histograms (also known as sparse histograms).
-  // Native histograms are an experimental feature without stability guarantees.
-
-  // schema defines the bucket schema. Currently, valid numbers are -4 <= n <= 8.
-  // They are all for base-2 bucket schemas, where 1 is a bucket boundary in each case, and
-  // then each power of two is divided into 2^n logarithmic buckets.
-  // Or in other words, each bucket boundary is the previous boundary times 2^(2^-n).
-  // In the future, more bucket schemas may be added using numbers < -4 or > 8.
-  sint32 schema           = 5;
-  double zero_threshold   = 6; // Breadth of the zero bucket.
-  uint64 zero_count       = 7; // Count in zero bucket.
-  double zero_count_float = 8; // Overrides sb_zero_count if > 0.
-
-  // Negative buckets for the native histogram.
-  repeated BucketSpan negative_span = 9 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  // Use either "negative_delta" or "negative_count", the former for
-  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
-  // histograms.
-  repeated sint64 negative_delta = 10; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
-  repeated double negative_count = 11; // Absolute count of each bucket.
-
-  // Positive buckets for the native histogram.
-  // Use a no-op span (offset 0, length 0) for a native histogram without any
-  // observations yet and with a zero_threshold of 0. Otherwise, it would be
-  // indistinguishable from a classic histogram.
-  repeated BucketSpan positive_span = 12 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  // Use either "positive_delta" or "positive_count", the former for
-  // regular histograms with integer counts, the latter for float
-  // histograms.
-  repeated sint64 positive_delta = 13; // Count delta of each bucket compared to previous one (or to zero for 1st bucket).
-  repeated double positive_count = 14; // Absolute count of each bucket.
-}
-
-message Bucket {
-  uint64   cumulative_count       = 1; // Cumulative in increasing order.
-  double   cumulative_count_float = 4; // Overrides cumulative_count if > 0.
-  double   upper_bound            = 2; // Inclusive.
-  Exemplar exemplar               = 3;
-}
-
-// A BucketSpan defines a number of consecutive buckets in a native
-// histogram with their offset. Logically, it would be more
-// straightforward to include the bucket counts in the Span. However,
-// the protobuf representation is more compact in the way the data is
-// structured here (with all the buckets in a single array separate
-// from the Spans).
-message BucketSpan {
-  sint32 offset = 1; // Gap to previous span, or starting point for 1st span (which can be negative).
-  uint32 length = 2; // Length of consecutive buckets.
-}
-
-message Exemplar {
-  repeated LabelPair        label     = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  double                    value     = 2;
-  google.protobuf.Timestamp timestamp = 3; // OpenMetrics-style.
-}
-
-message Metric {
-  repeated LabelPair label        = 1 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-  Gauge              gauge        = 2;
-  Counter            counter      = 3;
-  Summary            summary      = 4;
-  Untyped            untyped      = 5;
-  Histogram          histogram    = 7;
-  int64              timestamp_ms = 6;
-}
-
-message MetricFamily {
-  string          name   = 1;
-  string          help   = 2;
-  MetricType      type   = 3;
-  repeated Metric metric = 4 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
-}

prompb/remote.pb.go

@@ -14,17 +14,16 @@
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
 // 	protoc-gen-go v1.31.0
-// 	protoc        v4.25.1
+// 	protoc        (unknown)
 // source: remote.proto
 
 package prompb
 
 import (
-	reflect "reflect"
-	sync "sync"
-
 	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
 	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
 )
 
 const (

prompb/types.pb.go

@@ -14,17 +14,16 @@
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
 // 	protoc-gen-go v1.31.0
-// 	protoc        v4.25.1
+// 	protoc        (unknown)
 // source: types.proto
 
 package prompb
 
 import (
-	reflect "reflect"
-	sync "sync"
-
 	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
 	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
 )
 
 const (

promql/parser/parse.go

@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func (p *parser) buildHistogramFromMap(desc *map[string]interface{}) *histogram.
 }
 
 func (p *parser) buildHistogramBucketsAndSpans(desc *map[string]interface{}, bucketsKey, offsetKey string,
-) (buckets []float64, spans []histogram.Span) {
+) (buckets []float64, spans []*histogram.Span) {
 	bucketCount := 0
 	val, ok := (*desc)[bucketsKey]
 	if ok {
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ func (p *parser) buildHistogramBucketsAndSpans(desc *map[string]interface{}, buc
 		}
 	}
 	if bucketCount > 0 {
-		spans = []histogram.Span{{Offset: offset, Length: uint32(bucketCount)}}
+		spans = []*histogram.Span{{Offset: offset, Length: uint32(bucketCount)}}
 	}
 	return
 }

scripts/genproto.sh

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ if ! [[ "$0" =~ "scripts/genproto.sh" ]]; then
 	exit 255
 fi
 
-# if ! [[ $(protoc --version) =~ "3.15.8" ]]; then
-# 	echo "could not find protoc 3.15.8, is it installed + in PATH?"
-# 	exit 255
-# fi
+if ! [[ $(buf --version) =~ 1.28.1 ]]; then
+	echo "could not find buf 1.28.1, is it installed + in PATH?"
+	exit 255
+fi
 
 # Since we run go install, go mod download, the go.sum will change.
 # Make a backup.
@@ -38,47 +38,6 @@ for pkg in "${GET_PKGS[@]}"; do
 done
 
 
-MAPPINGS=(
-  "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto=github.com/golang/protobuf/protoc-gen-go/descriptor"
-)
-MAPPING_ARG=""
-for mapping in "${MAPPINGS[@]}"
-do
-  MAPPING_ARG+="M$mapping"
-done
-
-PROM_ROOT="${PWD}"
-PROM_PATH="${PROM_ROOT}/prompb"
-# GOGOPROTO_ROOT="$(GO111MODULE=on go list -mod=readonly -f '{{ .Dir }}' -m github.com/gogo/protobuf)"
-# GOGOPROTO_PATH="${GOGOPROTO_ROOT}:${GOGOPROTO_ROOT}/protobuf"
-GRPC_GATEWAY_ROOT="$(GO111MODULE=on go list -mod=readonly -f '{{ .Dir }}' -m github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway)"
-
-DIRS="prompb"
-
-echo "generating code"
-for dir in ${DIRS}; do
-	pushd ${dir}
-			protoc \
-			--go_out="$MAPPING_ARG":. \
-			--go_opt=paths=source_relative \
-			--go-grpc_out="$MAPPING_ARG":. \
-			--go-grpc_opt=paths=source_relative \
-			-I=. \
-            -I="${PROM_PATH}" \
-            -I="${GRPC_GATEWAY_ROOT}/third_party/googleapis" \
-            ./*.proto
-		# protoc --gogofast_out=Mgoogle/protobuf/timestamp.proto=github.com/gogo/protobuf/types,paths=source_relative:. -I=. \
-        #     -I="${GOGOPROTO_PATH}" \
-        #     ./io/prometheus/client/*.proto
-		# sed -i.bak -E 's/import _ \"github.com\/gogo\/protobuf\/gogoproto\"//g' -- *.pb.go
-		# sed -i.bak -E 's/import _ \"google\/protobuf\"//g' -- *.pb.go
-		# sed -i.bak -E 's/\t_ \"google\/protobuf\"//g' -- *.pb.go
-		# sed -i.bak -E 's/golang\/protobuf\/descriptor/gogo\/protobuf\/protoc-gen-gogo\/descriptor/g' -- *.go
-		# sed -i.bak -E 's/golang\/protobuf/gogo\/protobuf/g' -- *.go
-		# rm -f -- *.bak
-		rm -f ./*.bak
-		goimports -w ./*.go ./io/prometheus/client/*.go
-	popd
-done
+buf generate --verbose
 
 mv go.sum.bak go.sum

storage/remote/codec.go

@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ func ToQueryResult(ss storage.SeriesSet, sampleLimit int) (*prompb.QueryResult,
 		iter = series.Iterator(iter)
 
 		var (
-			samples    []prompb.Sample
-			histograms []prompb.Histogram
+			samples    []*prompb.Sample
+			histograms []*prompb.Histogram
 		)
 
 		for valType := iter.Next(); valType != chunkenc.ValNone; valType = iter.Next() {
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func ToQueryResult(ss storage.SeriesSet, sampleLimit int) (*prompb.QueryResult,
 			switch valType {
 			case chunkenc.ValFloat:
 				ts, val := iter.At()
-				samples = append(samples, prompb.Sample{
+				samples = append(samples, &prompb.Sample{
 					Timestamp: ts,
 					Value:     val,
 				})
@@ -183,7 +183,17 @@ func FromQueryResult(sortSeries bool, res *prompb.QueryResult) storage.SeriesSet
 			return errSeriesSet{err: err}
 		}
 		lbls := labelProtosToLabels(ts.Labels)
-		series = append(series, &concreteSeries{labels: lbls, floats: ts.Samples, histograms: ts.Histograms})
+		var samples []prompb.Sample
+		var histograms []*prompb.Histogram
+
+		for _, s := range ts.Samples {
+			samples = append(samples, *s)
+		}
+		for _, h := range ts.Histograms {
+			histograms = append(histograms, h)
+		}
+		series = append(series, &concreteSeries{labels: lbls, floats: samples, histograms: histograms})
+
 	}
 
 	if sortSeries {
@@ -222,13 +232,13 @@ func StreamChunkedReadResponses(
 	stream io.Writer,
 	queryIndex int64,
 	ss storage.ChunkSeriesSet,
-	sortedExternalLabels []prompb.Label,
+	sortedExternalLabels []*prompb.Label,
 	maxBytesInFrame int,
 	marshalPool *sync.Pool,
 ) (annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	var (
-		chks []prompb.Chunk
-		lbls []prompb.Label
+		chks []*prompb.Chunk
+		lbls []*prompb.Label
 		iter chunks.Iterator
 	)
 
@@ -239,7 +249,7 @@ func StreamChunkedReadResponses(
 
 		maxDataLength := maxBytesInFrame
 		for _, lbl := range lbls {
-			maxDataLength -= lbl.Size()
+			maxDataLength -= lbl.SizeVT()
 		}
 		frameBytesLeft := maxDataLength
 
@@ -254,13 +264,13 @@ func StreamChunkedReadResponses(
 			}
 
 			// Cut the chunk.
-			chks = append(chks, prompb.Chunk{
+			chks = append(chks, &prompb.Chunk{
 				MinTimeMs: chk.MinTime,
 				MaxTimeMs: chk.MaxTime,
 				Type:      prompb.Chunk_Encoding(chk.Chunk.Encoding()),
 				Data:      chk.Chunk.Bytes(),
 			})
-			frameBytesLeft -= chks[len(chks)-1].Size()
+			frameBytesLeft -= chks[len(chks)-1].SizeVT()
 
 			// We are fine with minor inaccuracy of max bytes per frame. The inaccuracy will be max of full chunk size.
 			isNext = iter.Next()
@@ -298,8 +308,8 @@ func StreamChunkedReadResponses(
 
 // MergeLabels merges two sets of sorted proto labels, preferring those in
 // primary to those in secondary when there is an overlap.
-func MergeLabels(primary, secondary []prompb.Label) []prompb.Label {
-	result := make([]prompb.Label, 0, len(primary)+len(secondary))
+func MergeLabels(primary, secondary []*prompb.Label) []*prompb.Label {
+	result := make([]*prompb.Label, 0, len(primary)+len(secondary))
 	i, j := 0, 0
 	for i < len(primary) && j < len(secondary) {
 		switch {
@@ -368,7 +378,7 @@ func (c *concreteSeriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations { return nil }
 type concreteSeries struct {
 	labels     labels.Labels
 	floats     []prompb.Sample
-	histograms []prompb.Histogram
+	histograms []*prompb.Histogram
 }
 
 func (c *concreteSeries) Labels() labels.Labels {
@@ -440,7 +450,7 @@ func (c *concreteSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 		if c.series.floats[c.floatsCur].Timestamp <= c.series.histograms[c.histogramsCur].Timestamp {
 			c.curValType = chunkenc.ValFloat
 		} else {
-			c.curValType = getHistogramValType(&c.series.histograms[c.histogramsCur])
+			c.curValType = getHistogramValType(c.series.histograms[c.histogramsCur])
 		}
 		// When the timestamps do not overlap the cursor for the non-selected sample type has advanced too
 		// far; we decrement it back down here.
@@ -454,7 +464,7 @@ func (c *concreteSeriesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
 	case c.floatsCur < len(c.series.floats):
 		c.curValType = chunkenc.ValFloat
 	case c.histogramsCur < len(c.series.histograms):
-		c.curValType = getHistogramValType(&c.series.histograms[c.histogramsCur])
+		c.curValType = getHistogramValType(c.series.histograms[c.histogramsCur])
 	}
 	return c.curValType
 }
@@ -548,7 +558,7 @@ func (c *concreteSeriesIterator) Err() error {
 
 // validateLabelsAndMetricName validates the label names/values and metric names returned from remote read,
 // also making sure that there are no labels with duplicate names.
-func validateLabelsAndMetricName(ls []prompb.Label) error {
+func validateLabelsAndMetricName(ls []*prompb.Label) error {
 	for i, l := range ls {
 		if l.Name == labels.MetricName && !model.IsValidMetricName(model.LabelValue(l.Value)) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid metric name: %v", l.Value)
@@ -617,7 +627,7 @@ func FromLabelMatchers(matchers []*prompb.LabelMatcher) ([]*labels.Matcher, erro
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func exemplarProtoToExemplar(ep prompb.Exemplar) exemplar.Exemplar {
+func exemplarProtoToExemplar(ep *prompb.Exemplar) exemplar.Exemplar {
 	timestamp := ep.Timestamp
 
 	return exemplar.Exemplar{
@@ -631,7 +641,7 @@ func exemplarProtoToExemplar(ep prompb.Exemplar) exemplar.Exemplar {
 // HistogramProtoToHistogram extracts a (normal integer) Histogram from the
 // provided proto message. The caller has to make sure that the proto message
 // represents an integer histogram and not a float histogram, or it panics.
-func HistogramProtoToHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.Histogram {
+func HistogramProtoToHistogram(hp *prompb.Histogram) *histogram.Histogram {
 	if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
 		panic("HistogramProtoToHistogram called with a float histogram")
 	}
@@ -653,7 +663,7 @@ func HistogramProtoToHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.Histogram {
 // provided proto message to a Float Histogram. The caller has to make sure that
 // the proto message represents a float histogram and not an integer histogram,
 // or it panics.
-func FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
+func FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp *prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
 	if !hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
 		panic("FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram called with an integer histogram")
 	}
@@ -674,7 +684,7 @@ func FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHi
 // HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram extracts and converts a (normal integer) histogram from the provided proto message
 // to a float histogram. The caller has to make sure that the proto message represents an integer histogram and not a
 // float histogram, or it panics.
-func HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
+func HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp *prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
 	if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
 		panic("HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram called with a float histogram")
 	}
@@ -692,10 +702,10 @@ func HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(hp prompb.Histogram) *histogram.FloatHistogr
 	}
 }
 
-func spansProtoToSpans(s []prompb.BucketSpan) []histogram.Span {
-	spans := make([]histogram.Span, len(s))
+func spansProtoToSpans(s []*prompb.BucketSpan) []*histogram.Span {
+	spans := make([]*histogram.Span, len(s))
 	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
-		spans[i] = histogram.Span{Offset: s[i].Offset, Length: s[i].Length}
+		spans[i] = &histogram.Span{Offset: s[i].Offset, Length: s[i].Length}
 	}
 
 	return spans
@@ -711,8 +721,8 @@ func deltasToCounts(deltas []int64) []float64 {
 	return counts
 }
 
-func HistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, h *histogram.Histogram) prompb.Histogram {
-	return prompb.Histogram{
+func HistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, h *histogram.Histogram) *prompb.Histogram {
+	return &prompb.Histogram{
 		Count:          &prompb.Histogram_CountInt{CountInt: h.Count},
 		Sum:            h.Sum,
 		Schema:         h.Schema,
@@ -727,8 +737,8 @@ func HistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, h *histogram.Histogram) prompb.H
 	}
 }
 
-func FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) prompb.Histogram {
-	return prompb.Histogram{
+func FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) *prompb.Histogram {
+	return &prompb.Histogram{
 		Count:          &prompb.Histogram_CountFloat{CountFloat: fh.Count},
 		Sum:            fh.Sum,
 		Schema:         fh.Schema,
@@ -743,10 +753,10 @@ func FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(timestamp int64, fh *histogram.FloatHistogra
 	}
 }
 
-func spansToSpansProto(s []histogram.Span) []prompb.BucketSpan {
-	spans := make([]prompb.BucketSpan, len(s))
+func spansToSpansProto(s []*histogram.Span) []*prompb.BucketSpan {
+	spans := make([]*prompb.BucketSpan, len(s))
 	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
-		spans[i] = prompb.BucketSpan{Offset: s[i].Offset, Length: s[i].Length}
+		spans[i] = &prompb.BucketSpan{Offset: s[i].Offset, Length: s[i].Length}
 	}
 
 	return spans
@@ -761,7 +771,7 @@ func LabelProtosToMetric(labelPairs []*prompb.Label) model.Metric {
 	return metric
 }
 
-func labelProtosToLabels(labelPairs []prompb.Label) labels.Labels {
+func labelProtosToLabels(labelPairs []*prompb.Label) labels.Labels {
 	b := labels.ScratchBuilder{}
 	for _, l := range labelPairs {
 		b.Add(l.Name, l.Value)
@@ -772,10 +782,10 @@ func labelProtosToLabels(labelPairs []prompb.Label) labels.Labels {
 
 // labelsToLabelsProto transforms labels into prompb labels. The buffer slice
 // will be used to avoid allocations if it is big enough to store the labels.
-func labelsToLabelsProto(lbls labels.Labels, buf []prompb.Label) []prompb.Label {
+func labelsToLabelsProto(lbls labels.Labels, buf []*prompb.Label) []*prompb.Label {
 	result := buf[:0]
 	lbls.Range(func(l labels.Label) {
-		result = append(result, prompb.Label{
+		result = append(result, &prompb.Label{
 			Name:  l.Name,
 			Value: l.Value,
 		})

storage/remote/codec_test.go

@@ -39,49 +39,49 @@ var testHistogram = histogram.Histogram{
 	ZeroCount:       0,
 	Count:           0,
 	Sum:             20,
-	PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+	PositiveSpans:   []*histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
 	PositiveBuckets: []int64{1},
-	NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+	NegativeSpans:   []*histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
 	NegativeBuckets: []int64{-1},
 }
 
 var writeRequestFixture = &prompb.WriteRequest{
-	Timeseries: []prompb.TimeSeries{
+	Timeseries: []*prompb.TimeSeries{
 		{
-			Labels: []prompb.Label{
+			Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 				{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 				{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 				{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 				{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
 			},
-			Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-			Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "f", Value: "g"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-			Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(1, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
+			Samples:    []*prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
+			Exemplars:  []*prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "f", Value: "g"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
+			Histograms: []*prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(1, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
 		},
 		{
-			Labels: []prompb.Label{
+			Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 				{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 				{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 				{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 				{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
 			},
-			Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-			Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "h", Value: "i"}}, Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-			Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(2, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(3, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
+			Samples:    []*prompb.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
+			Exemplars:  []*prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "h", Value: "i"}}, Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
+			Histograms: []*prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(2, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(3, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
 		},
 	},
 }
 
 func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		input       []prompb.Label
+		input       []*prompb.Label
 		expectedErr string
 		description string
 	}{
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "labelName", Value: "labelValue"},
 			},
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "regular labels",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "_labelName", Value: "labelValue"},
 			},
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "label name with _",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "@labelName", Value: "labelValue"},
 			},
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "label name with @",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "123labelName", Value: "labelValue"},
 			},
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "label name starts with numbers",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "", Value: "labelValue"},
 			},
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "label name is empty string",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "labelName", Value: string([]byte{0xff})},
 			},
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "label value is an invalid UTF-8 value",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "@invalid_name"},
 			},
 			expectedErr: "invalid metric name: @invalid_name",
 			description: "metric name starts with @",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name1"},
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "name2"},
 			},
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "duplicate label names",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "label1", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "label2", Value: "name"},
 			},
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 			description: "duplicate label values",
 		},
 		{
-			input: []prompb.Label{
+			input: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "", Value: "name"},
 				{Name: "label2", Value: "name"},
 			},
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func TestConcreteSeriesIterator_FloatSamples(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestConcreteSeriesIterator_HistogramSamples(t *testing.T) {
 	histograms := tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistograms(5)
-	histProtos := make([]prompb.Histogram, len(histograms))
+	histProtos := make([]*prompb.Histogram, len(histograms))
 	for i, h := range histograms {
 		// Results in ts sequence of 1, 1, 2, 3, 4.
 		var ts int64
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ func TestConcreteSeriesIterator_FloatAndHistogramSamples(t *testing.T) {
 	// Series starts as histograms, then transitions to floats at ts=8 (with an overlap from ts=8 to ts=10), then
 	// transitions back to histograms at ts=16.
 	histograms := tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistograms(15)
-	histProtos := make([]prompb.Histogram, len(histograms))
+	histProtos := make([]*prompb.Histogram, len(histograms))
 	for i, h := range histograms {
 		if i < 10 {
 			histProtos[i] = HistogramToHistogramProto(int64(i+1), h)
@@ -418,11 +418,11 @@ func TestConcreteSeriesIterator_FloatAndHistogramSamples(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestFromQueryResultWithDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 	ts1 := prompb.TimeSeries{
-		Labels: []prompb.Label{
+		Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 			{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
 			{Name: "foo", Value: "def"},
 		},
-		Samples: []prompb.Sample{
+		Samples: []*prompb.Sample{
 			{Value: 0.0, Timestamp: 0},
 		},
 	}
@@ -468,17 +468,17 @@ func TestNegotiateResponseType(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestMergeLabels(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		primary, secondary, expected []prompb.Label
+		primary, secondary, expected []*prompb.Label
 	}{
 		{
-			primary:   []prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
-			secondary: []prompb.Label{{Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}},
-			expected:  []prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
+			primary:   []*prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
+			secondary: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}},
+			expected:  []*prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
 		},
 		{
-			primary:   []prompb.Label{{Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}},
-			secondary: []prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
-			expected:  []prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
+			primary:   []*prompb.Label{{Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}},
+			secondary: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
+			expected:  []*prompb.Label{{Name: "aaa", Value: "foo"}, {Name: "bbb", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ccc", Value: "bar"}, {Name: "ddd", Value: "foo"}},
 		},
 	} {
 		require.Equal(t, tc.expected, MergeLabels(tc.primary, tc.secondary))
@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ func TestDecodeWriteRequest(t *testing.T) {
 func TestNilHistogramProto(*testing.T) {
 	// This function will panic if it impromperly handles nil
 	// values, causing the test to fail.
-	HistogramProtoToHistogram(prompb.Histogram{})
-	HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(prompb.Histogram{})
+	HistogramProtoToHistogram(&prompb.Histogram{})
+	HistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(&prompb.Histogram{})
 }
 
 func exampleHistogram() histogram.Histogram {
@@ -538,13 +538,13 @@ func exampleHistogram() histogram.Histogram {
 		Schema:           0,
 		Count:            19,
 		Sum:              2.7,
-		PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		PositiveSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
 		},
 		PositiveBuckets: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-		NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		NegativeSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 0},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func exampleHistogramProto() prompb.Histogram {
 		Schema:        0,
 		ZeroThreshold: 0,
 		ZeroCount:     &prompb.Histogram_ZeroCountInt{ZeroCountInt: 0},
-		NegativeSpans: []prompb.BucketSpan{
+		NegativeSpans: []*prompb.BucketSpan{
 			{
 				Offset: 0,
 				Length: 5,
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ func exampleHistogramProto() prompb.Histogram {
 			},
 		},
 		NegativeDeltas: []int64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
-		PositiveSpans: []prompb.BucketSpan{
+		PositiveSpans: []*prompb.BucketSpan{
 			{
 				Offset: 0,
 				Length: 4,
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ func TestHistogramToProtoConvert(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.Equal(t, p, HistogramToHistogramProto(1337, &h))
 
-		require.Equal(t, h, *HistogramProtoToHistogram(p))
+		require.Equal(t, h, *HistogramProtoToHistogram(&p))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -636,13 +636,13 @@ func exampleFloatHistogram() histogram.FloatHistogram {
 		Schema:           0,
 		Count:            19,
 		Sum:              2.7,
-		PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		PositiveSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 4},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 0},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 3},
 		},
 		PositiveBuckets: []float64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0, 0},
-		NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		NegativeSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 5},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 0},
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 1},
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ func exampleFloatHistogramProto() prompb.Histogram {
 		Schema:        0,
 		ZeroThreshold: 0,
 		ZeroCount:     &prompb.Histogram_ZeroCountFloat{ZeroCountFloat: 0},
-		NegativeSpans: []prompb.BucketSpan{
+		NegativeSpans: []*prompb.BucketSpan{
 			{
 				Offset: 0,
 				Length: 5,
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ func exampleFloatHistogramProto() prompb.Histogram {
 			},
 		},
 		NegativeCounts: []float64{1, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0},
-		PositiveSpans: []prompb.BucketSpan{
+		PositiveSpans: []*prompb.BucketSpan{
 			{
 				Offset: 0,
 				Length: 4,
@@ -724,28 +724,28 @@ func TestFloatHistogramToProtoConvert(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.Equal(t, p, FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(1337, &h))
 
-		require.Equal(t, h, *FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(p))
+		require.Equal(t, h, *FloatHistogramProtoToFloatHistogram(&p))
 	}
 }
 
 func TestStreamResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	lbs1 := labelsToLabelsProto(labels.FromStrings("instance", "localhost1", "job", "demo1"), nil)
 	lbs2 := labelsToLabelsProto(labels.FromStrings("instance", "localhost2", "job", "demo2"), nil)
-	chunk := prompb.Chunk{
+	chunk := &prompb.Chunk{
 		Type: prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 		Data: make([]byte, 100),
 	}
-	lbSize, chunkSize := 0, chunk.Size()
+	lbSize, chunkSize := 0, chunk.SizeVT()
 	for _, lb := range lbs1 {
-		lbSize += lb.Size()
+		lbSize += lb.SizeVT()
 	}
 	maxBytesInFrame := lbSize + chunkSize*2
 	testData := []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{{
 		Labels: lbs1,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk, chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk, chunk, chunk},
 	}, {
 		Labels: lbs2,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk, chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk, chunk, chunk},
 	}}
 	css := newMockChunkSeriesSet(testData)
 	writer := mockWriter{}
@@ -758,16 +758,16 @@ func TestStreamResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	expectData := []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{{
 		Labels: lbs1,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
 	}, {
 		Labels: lbs1,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
 	}, {
 		Labels: lbs2,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
 	}, {
 		Labels: lbs2,
-		Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
+		Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{chunk, chunk},
 	}}
 	require.Equal(t, expectData, writer.actual)
 }
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ func (c *mockChunkSeriesSet) Err() error {
 }
 
 type mockChunkIterator struct {
-	chunks []prompb.Chunk
+	chunks []*prompb.Chunk
 	index  int
 }
 

storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper.go

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func (m byBucketBoundsData) Less(i, j int) bool { return m[i].bound < m[j].bound
 func (m byBucketBoundsData) Swap(i, j int)      { m[i], m[j] = m[j], m[i] }
 
 // ByLabelName enables the usage of sort.Sort() with a slice of labels
-type ByLabelName []prompb.Label
+type ByLabelName []*prompb.Label
 
 func (a ByLabelName) Len() int           { return len(a) }
 func (a ByLabelName) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].Name < a[j].Name }
@@ -70,22 +70,22 @@ func (a ByLabelName) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
 // addSample finds a TimeSeries in tsMap that corresponds to the label set labels, and add sample to the TimeSeries; it
 // creates a new TimeSeries in the map if not found and returns the time series signature.
 // tsMap will be unmodified if either labels or sample is nil, but can still be modified if the exemplar is nil.
-func addSample(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, sample *prompb.Sample, labels []prompb.Label,
+func addSample(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, sample *prompb.Sample, labels []*prompb.Label,
 	datatype string) string {
 
 	if sample == nil || labels == nil || tsMap == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	sig := timeSeriesSignature(datatype, &labels)
+	sig := timeSeriesSignature(datatype, labels)
 	ts, ok := tsMap[sig]
 
 	if ok {
-		ts.Samples = append(ts.Samples, *sample)
+		ts.Samples = append(ts.Samples, sample)
 	} else {
 		newTs := &prompb.TimeSeries{
 			Labels:  labels,
-			Samples: []prompb.Sample{*sample},
+			Samples: []*prompb.Sample{sample},
 		}
 		tsMap[sig] = newTs
 	}
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func addSample(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, sample *prompb.Sample, label
 // addExemplars finds a bucket bound that corresponds to the exemplars value and add the exemplar to the specific sig;
 // we only add exemplars if samples are presents
 // tsMap is unmodified if either of its parameters is nil and samples are nil.
-func addExemplars(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, exemplars []prompb.Exemplar, bucketBoundsData []bucketBoundsData) {
+func addExemplars(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, exemplars []*prompb.Exemplar, bucketBoundsData []bucketBoundsData) {
 	if tsMap == nil || bucketBoundsData == nil || exemplars == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func addExemplars(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, exemplars []prompb.Exempl
 	}
 }
 
-func addExemplar(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, bucketBounds []bucketBoundsData, exemplar prompb.Exemplar) {
+func addExemplar(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, bucketBounds []bucketBoundsData, exemplar *prompb.Exemplar) {
 	for _, bucketBound := range bucketBounds {
 		sig := bucketBound.sig
 		bound := bucketBound.bound
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ func addExemplar(tsMap map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries, bucketBounds []bucketBound
 //
 // the label slice should not contain duplicate label names; this method sorts the slice by label name before creating
 // the signature.
-func timeSeriesSignature(datatype string, labels *[]prompb.Label) string {
+func timeSeriesSignature(datatype string, labels []*prompb.Label) string {
 	length := len(datatype)
 
-	for _, lb := range *labels {
+	for _, lb := range labels {
 		length += 2 + len(lb.GetName()) + len(lb.GetValue())
 	}
 
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ func timeSeriesSignature(datatype string, labels *[]prompb.Label) string {
 	b.Grow(length)
 	b.WriteString(datatype)
 
-	sort.Sort(ByLabelName(*labels))
+	sort.Sort(ByLabelName(labels))
 
-	for _, lb := range *labels {
+	for _, lb := range labels {
 		b.WriteString("-")
 		b.WriteString(lb.GetName())
 		b.WriteString("-")
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func timeSeriesSignature(datatype string, labels *[]prompb.Label) string {
 // createAttributes creates a slice of Cortex Label with OTLP attributes and pairs of string values.
 // Unpaired string value is ignored. String pairs overwrites OTLP labels if collision happens, and the overwrite is
 // logged. Resultant label names are sanitized.
-func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externalLabels map[string]string, extras ...string) []prompb.Label {
+func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externalLabels map[string]string, extras ...string) []*prompb.Label {
 	serviceName, haveServiceName := resource.Attributes().Get(conventions.AttributeServiceName)
 	instance, haveInstanceID := resource.Attributes().Get(conventions.AttributeServiceInstanceID)
 
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 
 	// Ensure attributes are sorted by key for consistent merging of keys which
 	// collide when sanitized.
-	labels := make([]prompb.Label, 0, attributes.Len())
+	labels := make([]*prompb.Label, 0, attributes.Len())
 	attributes.Range(func(key string, value pcommon.Value) bool {
-		labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{Name: key, Value: value.AsString()})
+		labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{Name: key, Value: value.AsString()})
 		return true
 	})
 	sort.Stable(ByLabelName(labels))
@@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 		l[name] = extras[i+1]
 	}
 
-	s := make([]prompb.Label, 0, len(l))
+	s := make([]*prompb.Label, 0, len(l))
 	for k, v := range l {
-		s = append(s, prompb.Label{Name: k, Value: v})
+		s = append(s, &prompb.Label{Name: k, Value: v})
 	}
 
 	return s
@@ -263,16 +263,16 @@ func addSingleHistogramDataPoint(pt pmetric.HistogramDataPoint, resource pcommon
 	baseName := prometheustranslator.BuildCompliantName(metric, settings.Namespace, settings.AddMetricSuffixes)
 	baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings.ExternalLabels)
 
-	createLabels := func(nameSuffix string, extras ...string) []prompb.Label {
+	createLabels := func(nameSuffix string, extras ...string) []*prompb.Label {
 		extraLabelCount := len(extras) / 2
-		labels := make([]prompb.Label, len(baseLabels), len(baseLabels)+extraLabelCount+1) // +1 for name
+		labels := make([]*prompb.Label, len(baseLabels), len(baseLabels)+extraLabelCount+1) // +1 for name
 		copy(labels, baseLabels)
 
 		for extrasIdx := 0; extrasIdx < extraLabelCount; extrasIdx++ {
-			labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{Name: extras[extrasIdx], Value: extras[extrasIdx+1]})
+			labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{Name: extras[extrasIdx], Value: extras[extrasIdx+1]})
 		}
 
-		labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{Name: nameStr, Value: baseName + nameSuffix})
+		labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{Name: nameStr, Value: baseName + nameSuffix})
 
 		return labels
 	}
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ type exemplarType interface {
 	Exemplars() pmetric.ExemplarSlice
 }
 
-func getPromExemplars[T exemplarType](pt T) []prompb.Exemplar {
-	var promExemplars []prompb.Exemplar
+func getPromExemplars[T exemplarType](pt T) []*prompb.Exemplar {
+	var promExemplars []*prompb.Exemplar
 
 	for i := 0; i < pt.Exemplars().Len(); i++ {
 		exemplar := pt.Exemplars().At(i)
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ func getPromExemplars[T exemplarType](pt T) []prompb.Exemplar {
 		if traceID := exemplar.TraceID(); !traceID.IsEmpty() {
 			val := hex.EncodeToString(traceID[:])
 			exemplarRunes += utf8.RuneCountInString(traceIDKey) + utf8.RuneCountInString(val)
-			promLabel := prompb.Label{
+			promLabel := &prompb.Label{
 				Name:  traceIDKey,
 				Value: val,
 			}
@@ -381,18 +381,18 @@ func getPromExemplars[T exemplarType](pt T) []prompb.Exemplar {
 		if spanID := exemplar.SpanID(); !spanID.IsEmpty() {
 			val := hex.EncodeToString(spanID[:])
 			exemplarRunes += utf8.RuneCountInString(spanIDKey) + utf8.RuneCountInString(val)
-			promLabel := prompb.Label{
+			promLabel := &prompb.Label{
 				Name:  spanIDKey,
 				Value: val,
 			}
 			promExemplar.Labels = append(promExemplar.Labels, promLabel)
 		}
-		var labelsFromAttributes []prompb.Label
+		var labelsFromAttributes []*prompb.Label
 
 		exemplar.FilteredAttributes().Range(func(key string, value pcommon.Value) bool {
 			val := value.AsString()
 			exemplarRunes += utf8.RuneCountInString(key) + utf8.RuneCountInString(val)
-			promLabel := prompb.Label{
+			promLabel := &prompb.Label{
 				Name:  key,
 				Value: val,
 			}
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ func getPromExemplars[T exemplarType](pt T) []prompb.Exemplar {
 			promExemplar.Labels = append(promExemplar.Labels, labelsFromAttributes...)
 		}
 
-		promExemplars = append(promExemplars, *promExemplar)
+		promExemplars = append(promExemplars, promExemplar)
 	}
 
 	return promExemplars
@@ -463,16 +463,16 @@ func addSingleSummaryDataPoint(pt pmetric.SummaryDataPoint, resource pcommon.Res
 	baseName := prometheustranslator.BuildCompliantName(metric, settings.Namespace, settings.AddMetricSuffixes)
 	baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings.ExternalLabels)
 
-	createLabels := func(name string, extras ...string) []prompb.Label {
+	createLabels := func(name string, extras ...string) []*prompb.Label {
 		extraLabelCount := len(extras) / 2
-		labels := make([]prompb.Label, len(baseLabels), len(baseLabels)+extraLabelCount+1) // +1 for name
+		labels := make([]*prompb.Label, len(baseLabels), len(baseLabels)+extraLabelCount+1) // +1 for name
 		copy(labels, baseLabels)
 
 		for extrasIdx := 0; extrasIdx < extraLabelCount; extrasIdx++ {
-			labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{Name: extras[extrasIdx], Value: extras[extrasIdx+1]})
+			labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{Name: extras[extrasIdx], Value: extras[extrasIdx+1]})
 		}
 
-		labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{Name: nameStr, Value: name})
+		labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{Name: nameStr, Value: name})
 
 		return labels
 	}
@@ -526,15 +526,15 @@ func addSingleSummaryDataPoint(pt pmetric.SummaryDataPoint, resource pcommon.Res
 // sample. If the series exists, then new samples won't be added.
 func addCreatedTimeSeriesIfNeeded(
 	series map[string]*prompb.TimeSeries,
-	labels []prompb.Label,
+	labels []*prompb.Label,
 	startTimestamp pcommon.Timestamp,
 	metricType string,
 ) {
-	sig := timeSeriesSignature(metricType, &labels)
+	sig := timeSeriesSignature(metricType, labels)
 	if _, ok := series[sig]; !ok {
 		series[sig] = &prompb.TimeSeries{
 			Labels: labels,
-			Samples: []prompb.Sample{
+			Samples: []*prompb.Sample{
 				{ // convert ns to ms
 					Value: float64(convertTimeStamp(startTimestamp)),
 				},

storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/histograms.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func addSingleExponentialHistogramDataPoint(
 
 	sig := timeSeriesSignature(
 		pmetric.MetricTypeExponentialHistogram.String(),
-		&labels,
+		labels,
 	)
 	ts, ok := series[sig]
 	if !ok {
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ func addSingleExponentialHistogramDataPoint(
 
 // exponentialToNativeHistogram  translates OTel Exponential Histogram data point
 // to Prometheus Native Histogram.
-func exponentialToNativeHistogram(p pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPoint) (prompb.Histogram, error) {
+func exponentialToNativeHistogram(p pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPoint) (*prompb.Histogram, error) {
 	scale := p.Scale()
 	if scale < -4 {
-		return prompb.Histogram{},
+		return &prompb.Histogram{},
 			fmt.Errorf("cannot convert exponential to native histogram."+
 				" Scale must be >= -4, was %d", scale)
 	}
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func exponentialToNativeHistogram(p pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPoint) (prom
 	pSpans, pDeltas := convertBucketsLayout(p.Positive(), scaleDown)
 	nSpans, nDeltas := convertBucketsLayout(p.Negative(), scaleDown)
 
-	h := prompb.Histogram{
+	h := &prompb.Histogram{
 		Schema: scale,
 
 		ZeroCount: &prompb.Histogram_ZeroCountInt{ZeroCountInt: p.ZeroCount()},
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ func exponentialToNativeHistogram(p pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPoint) (prom
 // to the range (base 1].
 //
 // scaleDown is the factor by which the buckets are scaled down. In other words 2^scaleDown buckets will be merged into one.
-func convertBucketsLayout(buckets pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPointBuckets, scaleDown int32) ([]prompb.BucketSpan, []int64) {
+func convertBucketsLayout(buckets pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPointBuckets, scaleDown int32) ([]*prompb.BucketSpan, []int64) {
 	bucketCounts := buckets.BucketCounts()
 	if bucketCounts.Len() == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	var (
-		spans     []prompb.BucketSpan
+		spans     []*prompb.BucketSpan
 		deltas    []int64
 		count     int64
 		prevCount int64
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func convertBucketsLayout(buckets pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPointBuckets,
 
 	// The offset is scaled and adjusted by 1 as described above.
 	bucketIdx := buckets.Offset()>>scaleDown + 1
-	spans = append(spans, prompb.BucketSpan{
+	spans = append(spans, &prompb.BucketSpan{
 		Offset: bucketIdx,
 		Length: 0,
 	})
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func convertBucketsLayout(buckets pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPointBuckets,
 			// We have to create a new span, because we have found a gap
 			// of more than two buckets. The constant 2 is copied from the logic in
 			// https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/blob/27f0506d6ebbb117b6b697d0552ee5be2502c5f2/prometheus/histogram.go#L1296
-			spans = append(spans, prompb.BucketSpan{
+			spans = append(spans, &prompb.BucketSpan{
 				Offset: gap,
 				Length: 0,
 			})
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func convertBucketsLayout(buckets pmetric.ExponentialHistogramDataPointBuckets,
 		// We have to create a new span, because we have found a gap
 		// of more than two buckets. The constant 2 is copied from the logic in
 		// https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/blob/27f0506d6ebbb117b6b697d0552ee5be2502c5f2/prometheus/histogram.go#L1296
-		spans = append(spans, prompb.BucketSpan{
+		spans = append(spans, &prompb.BucketSpan{
 			Offset: gap,
 			Length: 0,
 		})

storage/remote/queue_manager.go

@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ func NewQueueManager(
 
 // AppendMetadata sends metadata to the remote storage. Metadata is sent in batches, but is not parallelized.
 func (t *QueueManager) AppendMetadata(ctx context.Context, metadata []scrape.MetricMetadata) {
-	mm := make([]prompb.MetricMetadata, 0, len(metadata))
+	mm := make([]*prompb.MetricMetadata, 0, len(metadata))
 	for _, entry := range metadata {
-		mm = append(mm, prompb.MetricMetadata{
+		mm = append(mm, &prompb.MetricMetadata{
 			MetricFamilyName: entry.Metric,
 			Help:             entry.Help,
 			Type:             metricTypeToMetricTypeProto(entry.Type),
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ func (t *QueueManager) AppendMetadata(ctx context.Context, metadata []scrape.Met
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *QueueManager) sendMetadataWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, metadata []prompb.MetricMetadata, pBuf *proto.Buffer) error {
+func (t *QueueManager) sendMetadataWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, metadata []*prompb.MetricMetadata, pBuf *proto.Buffer) error {
 	// Build the WriteRequest with no samples.
 	req, _, err := buildWriteRequest(nil, metadata, pBuf, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1357,11 +1357,11 @@ func (s *shards) runShard(ctx context.Context, shardID int, queue *queue) {
 	}
 
 	batchQueue := queue.Chan()
-	pendingData := make([]prompb.TimeSeries, max)
+	pendingData := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, max)
 	for i := range pendingData {
-		pendingData[i].Samples = []prompb.Sample{{}}
+		pendingData[i].Samples = []*prompb.Sample{{}}
 		if s.qm.sendExemplars {
-			pendingData[i].Exemplars = []prompb.Exemplar{{}}
+			pendingData[i].Exemplars = []*prompb.Exemplar{{}}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1422,14 +1422,15 @@ func (s *shards) runShard(ctx context.Context, shardID int, queue *queue) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *shards) populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.TimeSeries) (int, int, int) {
+func populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []*prompb.TimeSeries, sendExemplars, sendNativeHistograms bool) (int, int, int) {
 	var nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms int
 	for nPending, d := range batch {
+		//fmt.Println("pending:", pendingData[nPending])
 		pendingData[nPending].Samples = pendingData[nPending].Samples[:0]
-		if s.qm.sendExemplars {
+		if sendExemplars {
 			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = pendingData[nPending].Exemplars[:0]
 		}
-		if s.qm.sendNativeHistograms {
+		if sendNativeHistograms {
 			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = pendingData[nPending].Histograms[:0]
 		}
 
@@ -1439,13 +1440,13 @@ func (s *shards) populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.Tim
 		pendingData[nPending].Labels = labelsToLabelsProto(d.seriesLabels, pendingData[nPending].Labels)
 		switch d.sType {
 		case tSample:
-			pendingData[nPending].Samples = append(pendingData[nPending].Samples, prompb.Sample{
+			pendingData[nPending].Samples = append(pendingData[nPending].Samples, &prompb.Sample{
 				Value:     d.value,
 				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
 			})
 			nPendingSamples++
 		case tExemplar:
-			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = append(pendingData[nPending].Exemplars, prompb.Exemplar{
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = append(pendingData[nPending].Exemplars, &prompb.Exemplar{
 				Labels:    labelsToLabelsProto(d.exemplarLabels, nil),
 				Value:     d.value,
 				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
@@ -1462,7 +1463,47 @@ func (s *shards) populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.Tim
 	return nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms
 }
 
-func (s *shards) sendSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) {
+func (s *shards) populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []*prompb.TimeSeries) (int, int, int) {
+	var nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms int
+	for nPending, d := range batch {
+		pendingData[nPending].Samples = pendingData[nPending].Samples[:0]
+		if s.qm.sendExemplars {
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = pendingData[nPending].Exemplars[:0]
+		}
+		if s.qm.sendNativeHistograms {
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = pendingData[nPending].Histograms[:0]
+		}
+
+		// Number of pending samples is limited by the fact that sendSamples (via sendSamplesWithBackoff)
+		// retries endlessly, so once we reach max samples, if we can never send to the endpoint we'll
+		// stop reading from the queue. This makes it safe to reference pendingSamples by index.
+		pendingData[nPending].Labels = labelsToLabelsProto(d.seriesLabels, pendingData[nPending].Labels)
+		switch d.sType {
+		case tSample:
+			pendingData[nPending].Samples = append(pendingData[nPending].Samples, &prompb.Sample{
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingSamples++
+		case tExemplar:
+			pendingData[nPending].Exemplars = append(pendingData[nPending].Exemplars, &prompb.Exemplar{
+				Labels:    labelsToLabelsProto(d.exemplarLabels, nil),
+				Value:     d.value,
+				Timestamp: d.timestamp,
+			})
+			nPendingExemplars++
+		case tHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, HistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.histogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		case tFloatHistogram:
+			pendingData[nPending].Histograms = append(pendingData[nPending].Histograms, FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(d.timestamp, d.floatHistogram))
+			nPendingHistograms++
+		}
+	}
+	return nPendingSamples, nPendingExemplars, nPendingHistograms
+}
+
+func (s *shards) sendSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []*prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) {
 	begin := time.Now()
 	err := s.sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx, samples, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, pBuf, buf)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1488,7 +1529,7 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, s
 }
 
 // sendSamples to the remote storage with backoff for recoverable errors.
-func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) error {
+func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []*prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte) error {
 	// Build the WriteRequest with no metadata.
 	req, highest, err := buildWriteRequest(samples, nil, pBuf, *buf)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1608,7 +1649,7 @@ func sendWriteRequestWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, cfg config.QueueConfig, l
 	}
 }
 
-func buildWriteRequest(samples []prompb.TimeSeries, metadata []prompb.MetricMetadata, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) {
+func buildWriteRequest(samples []*prompb.TimeSeries, metadata []*prompb.MetricMetadata, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) {
 	var highest int64
 	for _, ts := range samples {
 		// At the moment we only ever append a TimeSeries with a single sample or exemplar in it.

storage/remote/queue_manager_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"math/rand"
 	"os"
 	"runtime/pprof"
 	"sort"
@@ -609,9 +610,9 @@ func createHistograms(numSamples, numSeries int, floatHistogram bool) ([]record.
 				ZeroCount:       0,
 				Count:           2,
 				Sum:             0,
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+				PositiveSpans:   []*histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
 				PositiveBuckets: []int64{int64(i) + 1},
-				NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+				NegativeSpans:   []*histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
 				NegativeBuckets: []int64{int64(-i) - 1},
 			}
 
@@ -647,15 +648,15 @@ func getSeriesNameFromRef(r record.RefSeries) string {
 }
 
 type TestWriteClient struct {
-	receivedSamples         map[string][]prompb.Sample
-	expectedSamples         map[string][]prompb.Sample
-	receivedExemplars       map[string][]prompb.Exemplar
-	expectedExemplars       map[string][]prompb.Exemplar
-	receivedHistograms      map[string][]prompb.Histogram
-	receivedFloatHistograms map[string][]prompb.Histogram
-	expectedHistograms      map[string][]prompb.Histogram
-	expectedFloatHistograms map[string][]prompb.Histogram
-	receivedMetadata        map[string][]prompb.MetricMetadata
+	receivedSamples         map[string][]*prompb.Sample
+	expectedSamples         map[string][]*prompb.Sample
+	receivedExemplars       map[string][]*prompb.Exemplar
+	expectedExemplars       map[string][]*prompb.Exemplar
+	receivedHistograms      map[string][]*prompb.Histogram
+	receivedFloatHistograms map[string][]*prompb.Histogram
+	expectedHistograms      map[string][]*prompb.Histogram
+	expectedFloatHistograms map[string][]*prompb.Histogram
+	receivedMetadata        map[string][]*prompb.MetricMetadata
 	writesReceived          int
 	withWaitGroup           bool
 	wg                      sync.WaitGroup
@@ -666,9 +667,9 @@ type TestWriteClient struct {
 func NewTestWriteClient() *TestWriteClient {
 	return &TestWriteClient{
 		withWaitGroup:    true,
-		receivedSamples:  map[string][]prompb.Sample{},
-		expectedSamples:  map[string][]prompb.Sample{},
-		receivedMetadata: map[string][]prompb.MetricMetadata{},
+		receivedSamples:  map[string][]*prompb.Sample{},
+		expectedSamples:  map[string][]*prompb.Sample{},
+		receivedMetadata: map[string][]*prompb.MetricMetadata{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -679,12 +680,12 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) expectSamples(ss []record.RefSample, series []record.R
 	c.mtx.Lock()
 	defer c.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	c.expectedSamples = map[string][]prompb.Sample{}
-	c.receivedSamples = map[string][]prompb.Sample{}
+	c.expectedSamples = map[string][]*prompb.Sample{}
+	c.receivedSamples = map[string][]*prompb.Sample{}
 
 	for _, s := range ss {
 		seriesName := getSeriesNameFromRef(series[s.Ref])
-		c.expectedSamples[seriesName] = append(c.expectedSamples[seriesName], prompb.Sample{
+		c.expectedSamples[seriesName] = append(c.expectedSamples[seriesName], &prompb.Sample{
 			Timestamp: s.T,
 			Value:     s.V,
 		})
@@ -699,8 +700,8 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) expectExemplars(ss []record.RefExemplar, series []reco
 	c.mtx.Lock()
 	defer c.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	c.expectedExemplars = map[string][]prompb.Exemplar{}
-	c.receivedExemplars = map[string][]prompb.Exemplar{}
+	c.expectedExemplars = map[string][]*prompb.Exemplar{}
+	c.receivedExemplars = map[string][]*prompb.Exemplar{}
 
 	for _, s := range ss {
 		seriesName := getSeriesNameFromRef(series[s.Ref])
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) expectExemplars(ss []record.RefExemplar, series []reco
 			Timestamp: s.T,
 			Value:     s.V,
 		}
-		c.expectedExemplars[seriesName] = append(c.expectedExemplars[seriesName], e)
+		c.expectedExemplars[seriesName] = append(c.expectedExemplars[seriesName], &e)
 	}
 	c.wg.Add(len(ss))
 }
@@ -721,8 +722,8 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) expectHistograms(hh []record.RefHistogramSample, serie
 	c.mtx.Lock()
 	defer c.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	c.expectedHistograms = map[string][]prompb.Histogram{}
-	c.receivedHistograms = map[string][]prompb.Histogram{}
+	c.expectedHistograms = map[string][]*prompb.Histogram{}
+	c.receivedHistograms = map[string][]*prompb.Histogram{}
 
 	for _, h := range hh {
 		seriesName := getSeriesNameFromRef(series[h.Ref])
@@ -738,8 +739,8 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) expectFloatHistograms(fhs []record.RefFloatHistogramSa
 	c.mtx.Lock()
 	defer c.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	c.expectedFloatHistograms = map[string][]prompb.Histogram{}
-	c.receivedFloatHistograms = map[string][]prompb.Histogram{}
+	c.expectedFloatHistograms = map[string][]*prompb.Histogram{}
+	c.receivedFloatHistograms = map[string][]*prompb.Histogram{}
 
 	for _, fh := range fhs {
 		seriesName := getSeriesNameFromRef(series[fh.Ref])
@@ -1322,3 +1323,115 @@ func TestQueue_FlushAndShutdownDoesNotDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 		t.FailNow()
 	}
 }
+
+func createDummyTimeSeries(instances int) []timeSeries {
+	metrics := []labels.Labels{
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds", "quantile", "0"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds", "quantile", "0.25"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds", "quantile", "0.5"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds", "quantile", "0.75"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds", "quantile", "1"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds_sum"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_gc_duration_seconds_count"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_frees_total"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_lookups_total"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_mallocs_total"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_goroutines"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_info", "version", "go1.19.3"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_alloc_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_buck_hash_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_gc_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_alloc_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_idle_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_inuse_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_objects"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_released_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_heap_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_last_gc_time_seconds"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_mcache_inuse_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_mcache_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_mspan_inuse_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_mspan_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_next_gc_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_other_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_stack_inuse_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_stack_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_memstats_sys_bytes"),
+		labels.FromStrings("__name__", "go_threads"),
+	}
+
+	commonLabels := labels.FromStrings(
+		"cluster", "some-cluster-0",
+		"container", "prometheus",
+		"job", "some-namespace/prometheus",
+		"namespace", "some-namespace")
+
+	var result []timeSeries
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))
+	for i := 0; i < instances; i++ {
+		b := labels.NewBuilder(commonLabels)
+		b.Set("pod", "prometheus-"+strconv.Itoa(i))
+		for _, lbls := range metrics {
+			for _, l := range lbls {
+				b.Set(l.Name, l.Value)
+			}
+			result = append(result, timeSeries{
+				seriesLabels: b.Labels(),
+				value:        r.Float64(),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBuildWriteRequest(b *testing.B) {
+	bench := func(b *testing.B, batch []timeSeries) {
+		buff := make([]byte, 0)
+		seriesBuff := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, len(batch))
+		for i := range seriesBuff {
+			seriesBuff[i] = &prompb.TimeSeries{
+				Samples:   []*prompb.Sample{{}},
+				Exemplars: []*prompb.Exemplar{{}},
+			}
+			//seriesBuff[i].Samples = []*prompb.Sample{{}}
+			//seriesBuff[i].Exemplars = []*prompb.Exemplar{{}}
+		}
+		pBuf := proto.NewBuffer(nil)
+
+		//fmt.Printf("series buff: %+v\n", seriesBuff)
+		//Warmup buffers
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+			populateTimeSeries(batch, seriesBuff, true, true)
+			buildWriteRequest(seriesBuff, nil, pBuf, buff)
+		}
+
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		totalSize := 0
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			populateTimeSeries(batch, seriesBuff, true, true)
+			req, _, err := buildWriteRequest(seriesBuff, nil, pBuf, buff)
+			if err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			totalSize += len(req)
+			b.ReportMetric(float64(totalSize)/float64(b.N), "compressedSize/op")
+		}
+	}
+
+	two_batch := createDummyTimeSeries(2)
+	ten_batch := createDummyTimeSeries(10)
+	hundred_batch := createDummyTimeSeries(100)
+
+	b.Run("2 instances", func(b *testing.B) {
+		bench(b, two_batch)
+	})
+
+	b.Run("10 instances", func(b *testing.B) {
+		bench(b, ten_batch)
+	})
+
+	b.Run("1k instances", func(b *testing.B) {
+		bench(b, hundred_batch)
+	})
+}

storage/remote/read_handler.go

@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ func (h *readHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return strings.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
 	})
 
+	sortedPB := make([]*prompb.Label, 0, len(externalLabels))
+	for _, l := range sortedExternalLabels {
+		sortedPB = append(sortedPB, &l)
+	}
 	responseType, err := NegotiateResponseType(req.AcceptedResponseTypes)
 	if err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
@@ -107,10 +111,10 @@ func (h *readHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	switch responseType {
 	case prompb.ReadRequest_STREAMED_XOR_CHUNKS:
-		h.remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx, w, req, externalLabels, sortedExternalLabels)
+		h.remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx, w, req, externalLabels, sortedPB)
 	default:
 		// On empty or unknown types in req.AcceptedResponseTypes we default to non streamed, raw samples response.
-		h.remoteReadSamples(ctx, w, req, externalLabels, sortedExternalLabels)
+		h.remoteReadSamples(ctx, w, req, externalLabels, sortedPB)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ func (h *readHandler) remoteReadSamples(
 	w http.ResponseWriter,
 	req *prompb.ReadRequest,
 	externalLabels map[string]string,
-	sortedExternalLabels []prompb.Label,
+	sortedExternalLabels []*prompb.Label,
 ) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/x-protobuf")
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Encoding", "snappy")
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ func (h *readHandler) remoteReadSamples(
 	}
 }
 
-func (h *readHandler) remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, req *prompb.ReadRequest, externalLabels map[string]string, sortedExternalLabels []prompb.Label) {
+func (h *readHandler) remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, req *prompb.ReadRequest, externalLabels map[string]string, sortedExternalLabels []*prompb.Label) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/x-streamed-protobuf; proto=prometheus.ChunkedReadResponse")
 
 	f, ok := w.(http.Flusher)

storage/remote/read_handler_test.go

@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ func TestSampledReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, &prompb.QueryResult{
 		Timeseries: []*prompb.TimeSeries{
 			{
-				Labels: []prompb.Label{
+				Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 					{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 					{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 					{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 					{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 					{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
 				},
-				Samples: []prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
+				Samples: []*prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
 			},
 		},
 	}, resp.Results[0])
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@ func TestSampledReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, &prompb.QueryResult{
 		Timeseries: []*prompb.TimeSeries{
 			{
-				Labels: []prompb.Label{
+				Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 					{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_histogram_metric1"},
 					{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 					{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 					{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 				},
-				Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{
+				Histograms: []*prompb.Histogram{
 					FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(0, tsdbutil.GenerateTestFloatHistogram(0)),
 				},
 			},
@@ -297,14 +297,14 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar1"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 							MaxTimeMs: 7140000,
@@ -317,14 +317,14 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar2"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 							MaxTimeMs: 7140000,
@@ -343,14 +343,14 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar3"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 							MaxTimeMs: 7140000,
@@ -369,14 +369,14 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar3"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 							MinTimeMs: 14400000,
@@ -390,14 +390,14 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 						{Name: "foo", Value: "bar1"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_XOR,
 							MaxTimeMs: 7140000,
@@ -411,13 +411,13 @@ func TestStreamReadEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
 				{
-					Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 						{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_histogram_metric1"},
 						{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
 						{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
 						{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
 					},
-					Chunks: []prompb.Chunk{
+					Chunks: []*prompb.Chunk{
 						{
 							Type:      prompb.Chunk_FLOAT_HISTOGRAM,
 							MaxTimeMs: 1440000,

storage/remote/read_test.go

@@ -237,9 +237,9 @@ func TestSampleAndChunkQueryableClient(t *testing.T) {
 	m := &mockedRemoteClient{
 		// Samples does not matter for below tests.
 		store: []*prompb.TimeSeries{
-			{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}},
-			{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b3"}, {Name: "region", Value: "us"}}},
-			{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b2"}, {Name: "region", Value: "europe"}}},
+			{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b"}}},
+			{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b3"}, {Name: "region", Value: "us"}}},
+			{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "a", Value: "b2"}, {Name: "region", Value: "europe"}}},
 		},
 	}
 

storage/remote/write_handler.go

@@ -214,10 +214,10 @@ func (h *otlpWriteHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error translating OTLP metrics to Prometheus write request", "err", errs)
 	}
 
-	prwMetrics := make([]prompb.TimeSeries, 0, len(prwMetricsMap))
+	prwMetrics := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, 0, len(prwMetricsMap))
 
 	for _, ts := range prwMetricsMap {
-		prwMetrics = append(prwMetrics, *ts)
+		prwMetrics = append(prwMetrics, ts)
 	}
 
 	err = h.rwHandler.write(r.Context(), &prompb.WriteRequest{

storage/remote/write_handler_test.go

@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ func TestRemoteWriteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestOutOfOrderSample(t *testing.T) {
-	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]prompb.TimeSeries{{
-		Labels:  []prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
-		Samples: []prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
+	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]*prompb.TimeSeries{{
+		Labels:  []*prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
+		Samples: []*prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
 	}}, nil, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ func TestOutOfOrderSample(t *testing.T) {
 // don't fail on ingestion errors since the exemplar storage is
 // still experimental.
 func TestOutOfOrderExemplar(t *testing.T) {
-	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]prompb.TimeSeries{{
-		Labels:    []prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
-		Exemplars: []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
+	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]*prompb.TimeSeries{{
+		Labels:    []*prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
+		Exemplars: []*prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []*prompb.Label{{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
 	}}, nil, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ func TestOutOfOrderExemplar(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestOutOfOrderHistogram(t *testing.T) {
-	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]prompb.TimeSeries{{
-		Labels:     []prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
-		Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(1, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
+	buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]*prompb.TimeSeries{{
+		Labels:     []*prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"}},
+		Histograms: []*prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram), FloatHistogramToHistogramProto(1, testHistogram.ToFloat())},
 	}}, nil, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -158,12 +158,12 @@ func BenchmarkRemoteWritehandler(b *testing.B) {
 	reqs := []*http.Request{}
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		num := strings.Repeat(strconv.Itoa(i), 16)
-		buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]prompb.TimeSeries{{
-			Labels: []prompb.Label{
+		buf, _, err := buildWriteRequest([]*prompb.TimeSeries{{
+			Labels: []*prompb.Label{
 				{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric"},
 				{Name: "test_label_name_" + num, Value: labelValue + num},
 			},
-			Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram)},
+			Histograms: []*prompb.Histogram{HistogramToHistogramProto(0, &testHistogram)},
 		}}, nil, nil, nil)
 		require.NoError(b, err)
 		req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(buf))
@@ -249,12 +249,12 @@ func BenchmarkRemoteWriteOOOSamples(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-func genSeriesWithSample(numSeries int, ts int64) []prompb.TimeSeries {
-	var series []prompb.TimeSeries
+func genSeriesWithSample(numSeries int, ts int64) []*prompb.TimeSeries {
+	var series []*prompb.TimeSeries
 	for i := 0; i < numSeries; i++ {
-		s := prompb.TimeSeries{
-			Labels:  []prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i)}},
-			Samples: []prompb.Sample{{Value: float64(i), Timestamp: ts}},
+		s := &prompb.TimeSeries{
+			Labels:  []*prompb.Label{{Name: "__name__", Value: fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i)}},
+			Samples: []*prompb.Sample{{Value: float64(i), Timestamp: ts}},
 		}
 		series = append(series, s)
 	}

tsdb/chunkenc/float_histogram.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (c *FloatHistogramChunk) NumSamples() int {
 // least one sample.
 func (c *FloatHistogramChunk) Layout() (
 	schema int32, zeroThreshold float64,
-	negativeSpans, positiveSpans []histogram.Span,
+	negativeSpans, positiveSpans []*histogram.Span,
 	err error,
 ) {
 	if c.NumSamples() == 0 {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ type FloatHistogramAppender struct {
 	// Layout:
 	schema         int32
 	zThreshold     float64
-	pSpans, nSpans []histogram.Span
+	pSpans, nSpans []*histogram.Span
 
 	t, tDelta          int64
 	sum, cnt, zCnt     xorValue
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) appendable(h *histogram.FloatHistogram) (
 func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) appendableGauge(h *histogram.FloatHistogram) (
 	positiveInserts, negativeInserts []Insert,
 	backwardPositiveInserts, backwardNegativeInserts []Insert,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 	okToAppend bool,
 ) {
 	if a.NumSamples() > 0 && a.GetCounterResetHeader() != GaugeType {
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) appendableGauge(h *histogram.FloatHistogram) (
 // counterResetInAnyFloatBucket returns true if there was a counter reset for any
 // bucket. This should be called only when the bucket layout is the same or new
 // buckets were added. It does not handle the case of buckets missing.
-func counterResetInAnyFloatBucket(oldBuckets []xorValue, newBuckets []float64, oldSpans, newSpans []histogram.Span) bool {
+func counterResetInAnyFloatBucket(oldBuckets []xorValue, newBuckets []float64, oldSpans, newSpans []*histogram.Span) bool {
 	if len(oldSpans) == 0 || len(oldBuckets) == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -423,13 +423,13 @@ func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) appendFloatHistogram(t int64, h *histogram.Floa
 		a.zThreshold = h.ZeroThreshold
 
 		if len(h.PositiveSpans) > 0 {
-			a.pSpans = make([]histogram.Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+			a.pSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
 			copy(a.pSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
 		} else {
 			a.pSpans = nil
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeSpans) > 0 {
-			a.nSpans = make([]histogram.Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+			a.nSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
 			copy(a.nSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
 		} else {
 			a.nSpans = nil
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) writeXorValue(old *xorValue, v float64) {
 // this method.
 func (a *FloatHistogramAppender) recode(
 	positiveInserts, negativeInserts []Insert,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 ) (Chunk, Appender) {
 	// TODO(beorn7): This currently just decodes everything and then encodes
 	// it again with the new span layout. This can probably be done in-place
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ type floatHistogramIterator struct {
 	// Layout:
 	schema         int32
 	zThreshold     float64
-	pSpans, nSpans []histogram.Span
+	pSpans, nSpans []*histogram.Span
 
 	// For the fields that are tracked as deltas and ultimately dod's.
 	t      int64

tsdb/chunkenc/histogram.go

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (c *HistogramChunk) NumSamples() int {
 // least one sample.
 func (c *HistogramChunk) Layout() (
 	schema int32, zeroThreshold float64,
-	negativeSpans, positiveSpans []histogram.Span,
+	negativeSpans, positiveSpans []*histogram.Span,
 	err error,
 ) {
 	if c.NumSamples() == 0 {
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func (c *HistogramChunk) Appender() (Appender, error) {
 	return a, nil
 }
 
-func countSpans(spans []histogram.Span) int {
+func countSpans(spans []*histogram.Span) int {
 	var cnt int
 	for _, s := range spans {
 		cnt += int(s.Length)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ type HistogramAppender struct {
 	// Layout:
 	schema         int32
 	zThreshold     float64
-	pSpans, nSpans []histogram.Span
+	pSpans, nSpans []*histogram.Span
 
 	// Although we intend to start new chunks on counter resets, we still
 	// have to handle negative deltas for gauge histograms. Therefore, even
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ func (a *HistogramAppender) appendable(h *histogram.Histogram) (
 func (a *HistogramAppender) appendableGauge(h *histogram.Histogram) (
 	positiveInserts, negativeInserts []Insert,
 	backwardPositiveInserts, backwardNegativeInserts []Insert,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 	okToAppend bool,
 ) {
 	if a.NumSamples() > 0 && a.GetCounterResetHeader() != GaugeType {
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ func (a *HistogramAppender) appendableGauge(h *histogram.Histogram) (
 // counterResetInAnyBucket returns true if there was a counter reset for any
 // bucket. This should be called only when the bucket layout is the same or new
 // buckets were added. It does not handle the case of buckets missing.
-func counterResetInAnyBucket(oldBuckets, newBuckets []int64, oldSpans, newSpans []histogram.Span) bool {
+func counterResetInAnyBucket(oldBuckets, newBuckets []int64, oldSpans, newSpans []*histogram.Span) bool {
 	if len(oldSpans) == 0 || len(oldBuckets) == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -443,13 +443,13 @@ func (a *HistogramAppender) appendHistogram(t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) {
 		a.zThreshold = h.ZeroThreshold
 
 		if len(h.PositiveSpans) > 0 {
-			a.pSpans = make([]histogram.Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
+			a.pSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.PositiveSpans))
 			copy(a.pSpans, h.PositiveSpans)
 		} else {
 			a.pSpans = nil
 		}
 		if len(h.NegativeSpans) > 0 {
-			a.nSpans = make([]histogram.Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
+			a.nSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, len(h.NegativeSpans))
 			copy(a.nSpans, h.NegativeSpans)
 		} else {
 			a.nSpans = nil
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ func (a *HistogramAppender) appendHistogram(t int64, h *histogram.Histogram) {
 // this method.
 func (a *HistogramAppender) recode(
 	positiveInserts, negativeInserts []Insert,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 ) (Chunk, Appender) {
 	// TODO(beorn7): This currently just decodes everything and then encodes
 	// it again with the new span layout. This can probably be done in-place
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ type histogramIterator struct {
 	// Layout:
 	schema         int32
 	zThreshold     float64
-	pSpans, nSpans []histogram.Span
+	pSpans, nSpans []*histogram.Span
 
 	// For the fields that are tracked as deltas and ultimately dod's.
 	t                            int64

tsdb/chunkenc/histogram_meta.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 
 func writeHistogramChunkLayout(
 	b *bstream, schema int32, zeroThreshold float64,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 ) {
 	putZeroThreshold(b, zeroThreshold)
 	putVarbitInt(b, int64(schema))
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func writeHistogramChunkLayout(
 
 func readHistogramChunkLayout(b *bstreamReader) (
 	schema int32, zeroThreshold float64,
-	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []histogram.Span,
+	positiveSpans, negativeSpans []*histogram.Span,
 	err error,
 ) {
 	zeroThreshold, err = readZeroThreshold(b)
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func readHistogramChunkLayout(b *bstreamReader) (
 	return
 }
 
-func putHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstream, spans []histogram.Span) {
+func putHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstream, spans []*histogram.Span) {
 	putVarbitUint(b, uint64(len(spans)))
 	for _, s := range spans {
 		putVarbitUint(b, uint64(s.Length))
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ func putHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstream, spans []histogram.Span) {
 	}
 }
 
-func readHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstreamReader) ([]histogram.Span, error) {
-	var spans []histogram.Span
+func readHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstreamReader) ([]*histogram.Span, error) {
+	var spans []*histogram.Span
 	num, err := readVarbitUint(b)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func readHistogramChunkLayoutSpans(b *bstreamReader) ([]histogram.Span, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		spans = append(spans, histogram.Span{
+		spans = append(spans, &histogram.Span{
 			Length: uint32(length),
 			Offset: int32(offset),
 		})
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ func readZeroThreshold(br *bstreamReader) (float64, error) {
 }
 
 type bucketIterator struct {
-	spans  []histogram.Span
+	spans  []*histogram.Span
 	span   int // Span position of last yielded bucket.
 	bucket int // Bucket position within span of last yielded bucket.
 	idx    int // Bucket index (globally across all spans) of last yielded bucket.
 }
 
-func newBucketIterator(spans []histogram.Span) *bucketIterator {
+func newBucketIterator(spans []*histogram.Span) *bucketIterator {
 	b := bucketIterator{
 		spans:  spans,
 		span:   0,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ type Insert struct {
 // spans themselves, thanks to the iterators we get to work with the more useful
 // bucket indices (which of course directly correspond to the buckets we have to
 // adjust).
-func expandSpansForward(a, b []histogram.Span) (forward []Insert, ok bool) {
+func expandSpansForward(a, b []*histogram.Span) (forward []Insert, ok bool) {
 	ai := newBucketIterator(a)
 	bi := newBucketIterator(b)
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ loop:
 // “forward” inserts to expand 'a' to also cover all the buckets exclusively
 // covered by 'b', and it returns the “backward” inserts to expand 'b' to also
 // cover all the buckets exclusively covered by 'a'.
-func expandSpansBothWays(a, b []histogram.Span) (forward, backward []Insert, mergedSpans []histogram.Span) {
+func expandSpansBothWays(a, b []*histogram.Span) (forward, backward []Insert, mergedSpans []*histogram.Span) {
 	ai := newBucketIterator(a)
 	bi := newBucketIterator(b)
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func expandSpansBothWays(a, b []histogram.Span) (forward, backward []Insert, mer
 			if len(mergedSpans) == 0 {
 				offset++
 			}
-			mergedSpans = append(mergedSpans, histogram.Span{
+			mergedSpans = append(mergedSpans, &histogram.Span{
 				Offset: int32(offset),
 				Length: 1,
 			})
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ func counterResetHint(crh CounterResetHeader, numRead uint16) histogram.CounterR
 
 // Handle pathological case of empty span when advancing span idx.
 // Call it with idx==-1 to find the first non empty span.
-func nextNonEmptySpanSliceIdx(idx int, bucketIdx int32, spans []histogram.Span) (newIdx int, newBucketIdx int32) {
+func nextNonEmptySpanSliceIdx(idx int, bucketIdx int32, spans []*histogram.Span) (newIdx int, newBucketIdx int32) {
 	for idx++; idx < len(spans); idx++ {
 		if spans[idx].Length > 0 {
 			return idx, bucketIdx + spans[idx].Offset + 1

tsdb/record/record.go

@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ func DecodeHistogram(buf *encoding.Decbuf, h *histogram.Histogram) {
 
 	l := buf.Uvarint()
 	if l > 0 {
-		h.PositiveSpans = make([]histogram.Span, l)
+		h.PositiveSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, l)
 	}
 	for i := range h.PositiveSpans {
 		h.PositiveSpans[i].Offset = int32(buf.Varint64())
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ func DecodeHistogram(buf *encoding.Decbuf, h *histogram.Histogram) {
 
 	l = buf.Uvarint()
 	if l > 0 {
-		h.NegativeSpans = make([]histogram.Span, l)
+		h.NegativeSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, l)
 	}
 	for i := range h.NegativeSpans {
 		h.NegativeSpans[i].Offset = int32(buf.Varint64())
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ func DecodeFloatHistogram(buf *encoding.Decbuf, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
 
 	l := buf.Uvarint()
 	if l > 0 {
-		fh.PositiveSpans = make([]histogram.Span, l)
+		fh.PositiveSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, l)
 	}
 	for i := range fh.PositiveSpans {
 		fh.PositiveSpans[i].Offset = int32(buf.Varint64())
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ func DecodeFloatHistogram(buf *encoding.Decbuf, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
 
 	l = buf.Uvarint()
 	if l > 0 {
-		fh.NegativeSpans = make([]histogram.Span, l)
+		fh.NegativeSpans = make([]*histogram.Span, l)
 	}
 	for i := range fh.NegativeSpans {
 		fh.NegativeSpans[i].Offset = int32(buf.Varint64())

tsdb/tsdbutil/histogram.go

@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ func GenerateTestHistogram(i int) *histogram.Histogram {
 		ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
 		Sum:           18.4 * float64(i+1),
 		Schema:        1,
-		PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		PositiveSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
 		},
 		PositiveBuckets: []int64{int64(i + 1), 1, -1, 0},
-		NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		NegativeSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
 		},
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ func GenerateTestFloatHistogram(i int) *histogram.FloatHistogram {
 		ZeroThreshold: 0.001,
 		Sum:           18.4 * float64(i+1),
 		Schema:        1,
-		PositiveSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		PositiveSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
 		},
 		PositiveBuckets: []float64{float64(i + 1), float64(i + 2), float64(i + 1), float64(i + 1)},
-		NegativeSpans: []histogram.Span{
+		NegativeSpans: []*histogram.Span{
 			{Offset: 0, Length: 2},
 			{Offset: 1, Length: 2},
 		},

util/fmtutil/format.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func MetricFamiliesToWriteRequest(mf map[string]*dto.MetricFamily, extraLabels m
 	for _, metricName := range sortedMetricNames {
 		// Set metadata writerequest
 		mtype := MetricMetadataTypeValue[mf[metricName].Type.String()]
-		metadata := prompb.MetricMetadata{
+		metadata := &prompb.MetricMetadata{
 			MetricFamilyName: mf[metricName].GetName(),
 			Type:             prompb.MetricMetadata_MetricType(mtype),
 			Help:             mf[metricName].GetHelp(),
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ func MetricFamiliesToWriteRequest(mf map[string]*dto.MetricFamily, extraLabels m
 }
 
 func toTimeseries(wr *prompb.WriteRequest, labels map[string]string, timestamp int64, value float64) {
-	var ts prompb.TimeSeries
+	var ts *prompb.TimeSeries
 	ts.Labels = makeLabels(labels)
-	ts.Samples = []prompb.Sample{
+	ts.Samples = []*prompb.Sample{
 		{
 			Timestamp: timestamp,
 			Value:     value,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func makeTimeseries(wr *prompb.WriteRequest, labels map[string]string, m *dto.Me
 	return err
 }
 
-func makeLabels(labelsMap map[string]string) []prompb.Label {
+func makeLabels(labelsMap map[string]string) []*prompb.Label {
 	// build labels name list
 	sortedLabelNames := make([]string, 0, len(labelsMap))
 	for label := range labelsMap {
@@ -170,9 +170,9 @@ func makeLabels(labelsMap map[string]string) []prompb.Label {
 	// sort labels name in lexicographical order
 	sort.Strings(sortedLabelNames)
 
-	var labels []prompb.Label
+	var labels []*prompb.Label
 	for _, label := range sortedLabelNames {
-		labels = append(labels, prompb.Label{
+		labels = append(labels, &prompb.Label{
 			Name:  label,
 			Value: labelsMap[label],
 		})