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92 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
92 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
# An overview of different Series and Chunk reference types
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## Used by callers of TSDB
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| Location | Series access | Chunk access |
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|--------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Global interfaces | `SeriesRef` (in postings list) | `chunks.ChunkRef` (`ChunkReader` interface, `Meta.Ref`) |
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| Head | `HeadSeriesRef` (autoinc) | `HeadChunkRef` (could be head chunk or mmapped chunk. 5/3B split) |
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| blocks | `BlockSeriesRef` (16B aligned) | `BlockChunkRef` (4/4B split) |
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### `SeriesRef`
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Note: we cover the implementations as used in Prometheus. Other projects may use different implementations.
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#### `HeadSeriesRef`
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`HeadSeriesRef` is simply a 64bit counter that increments when a new series comes in.
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Due to series churn, the set of actively used `HeadSeriesRef`s may be well above zero (e.g. 0-10M may not be used, and 10M-11M is active)
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Usage:
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* [`stripeSeries`](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/fdbc40a9efcc8197a94f23f0e479b0b56e52d424/tsdb/head.go#L1292-L1298) (note: when you don't know a `HeadSeriesRef` for a series, you can also access it by a hash of the series' labels)
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* WAL
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* `HeadChunkRef`s include them for addressing head chunks, as those are owned by the `memSeries`.
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Notes:
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1) M-mapped Head chunks, while they use `HeadSeriesRef`s, don't contain an index and depend on the series listing in memory.
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Once mmapped, chunks have `HeadSeriesRef`s inside them, allowing you to recreate the index from reading chunks
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(Along with WAL which has the labels for those `HeadSeriesRef`s. It also has all those samples, but by using m-mapped chunks we can save cpu/time and not replay all of WAL on startup)
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2) During querying, `HeadSeriesRef` are limited to 2^40 (see `HeadChunkRef`)
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3) The last `HeadSeriesRef` is always replayed from the WAL and is continued from there.
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#### `BlockSeriesRef`
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Persistent blocks are independent entities and the format/structure is completely different from head block.
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In blocks, series are lexicographically ordered by labels and the byte offset in the index file (divided by 16 because they're all aligned on 16 bytes) becomes the `BlockSeriesRef`.
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They are not sequential because index entries may be multiples of 16 bytes. And they don't start from 0 because the byte offset is absolute and includes the magic number, symbols table, etc.
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`BlockSeriesRef` are only 32 bits for now, because 64 bits would slow down the postings lists disk access. (note: this limits the index size to 2^32 * 16 = 64 GB)
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See also:
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* https://ganeshvernekar.com/blog/prometheus-tsdb-persistent-block-and-its-index/#3-index
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* https://ganeshvernekar.com/blog/prometheus-tsdb-persistent-block-and-its-index/#c-series
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### `ChunkRef`
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Chunk references are used to load chunk data during query execution.
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Note: we cover the implementations as used in Prometheus. Other projects may use different implementations.
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#### `HeadChunkRef`
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A `HeadChunkRef` is an 8 byte integer that packs together:
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* 5 Bytes for `HeadSeriesRef`.
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* 3 Bytes for `HeadChunkID` (uint64) (see below).
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There are two implications here:
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* While `HeadSeriesRef`s can during ingestion go higher, during querying they are limited to 2^40. Querying too high numbers will lead to query failures (but not impact ingestion).
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* `ChunkID` keeps growing as we enter new chunks until Prometheus restarts. If Prometheus runs too long, we might hit 2^24.
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([957 years](https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2%5E24+*+120+*+15+seconds+in+years) at 1 sample per 15 seconds). If `ChunkID=len(mmappedchunks)` then it's the head chunk.
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#### `BlockChunkRef`
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A `BlockChunkRef` is an 8 byte integer. Unlike `HeadChunkRef`, it is static and independent of factors such as Prometheus restarting.
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It packs together:
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* 4 Bytes for chunk file index in the block. This number just increments. Filenames [start at 1](https://ganeshvernekar.com/blog/prometheus-tsdb-persistent-block-and-its-index/#contents-of-a-block)
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but the `BlockChunkRef` start at 0.
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* 4 Bytes for the byte offset within the file.
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#### Why does `HeadChunkRef` contain a series reference and `BlockChunkRef` does not?
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The `ChunkRef` types allow retrieving the chunk data as efficiently as possible.
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* In the Head block the chunks are in the series struct. So we need to reach the series before we can access the chunk from it.
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Hence we need to pack the `HeadSeriesRef` to get to the series.
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* In persistent blocks, the chunk files are separated from the index and static. Hence you only need the co-ordinates within the `chunks` directory
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to get to the chunk. Hence no need of `BlockSeriesRef`.
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## Used internally in TSDB
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* [`HeadChunkID`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunks#HeadChunkID) references a chunk of a `memSeries` (either an `mmappedChunk` or `headChunk`).
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If a caller has, for whatever reason, an "old" `HeadChunkID` that refers to a chunk that has been compacted into a block, querying the memSeries for it will not return any data.
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* [`ChunkDiskMapperRef`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunks#ChunkDiskMapperRef) is an 8 Byte integer.
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4 Bytes are used to refer to a chunks file number and 4 bytes serve as byte offset (similar to `BlockChunkRef`). `mmappedChunk` provide this value such that callers can load the mmapped chunk from disk.
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