prometheus/storage/local/storage_test.go

// Copyright 2014 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package local

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"reflect"
	"testing"
	"testing/quick"
	"time"

	"github.com/golang/glog"

	clientmodel "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/model"

	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/metric"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/utility/test"
)

func TestGetFingerprintsForLabelMatchers(t *testing.T) {
	storage, closer := NewTestStorage(t, 1)
	defer closer.Close()

	samples := make([]*clientmodel.Sample, 100)
	fingerprints := make(clientmodel.Fingerprints, 100)

	for i := range samples {
		metric := clientmodel.Metric{
			clientmodel.MetricNameLabel: clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i)),
			"label1":                    clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i/10)),
			"label2":                    clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", (i+5)/10)),
		}
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Metric:    metric,
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(i),
		}
		fingerprints[i] = metric.Fingerprint()
	}

	storage.AppendSamples(samples)
	storage.WaitForIndexing()

	newMatcher := func(matchType metric.MatchType, name clientmodel.LabelName, value clientmodel.LabelValue) *metric.LabelMatcher {
		lm, err := metric.NewLabelMatcher(matchType, name, value)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("error creating label matcher: %s", err)
		}
		return lm
	}

	var matcherTests = []struct {
		matchers metric.LabelMatchers
		expected clientmodel.Fingerprints
	}{
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.Equal, "label1", "x")},
			expected: fingerprints[:0],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.Equal, "label1", "test_0")},
			expected: fingerprints[:10],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{
				newMatcher(metric.Equal, "label1", "test_0"),
				newMatcher(metric.Equal, "label2", "test_1"),
			},
			expected: fingerprints[5:10],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label1", "x")},
			expected: fingerprints,
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label1", "test_0")},
			expected: fingerprints[10:],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{
				newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label1", "test_0"),
				newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label1", "test_1"),
				newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label1", "test_2"),
			},
			expected: fingerprints[30:],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.RegexMatch, "label1", `test_[3-5]`)},
			expected: fingerprints[30:60],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{newMatcher(metric.RegexNoMatch, "label1", `test_[3-5]`)},
			expected: append(append(clientmodel.Fingerprints{}, fingerprints[:30]...), fingerprints[60:]...),
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{
				newMatcher(metric.RegexMatch, "label1", `test_[3-5]`),
				newMatcher(metric.RegexMatch, "label2", `test_[4-6]`),
			},
			expected: fingerprints[35:60],
		},
		{
			matchers: metric.LabelMatchers{
				newMatcher(metric.RegexMatch, "label1", `test_[3-5]`),
				newMatcher(metric.NotEqual, "label2", `test_4`),
			},
			expected: append(append(clientmodel.Fingerprints{}, fingerprints[30:35]...), fingerprints[45:60]...),
		},
	}

	for _, mt := range matcherTests {
		resfps := storage.GetFingerprintsForLabelMatchers(mt.matchers)
		if len(mt.expected) != len(resfps) {
			t.Fatalf("expected %d matches for %q, found %d", len(mt.expected), mt.matchers, len(resfps))
		}
		for _, fp1 := range resfps {
			found := false
			for _, fp2 := range mt.expected {
				if fp1 == fp2 {
					found = true
					break
				}
			}
			if !found {
				t.Errorf("expected fingerprint %s for %q not in result", fp1, mt.matchers)
			}
		}
	}
}

// TestLoop is just a smoke test for the loop method, if we can switch it on and
// off without disaster.
func TestLoop(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("Skipping test in short mode.")
	}
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, 1000)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(2 * i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(float64(i) * 0.2),
		}
	}
	directory := test.NewTemporaryDirectory("test_storage", t)
	defer directory.Close()
	o := &MemorySeriesStorageOptions{
		MemoryChunks:               50,
		PersistenceRetentionPeriod: 24 * 7 * time.Hour,
		PersistenceStoragePath:     directory.Path(),
		CheckpointInterval:         250 * time.Millisecond,
	}
	storage, err := NewMemorySeriesStorage(o)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error creating storage: %s", err)
	}
	storage.Start()
	storage.AppendSamples(samples)
	storage.WaitForIndexing()
	series, _ := storage.(*memorySeriesStorage).fpToSeries.get(clientmodel.Metric{}.Fingerprint())
	cdsBefore := len(series.chunkDescs)
	time.Sleep(fpMaxWaitDuration + time.Second) // TODO(beorn7): Ugh, need to wait for maintenance to kick in.
	cdsAfter := len(series.chunkDescs)
	storage.Stop()
	if cdsBefore <= cdsAfter {
		t.Errorf(
			"Number of chunk descriptors should have gone down by now. Got before %d, after %d.",
			cdsBefore, cdsAfter,
		)
	}
}

func testChunk(t *testing.T, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, 500000)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(float64(i) * 0.2),
		}
	}
	s, closer := NewTestStorage(t, encoding)
	defer closer.Close()

	s.AppendSamples(samples)
	s.WaitForIndexing()

	for m := range s.(*memorySeriesStorage).fpToSeries.iter() {
		s.(*memorySeriesStorage).fpLocker.Lock(m.fp)

		var values metric.Values
		for _, cd := range m.series.chunkDescs {
			if cd.isEvicted() {
				continue
			}
			for sample := range cd.chunk.values() {
				values = append(values, *sample)
			}
		}

		for i, v := range values {
			if samples[i].Timestamp != v.Timestamp {
				t.Errorf("%d. Got %v; want %v", i, v.Timestamp, samples[i].Timestamp)
			}
			if samples[i].Value != v.Value {
				t.Errorf("%d. Got %v; want %v", i, v.Value, samples[i].Value)
			}
		}
		s.(*memorySeriesStorage).fpLocker.Unlock(m.fp)
	}
	glog.Info("test done, closing")
}

func TestChunkType0(t *testing.T) {
	testChunk(t, 0)
}

func TestChunkType1(t *testing.T) {
	testChunk(t, 1)
}

func testGetValueAtTime(t *testing.T, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, 1000)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(2 * i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(float64(i) * 0.2),
		}
	}
	s, closer := NewTestStorage(t, encoding)
	defer closer.Close()

	s.AppendSamples(samples)
	s.WaitForIndexing()

	fp := clientmodel.Metric{}.Fingerprint()

	it := s.NewIterator(fp)

	// #1 Exactly on a sample.
	for i, expected := range samples {
		actual := it.GetValueAtTime(expected.Timestamp)

		if len(actual) != 1 {
			t.Fatalf("1.%d. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
		if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("1.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
			t.Errorf("1.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
		}
	}

	// #2 Between samples.
	for i, expected1 := range samples {
		if i == len(samples)-1 {
			continue
		}
		expected2 := samples[i+1]
		actual := it.GetValueAtTime(expected1.Timestamp + 1)

		if len(actual) != 2 {
			t.Fatalf("2.%d. Expected exactly 2 results, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
		if expected1.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("2.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[0].Timestamp, expected1.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected1.Value != actual[0].Value {
			t.Errorf("2.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[0].Value, expected1.Value)
		}
		if expected2.Timestamp != actual[1].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("2.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[1].Timestamp, expected1.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected2.Value != actual[1].Value {
			t.Errorf("2.%d. Got %v; want %v", i, actual[1].Value, expected1.Value)
		}
	}

	// #3 Corner cases: Just before the first sample, just after the last.
	expected := samples[0]
	actual := it.GetValueAtTime(expected.Timestamp - 1)
	if len(actual) != 1 {
		t.Fatalf("3.1. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
	if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
		t.Errorf("3.1. Got %v; want %v", actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
	}
	if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
		t.Errorf("3.1. Got %v; want %v", actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
	}
	expected = samples[len(samples)-1]
	actual = it.GetValueAtTime(expected.Timestamp + 1)
	if len(actual) != 1 {
		t.Fatalf("3.2. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
	if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
		t.Errorf("3.2. Got %v; want %v", actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
	}
	if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
		t.Errorf("3.2. Got %v; want %v", actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
	}
}

func TestGetValueAtTimeChunkType0(t *testing.T) {
	testGetValueAtTime(t, 0)
}

func TestGetValueAtTimeChunkType1(t *testing.T) {
	testGetValueAtTime(t, 1)
}

func testGetRangeValues(t *testing.T, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, 1000)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(2 * i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(float64(i) * 0.2),
		}
	}
	s, closer := NewTestStorage(t, encoding)
	defer closer.Close()

	s.AppendSamples(samples)
	s.WaitForIndexing()

	fp := clientmodel.Metric{}.Fingerprint()

	it := s.NewIterator(fp)

	// #1 Zero length interval at sample.
	for i, expected := range samples {
		actual := it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
			OldestInclusive: expected.Timestamp,
			NewestInclusive: expected.Timestamp,
		})

		if len(actual) != 1 {
			t.Fatalf("1.%d. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
		if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("1.%d. Got %v; want %v.", i, actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
			t.Errorf("1.%d. Got %v; want %v.", i, actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
		}
	}

	// #2 Zero length interval off sample.
	for i, expected := range samples {
		actual := it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
			OldestInclusive: expected.Timestamp + 1,
			NewestInclusive: expected.Timestamp + 1,
		})

		if len(actual) != 0 {
			t.Fatalf("2.%d. Expected no result, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
	}

	// #3 2sec interval around sample.
	for i, expected := range samples {
		actual := it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
			OldestInclusive: expected.Timestamp - 1,
			NewestInclusive: expected.Timestamp + 1,
		})

		if len(actual) != 1 {
			t.Fatalf("3.%d. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
		if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("3.%d. Got %v; want %v.", i, actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
			t.Errorf("3.%d. Got %v; want %v.", i, actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
		}
	}

	// #4 2sec interval sample to sample.
	for i, expected1 := range samples {
		if i == len(samples)-1 {
			continue
		}
		expected2 := samples[i+1]
		actual := it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
			OldestInclusive: expected1.Timestamp,
			NewestInclusive: expected1.Timestamp + 2,
		})

		if len(actual) != 2 {
			t.Fatalf("4.%d. Expected exactly 2 results, got %d.", i, len(actual))
		}
		if expected1.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("4.%d. Got %v for 1st result; want %v.", i, actual[0].Timestamp, expected1.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected1.Value != actual[0].Value {
			t.Errorf("4.%d. Got %v for 1st result; want %v.", i, actual[0].Value, expected1.Value)
		}
		if expected2.Timestamp != actual[1].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf("4.%d. Got %v for 2nd result; want %v.", i, actual[1].Timestamp, expected2.Timestamp)
		}
		if expected2.Value != actual[1].Value {
			t.Errorf("4.%d. Got %v for 2nd result; want %v.", i, actual[1].Value, expected2.Value)
		}
	}

	// #5 corner cases: Interval ends at first sample, interval starts
	// at last sample, interval entirely before/after samples.
	expected := samples[0]
	actual := it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: expected.Timestamp - 2,
		NewestInclusive: expected.Timestamp,
	})
	if len(actual) != 1 {
		t.Fatalf("5.1. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
	if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
		t.Errorf("5.1. Got %v; want %v.", actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
	}
	if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
		t.Errorf("5.1. Got %v; want %v.", actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
	}
	expected = samples[len(samples)-1]
	actual = it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: expected.Timestamp,
		NewestInclusive: expected.Timestamp + 2,
	})
	if len(actual) != 1 {
		t.Fatalf("5.2. Expected exactly one result, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
	if expected.Timestamp != actual[0].Timestamp {
		t.Errorf("5.2. Got %v; want %v.", actual[0].Timestamp, expected.Timestamp)
	}
	if expected.Value != actual[0].Value {
		t.Errorf("5.2. Got %v; want %v.", actual[0].Value, expected.Value)
	}
	firstSample := samples[0]
	actual = it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: firstSample.Timestamp - 4,
		NewestInclusive: firstSample.Timestamp - 2,
	})
	if len(actual) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("5.3. Expected no results, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
	lastSample := samples[len(samples)-1]
	actual = it.GetRangeValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: lastSample.Timestamp + 2,
		NewestInclusive: lastSample.Timestamp + 4,
	})
	if len(actual) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("5.3. Expected no results, got %d.", len(actual))
	}
}

func TestGetRangeValuesChunkType0(t *testing.T) {
	testGetRangeValues(t, 0)
}

func TestGetRangeValuesChunkType1(t *testing.T) {
	testGetRangeValues(t, 1)
}

func testEvictAndPurgeSeries(t *testing.T, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, 1000)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(2 * i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(float64(i * i)),
		}
	}
	s, closer := NewTestStorage(t, encoding)
	defer closer.Close()

	ms := s.(*memorySeriesStorage) // Going to test the internal maintain.*Series methods.

	s.AppendSamples(samples)
	s.WaitForIndexing()

	fp := clientmodel.Metric{}.Fingerprint()

	// Drop ~half of the chunks.
	ms.maintainMemorySeries(fp, 1000)
	it := s.NewIterator(fp)
	actual := it.GetBoundaryValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: 0,
		NewestInclusive: 10000,
	})
	if len(actual) != 2 {
		t.Fatal("expected two results after purging half of series")
	}
	if actual[0].Timestamp < 600 || actual[0].Timestamp > 1000 {
		t.Errorf("1st timestamp out of expected range: %v", actual[0].Timestamp)
	}
	want := clientmodel.Timestamp(1998)
	if actual[1].Timestamp != want {
		t.Errorf("2nd timestamp: want %v, got %v", want, actual[1].Timestamp)
	}

	// Drop everything.
	ms.maintainMemorySeries(fp, 10000)
	it = s.NewIterator(fp)
	actual = it.GetBoundaryValues(metric.Interval{
		OldestInclusive: 0,
		NewestInclusive: 10000,
	})
	if len(actual) != 0 {
		t.Fatal("expected zero results after purging the whole series")
	}

	// Recreate series.
	s.AppendSamples(samples)
	s.WaitForIndexing()

	series, ok := ms.fpToSeries.get(fp)
	if !ok {
		t.Fatal("could not find series")
	}

	// Persist head chunk so we can safely archive.
	series.headChunkPersisted = true
	ms.persistQueue <- persistRequest{fp, series.head()}
	time.Sleep(time.Second) // Give time for persisting to happen.

	// Archive metrics.
	ms.fpToSeries.del(fp)
	if err := ms.persistence.archiveMetric(
		fp, series.metric, series.firstTime(), series.head().lastTime(),
	); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	archived, _, _, err := ms.persistence.hasArchivedMetric(fp)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if !archived {
		t.Fatal("not archived")
	}

	// Drop ~half of the chunks of an archived series.
	ms.maintainArchivedSeries(fp, 1000)
	archived, _, _, err = ms.persistence.hasArchivedMetric(fp)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if !archived {
		t.Fatal("archived series purged although only half of the chunks dropped")
	}

	// Drop everything.
	ms.maintainArchivedSeries(fp, 10000)
	archived, _, _, err = ms.persistence.hasArchivedMetric(fp)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if archived {
		t.Fatal("archived series not dropped")
	}
}

func TestEvictAndPurgeSeriesChunkType0(t *testing.T) {
	testEvictAndPurgeSeries(t, 0)
}

func TestEvictAndPurgeSeriesChunkType1(t *testing.T) {
	testEvictAndPurgeSeries(t, 1)
}

func benchmarkAppend(b *testing.B, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	samples := make(clientmodel.Samples, b.N)
	for i := range samples {
		samples[i] = &clientmodel.Sample{
			Metric: clientmodel.Metric{
				clientmodel.MetricNameLabel: clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i%10)),
				"label1":                    clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i%10)),
				"label2":                    clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("test_metric_%d", i%10)),
			},
			Timestamp: clientmodel.Timestamp(i),
			Value:     clientmodel.SampleValue(i),
		}
	}
	b.ResetTimer()
	s, closer := NewTestStorage(b, encoding)
	defer closer.Close()

	s.AppendSamples(samples)
}

func BenchmarkAppendType0(b *testing.B) {
	benchmarkAppend(b, 0)
}

func BenchmarkAppendType1(b *testing.B) {
	benchmarkAppend(b, 1)
}

// Append a large number of random samples and then check if we can get them out
// of the storage alright.
func testFuzz(t *testing.T, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("Skipping test in short mode.")
	}

	check := func(seed int64) bool {
		rand.Seed(seed)
		s, c := NewTestStorage(t, encoding)
		defer c.Close()

		samples := createRandomSamples("test_fuzz", 1000)
		s.AppendSamples(samples)
		return verifyStorage(t, s, samples, 24*7*time.Hour)
	}

	if err := quick.Check(check, nil); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
}

func TestFuzzChunkType0(t *testing.T) {
	testFuzz(t, 0)
}

func TestFuzzChunkType1(t *testing.T) {
	testFuzz(t, 1)
}

// benchmarkFuzz is the benchmark version of testFuzz. The storage options are
// set such that evictions, checkpoints, and purging will happen concurrently,
// too. This benchmark will have a very long runtime (up to minutes). You can
// use it as an actual benchmark. Run it like this:
//
// go test -cpu 1,2,4,8 -test=NONE -bench BenchmarkFuzzChunkType -benchmem
//
// You can also use it as a test for races. In that case, run it like this (will
// make things even slower):
//
// go test -race -cpu 8 -test=short -bench BenchmarkFuzzChunkType
func benchmarkFuzz(b *testing.B, encoding chunkEncoding) {
	*defaultChunkEncoding = int(encoding)
	const samplesPerRun = 100000
	rand.Seed(42)
	directory := test.NewTemporaryDirectory("test_storage", b)
	defer directory.Close()
	o := &MemorySeriesStorageOptions{
		MemoryChunks:               100,
		PersistenceRetentionPeriod: time.Hour,
		PersistenceStoragePath:     directory.Path(),
		CheckpointInterval:         time.Second,
	}
	s, err := NewMemorySeriesStorage(o)
	if err != nil {
		b.Fatalf("Error creating storage: %s", err)
	}
	s.Start()
	defer s.Stop()

	samples := createRandomSamples("benchmark_fuzz", samplesPerRun*b.N)

	b.ResetTimer()

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		start := samplesPerRun * i
		end := samplesPerRun * (i + 1)
		middle := (start + end) / 2
		s.AppendSamples(samples[start:middle])
		verifyStorage(b, s, samples[:middle], o.PersistenceRetentionPeriod)
		s.AppendSamples(samples[middle:end])
		verifyStorage(b, s, samples[:end], o.PersistenceRetentionPeriod)
	}
}

func BenchmarkFuzzChunkType0(b *testing.B) {
	benchmarkFuzz(b, 0)
}

func BenchmarkFuzzChunkType1(b *testing.B) {
	benchmarkFuzz(b, 1)
}

func createRandomSamples(metricName string, minLen int) clientmodel.Samples {
	type valueCreator func() clientmodel.SampleValue
	type deltaApplier func(clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue

	var (
		maxMetrics         = 5
		maxStreakLength    = 500
		maxTimeDelta       = 10000
		maxTimeDeltaFactor = 10
		timestamp          = clientmodel.Now() - clientmodel.Timestamp(maxTimeDelta*maxTimeDeltaFactor*minLen/4) // So that some timestamps are in the future.
		generators         = []struct {
			createValue valueCreator
			applyDelta  []deltaApplier
		}{
			{ // "Boolean".
				createValue: func() clientmodel.SampleValue {
					return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Intn(2))
				},
				applyDelta: []deltaApplier{
					func(_ clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Intn(2))
					},
				},
			},
			{ // Integer with int deltas of various byte length.
				createValue: func() clientmodel.SampleValue {
					return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Int63() - 1<<62)
				},
				applyDelta: []deltaApplier{
					func(v clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Intn(1<<8) - 1<<7 + int(v))
					},
					func(v clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Intn(1<<16) - 1<<15 + int(v))
					},
					func(v clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.Intn(1<<32) - 1<<31 + int(v))
					},
				},
			},
			{ // Float with float32 and float64 deltas.
				createValue: func() clientmodel.SampleValue {
					return clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.NormFloat64())
				},
				applyDelta: []deltaApplier{
					func(v clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return v + clientmodel.SampleValue(float32(rand.NormFloat64()))
					},
					func(v clientmodel.SampleValue) clientmodel.SampleValue {
						return v + clientmodel.SampleValue(rand.NormFloat64())
					},
				},
			},
		}
	)

	result := clientmodel.Samples{}

	metrics := []clientmodel.Metric{}
	for n := rand.Intn(maxMetrics); n >= 0; n-- {
		metrics = append(metrics, clientmodel.Metric{
			clientmodel.MetricNameLabel:                             clientmodel.LabelValue(metricName),
			clientmodel.LabelName(fmt.Sprintf("labelname_%d", n+1)): clientmodel.LabelValue(fmt.Sprintf("labelvalue_%d", rand.Int())),
		})
	}

	for len(result) < minLen {
		// Pick a metric for this cycle.
		metric := metrics[rand.Intn(len(metrics))]
		timeDelta := rand.Intn(maxTimeDelta) + 1
		generator := generators[rand.Intn(len(generators))]
		createValue := generator.createValue
		applyDelta := generator.applyDelta[rand.Intn(len(generator.applyDelta))]
		incTimestamp := func() { timestamp += clientmodel.Timestamp(timeDelta * (rand.Intn(maxTimeDeltaFactor) + 1)) }
		switch rand.Intn(4) {
		case 0: // A single sample.
			result = append(result, &clientmodel.Sample{
				Metric:    metric,
				Value:     createValue(),
				Timestamp: timestamp,
			})
			incTimestamp()
		case 1: // A streak of random sample values.
			for n := rand.Intn(maxStreakLength); n >= 0; n-- {
				result = append(result, &clientmodel.Sample{
					Metric:    metric,
					Value:     createValue(),
					Timestamp: timestamp,
				})
				incTimestamp()
			}
		case 2: // A streak of sample values with incremental changes.
			value := createValue()
			for n := rand.Intn(maxStreakLength); n >= 0; n-- {
				result = append(result, &clientmodel.Sample{
					Metric:    metric,
					Value:     value,
					Timestamp: timestamp,
				})
				incTimestamp()
				value = applyDelta(value)
			}
		case 3: // A streak of constant sample values.
			value := createValue()
			for n := rand.Intn(maxStreakLength); n >= 0; n-- {
				result = append(result, &clientmodel.Sample{
					Metric:    metric,
					Value:     value,
					Timestamp: timestamp,
				})
				incTimestamp()
			}
		}
	}

	return result
}

func verifyStorage(t testing.TB, s Storage, samples clientmodel.Samples, maxAge time.Duration) bool {
	s.WaitForIndexing()
	result := true
	for _, i := range rand.Perm(len(samples)) {
		sample := samples[i]
		if sample.Timestamp.Before(clientmodel.TimestampFromTime(time.Now().Add(-maxAge))) {
			continue
			// TODO: Once we have a guaranteed cutoff at the
			// retention period, we can verify here that no results
			// are returned.
		}
		fp := sample.Metric.Fingerprint()
		p := s.NewPreloader()
		p.PreloadRange(fp, sample.Timestamp, sample.Timestamp, time.Hour)
		found := s.NewIterator(fp).GetValueAtTime(sample.Timestamp)
		if len(found) != 1 {
			t.Errorf("Sample %#v: Expected exactly one value, found %d.", sample, len(found))
			result = false
			p.Close()
			continue
		}
		want := sample.Value
		got := found[0].Value
		if want != got || sample.Timestamp != found[0].Timestamp {
			t.Errorf(
				"Value (or timestamp) mismatch, want %f (at time %v), got %f (at time %v).",
				want, sample.Timestamp, got, found[0].Timestamp,
			)
			result = false
		}
		p.Close()
	}
	return result
}

func TestChunkMaps(t *testing.T) {
	cm := chunkMaps{}

	cd1 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 1} // Abuse refCount as identifier.
	cd21 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 21}
	cd22 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 22}
	cd31 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 31}
	cd32 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 32}
	cd33 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 33}
	cd41 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 41}
	cd42 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 42}
	cd43 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 43}
	cd44 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 44}
	cd51 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 51}
	cd52 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 52}
	cd53 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 53}
	cd54 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 54}
	cd55 := &chunkDesc{refCount: 55}

	cm.add(5, cd51)
	cm.add(3, cd31)
	cm.add(5, cd52)
	cm.add(1, cd1)
	cm.add(4, cd41)
	cm.add(4, cd42)
	cm.add(5, cd53)
	cm.add(3, cd32)
	cm.add(2, cd21)
	cm.add(5, cd54)
	cm.add(3, cd33)
	cm.add(4, cd43)
	cm.add(2, cd22)
	cm.add(4, cd44)
	cm.add(5, cd55)

	var fpWant, fpGot clientmodel.Fingerprint
	var cdsWant, cdsGot []*chunkDesc

	fpWant = 5
	cdsWant = []*chunkDesc{cd51, cd52, cd53, cd54, cd55}
	fpGot, cdsGot = cm.pop()
	if fpWant != fpGot {
		t.Errorf("Want fingerprint %s, got %s.", fpWant, fpGot)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cdsWant, cdsGot) {
		t.Errorf("Want chunk descriptors %v, got %v.", cdsWant, cdsGot)
	}

	fpWant = 4
	cdsWant = []*chunkDesc{cd41, cd42, cd43, cd44}
	fpGot, cdsGot = cm.pop()
	if fpWant != fpGot {
		t.Errorf("Want fingerprint %s, got %s.", fpWant, fpGot)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cdsWant, cdsGot) {
		t.Errorf("Want chunk descriptors %v, got %v.", cdsWant, cdsGot)
	}

	fpWant = 3
	cdsWant = []*chunkDesc{cd31, cd32, cd33}
	fpGot, cdsGot = cm.pop()
	if fpWant != fpGot {
		t.Errorf("Want fingerprint %s, got %s.", fpWant, fpGot)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cdsWant, cdsGot) {
		t.Errorf("Want chunk descriptors %v, got %v.", cdsWant, cdsGot)
	}

	fpWant = 2
	cdsWant = []*chunkDesc{cd21, cd22}
	fpGot, cdsGot = cm.pop()
	if fpWant != fpGot {
		t.Errorf("Want fingerprint %s, got %s.", fpWant, fpGot)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cdsWant, cdsGot) {
		t.Errorf("Want chunk descriptors %v, got %v.", cdsWant, cdsGot)
	}

	fpWant = 1
	cdsWant = []*chunkDesc{cd1}
	fpGot, cdsGot = cm.pop()
	if fpWant != fpGot {
		t.Errorf("Want fingerprint %s, got %s.", fpWant, fpGot)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cdsWant, cdsGot) {
		t.Errorf("Want chunk descriptors %v, got %v.", cdsWant, cdsGot)
	}

}